几种免疫增强剂对草鱼SOD、CAT及AKP活性的影响

将草鱼放入网箱中,投喂在基础饲料中分别添加不同剂量的黄芪多糖、枸杞多糖和金丝桃素的饲料,研究其对草鱼血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性的影响。结果表明:投喂添加中药免疫增强剂的饲料60d后,与对照组相比,血清中CAT和AKP活性变化不明显(P0.05);血清中SOD活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),说明中药免疫增强剂对增强草鱼免疫活性具有一定的作用。     

金丝桃素、绿原酸和硬葡聚糖对草鱼幼鱼生长及免疫功能的影响

在水温（25±2）℃下，分别在基础饲料中添加不同剂量的硬葡聚糖（0．2％，G1组；0．4％，G2组）绿原酸（0．04％，G3组；0．08％，G4组）和金丝桃素（0．066％，G5组；0．132％，G6组），连续投喂放在1．0m×0．5m×1．0m网箱内、体质量110±5g的草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）幼鱼35d，以未添加者为对照组，探讨三种添加剂对草鱼幼鱼生长和免疫功能的影响。结果表明，三种添加济对草鱼幼鱼增重率和特定生长率均影响不显著，当饲料中添加0．08％的绿原酸时，草鱼幼鱼末体质量和肝体比显著增加（P〈0．05）；三种添加剂都可显著提高碱性磷酸酶活性，其中以添加0．08％的绿原酸效果最好，添加剂各组间碱性磷酸酶活性差异不显著（P〉0．05）；0．132％金丝桃素组的草鱼血清超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于对照组，其它试验组与对照组差异不显著；饲料中添加0．2％硬葡聚糖可显著提高草鱼幼鱼血清溶菌酶含量（P〈0．05）；三种添加剂对草鱼幼鱼血清中丙二醛的含量影响不显著（P〉0．05）。     

大蒜素、枸杞多糖对草鱼血清非特异性免疫指标的影响

在草鱼幼鱼的基础饲料中分别添加不同剂量的大蒜素(0、0.4%、0.8%)、枸杞多糖(0、0.066%、0.132%),未添加组为对照组,探讨大蒜素、枸杞多糖对草鱼幼鱼血清溶菌酶(LSZ)、血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、补体C3含量和白细胞吞噬率的的影响.试验结果表明,在第28 d...     

不同剂型的黄芪多糖在刺参养殖中的应用研究

以初始体质量为(30.0±2.0)g的刺参为研究对象,进行为期6周的投喂试验,探讨不同剂型的黄芪多糖对其生长、非特异性免疫及抗病力的影响。试验期间水温为16～20℃,溶解氧5mg/L,分别向基础饲料(占刺参体质量的2%～4%)中添加3%的黄芪粉(100～160目)、黄芪多糖微胶囊(包封率约85%)、黄芪多糖制剂(黄芪多糖含量约63%),配制成3种试验饲料,对照组分别为基础饲料组(基础对照组)和3%海藻酸钠空白微胶囊添加组(空白对照组)。试验结束后进行刺参体腔液中相关免疫学指标的测定及致病菌感染试验。结果显示,添加3%黄芪粉、黄芪多糖制剂时,特定生长率均高于基础对照组(P0.05),而添加3%黄芪多糖微胶囊时,特定生长率显著高于基础对照组和空白对照组(P0.05)。添加3%黄芪粉时,刺参体腔液中各免疫指标(溶菌酶、超氧化物歧化酶、碱性磷酸酶)活性均显著高于基础对照组(P0.05);添加3%黄芪多糖制剂时,溶菌酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性与基础对照组之间差异显著(P0.05),碱性磷酸酶活性与基础对照组之间差异不显著(P0.05);添加3%黄芪多糖微胶囊时,刺参体腔液中免疫指标活性较高,与基础对照组、空白对照组及其他试验组差异性均显著(P0.05)。109cfu/mL致病菌灿烂弧菌攻毒试验结果表明,3种试验饲料均不同程度地降低试验刺参的累积死亡率,具免疫保护作用,黄芪多糖微胶囊试验组差异最显著(P0.05)。因此,选择适宜的方式在基础饲料中添加适量的黄芪多糖可显著提高刺参特定生长率、非特异性免疫力及抗病力。     

金丝桃素、绿原酸和硬葡聚糖对草鱼非特异性免疫功能的影响

在水温（25±2）℃下,给饲养在网箱（1.0m×0.5m×1.0m）中体质量（110±5）g的草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）投喂添加了金丝桃素（0、0.066%、0.132%）、绿原酸（0、0.04%、0.08%）和硬葡聚糖（0、0.2%、0.4%）饲料,以基础饲料组为对照组,探讨三种添加剂对草鱼幼鱼血清溶菌酶活性、白细胞吞噬率和血清补体C3含量的影响。结果表明：0.2%硬葡聚糖组草鱼溶菌酶活性最高,显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,饲喂35d后溶菌酶活性达到峰值,而金丝桃素和绿原酸对草鱼幼鱼血清溶菌酶活性没有显著性影响;饲料中添加0.08%绿原酸组草鱼血液中白细胞吞噬率和血清补体C3含量均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,但与添加0.2%和0.4%硬葡聚糖组没有显著性差异（P＞0.05）;添加0.132%金丝桃素组的血清中补体C3含量在最低,且显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。饲料中添加0.08%绿原酸和0.2%硬葡聚糖可有效增强草鱼幼鱼非特异免疫功能。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对草鱼生长性能、肠道消化酶及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为研究饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis WTC019)对草鱼生长性能、消化酶活性和抗氧化功能的影响,选取平均体重为(146.23±14.56)g的健康草鱼,对照组(A组)只投喂基础饲料,试验组(B、C、D组)分别投喂含106、107、108CFU/g B.subtilis WTC019的基础饲料,试验60 d。结果显示:试验组草鱼的增重率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组,草鱼肠道中的淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶的活性均显著高于对照组,其中D组的草鱼肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性最高,C组的草鱼胰蛋白酶活性最高。添加组过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽含量均显著高于对照组,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性变化不显著。由此得出,B.subtilis WTC019可提高草鱼的消化酶的活力和抗氧化功能,进而可促进草鱼生长。     

草鱼幼鱼对烟酸的需要量

草鱼幼鱼的初始体重为(12.43±0.80) g,试验分为7组,其饲料中烟酸含量分别为5.1、9.8、16.6、32.2、66.7、130.1、271.5 mg·kg-1,每组设3个重复,每桶30尾鱼,日投喂率2%～3%,饲养试验周期为8周.研究不同含量烟酸对草鱼幼鱼生长性能、饲料系数、机体营养组分、造血功能及血脂的影响,以确定草鱼幼鱼饲料中适宜烟酸需要量.试验结果表明:①添加烟酸显著提高了特定生长率、增重率和草鱼幼鱼的存活率,对草鱼幼鱼肥满度无显著影响;烟酸含量为32.2 mg·kg-1时草鱼的特定生长率和增重率最大,饲料系数最低,并与其它各组存在显著差异;②添加烟酸对草鱼全鱼水分、灰分无显著影响,显著提高了全鱼粗脂肪含量,但各添加组间无显著差异,饲料中烟酸含量为66.7 mg·kg-1时,全鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于对照组及9.8 mg·kg-1组;③添加烟酸显著提高了血液红细胞计数和血红蛋白含量,但对血清胆固醇和甘油三酯无显著影响,烟酸含量为16.6 mg·kg-1及以上时显著提高血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,与对照组和9.8 mg·kg-1组存在显著差异.基于折线法分析,草鱼幼鱼获得最佳生长时对饲料中烟酸的最低需求量为25.5 mg·kg-1.     

蛋氨酸铜和硫酸铜在凡纳对虾饲料中的应用效果比较

通过在饲料中分别加入不同浓度(铜元素的添加浓度分别为0、7.5、15、30、45mg·kg-1饲料)的硫酸铜和蛋氨酸铜,比较了硫酸铜和蛋氨酸铜对凡纳对虾生长、血液免疫因子及虾体铜的影响。添加蛋氨酸铜的各实验组生长速度同对照组之间没有显著差异;而添加硫酸铜的各组,只有铜添加量为30mg·kg-1饲料的试验组生长速度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其它组同对照组之间差异不显著;成活率各组间无显著差异。除了铜添加量为15mg·kg-1饲料的试验组,各试验组对虾血清的酚氧化酶(PO)活力都高于对照组,其中当铜添加量为30mg·kg-1时最强,在此时蛋氨酸铜添加组的PO活力高于硫酸铜;随着铜添加浓度的提高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力增强,在添加量达到30mg·kg-1饲料时达到最大,此时硫酸铜组和蛋氨酸铜组间无差异,都为507。对虾肌肉中铜的含量各组间无显著差异,为(4.07±1.80)mg·kg-1,个体间差异非常大;肝胰脏中铜的最高含量为210.36mg·kg-1,最低为33.78mg·kg-1(空白对照组),明显高于肌肉中的含量。结果表明,在试验条件下,同硫酸铜相比,蛋氨酸铜没有显著的促生长效果,对肌肉、肝铜含量以及SOD活性没有显著影响。     

中草药制剂对草鱼生长和非特异性免疫效应的研究

在基础饲料中分别添加0.5g/kg、1.0g/kg和1.5g/kg的中草药制剂,配制成3种试验饲料,以基础饲料为对照组饲料,每个处理设3个平行组,对体重为16克左右的草鱼进行为期60天的饲养试验,每20天取样一次,以相对增重率、成活率为指标,探讨了中草药对草鱼生长的影响;以血清中的溶菌酶(LZM)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性为指标,探讨了中草药制剂对草鱼非特异性免疫效应的影响.结果表明,饲料中添加"中草药制剂"可以显著提高草鱼的相对增重率,降低饲料系数(P<0.05).试验组草鱼血清中的LZM、NOS、AKP和SOD等活性均高于对照组.因此,中草药制剂具有显著促生长、提高机体抗应激以及增强机体免疫能力的作用,建议在实际养殖生产中,添加量为1.0g/kg较为合适.     

地衣芽孢杆菌对尖吻鲈血液生理生化指标的影响

以初始体重为(17.47±0.19)g的尖吻鲈(Lates calarifer)为试验对象,在基础饲料中分别添加0(对照)、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0和6.0 g·kg-1饲料的地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)粉状制剂,研究地衣芽孢杆菌对尖吻鲈的生理生化指标的影响.摄食不同地衣芽孢杆菌含量的尖吻鲈血液中红细胞和白细胞数量、血红蛋白和无机盐离子等没有显著性差异(P>0.05),但显著降低了尖吻鲈的血糖和尿素氮水平(P<0.05),血糖在2.0 g·kg-1饲料组达到最小值,尿素氮在1.0 g·kg-1饲料组达到最小值.血清总蛋白均高于对照组,并在4.0 g·kg-1饲料组显著升高(P<0.05);胆固醇除了3.0 g·kg-1饲料组显著低于对照组外,其他各试验组均与对照组差异不显著.地衣芽孢杆菌也降低了血清谷丙转氨酶及乳酸脱氢酶的活性,谷丙转氨酶在1.0、4.0、5.0和6.0 g·kg-1饲料组显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而乳酸脱氢酶只在1.0 g·kg-1饲料组显著低于对照组(P<0.05).     

黄芪多糖佐剂对大菱鲆五联疫苗免疫增效作用

用福尔马林灭活哈维氏弧菌、鳗弧菌、迟钝爱德华氏菌、大菱鲆弧菌和溶藻胶弧菌制备成五联灭活疫苗,添加黄芪多糖作为佐剂。分别用添加黄芪多糖佐剂组和无佐剂组对大菱鲆进行腹腔注射,在第7、14、21、28、35、42、56天采取血样并检测抗体效价、溶菌酶活力和SOD活力,第56天进行人工攻毒实验,测定免疫保护力。结果表明,黄芪多糖佐剂组(免疫组2)和无佐剂组(免疫组1)两组的溶菌酶活力和SOD活力都在第28天达到最高值,且黄芪多糖佐剂组显著高于无佐剂组(P<0.05)。两个免疫组抗体效价也都在第28天达到最大值,但黄芪多糖佐剂组要显著高于无佐剂组(P<0.05),其中免疫组2的哈维氏弧菌、鳗弧菌、迟钝爱德华氏菌、大菱鲆弧菌和溶藻胶弧菌的抗体效价分别为27.25、26.75、28.5、28.75、26.25,免疫组1分别为26、25.75、26.75、27.5、25。用上述5种细菌分别进行人工攻毒实验,结果表明,免疫组2的免疫保护力依次为50.0%、50.0%、71.4%、62.5%、44.4%;免疫组1的免疫保护力依次为37.5%、30.0%、42.9%、50.0%、33.3%。实验结果证明,五联疫苗对大菱鲆具有免疫作用,而且添加黄芪多糖佐剂组的免疫效果显著好于无佐剂组。     

Comparative study on the effect of high dietary carbohydrate on the growth performance,body composition,serum physiological responses and hepatic antioxidant abilities in Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) and black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus Richardson, 1846)

A 90‐day trial investigated the effect of dietary carbohydrate level on growth performance, body composition, serum physiological responses and hepatic antioxidant abilities of a herbivorous fish, Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) and a carnivorous fish, black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus Richardson, 1846). For each species, two isonitrogenous and isolipidic semi‐purified diets (28.6% crude protein and 5.3% crude lipid for Wuchang bream) were formulated to contain 30.4% and 52.9% carbohydrate (WB‐NCHO and WB‐HCHO); Two isonitrogenous and isolipidic semi‐purified diets (32.6% crude protein and 5.3% crude lipid for black carp) were formulated to contain 20.5% and 40.5% carbohydrate (BC‐NCHO and BC‐HCHO). It was shown that, compared to Group WB‐NCHO, Wuchang bream in Group WB‐HCHO had lower weight gain rate, specific growth rate, serum total protein, hepatic superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidative capacity, while higher feed conversion ratio, serum triglyceride and cortisol levels (P < 0.05). Compared to Group BC‐NCHO, black carp in Group BC‐HCHO had lower final weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, serum alkaline alkaline phosphatase activity, serum total protein, hepatic superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidative capacity, while higher feed conversion ratio, whole body crude lipid, serum triglyceride, cholesterol, glutamic‐oxaloacetic transaminase activity and cortisol levels (P < 0.05). The results of this study suggested that Wuchang bream had better capacity of utilizing dietary carbohydrate than that of black carp, while high levels of dietary carbohydrate might not only be detrimental to growth performance and feed utilization but also the immune response and health for both species.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼的胁迫效应

为了探讨邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythropterus)幼鱼的胁迫效应,于DBP暴露后0、6、12、24、48和96 h时检测红鳍笛鲷鳃、肝和脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性。结果表明,DBP对红鳍笛鲷的24 h、48 h和96 h LC50分别为7.10 mg/L、6.98 mg/L和6.66 mg/L,安全质量浓度为2.04 mg/L。随着浓度增加,鳃组织中的SOD酶活性表现为先升高后下降,具有明显的时间效应;肝组织中的SOD酶活性在0.5 mg/L和2.0 mg/L浓度组交替表现为升高和降低,与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);而0.125 mg/L浓度组肝SOD没有明显变化。鳃组织中MDA含量在DBP暴露6 h后显著性增加(P<0.05),之后随时间延长而下降;DBP暴露6 h和12 h后,0.5 mg/L和2.0 mg/L浓度组肝组织中的MDA含量都显著升高(P<0.05),之后随时间延长MDA含量下降并趋于稳定。与对照组比较,DBP暴露48 h后,红鳍笛鲷脑组织中AChE酶活性显著升高(P<0.01),96 ...     

Susceptibility of strains of Aeromonas salmonicida to killing by cell-free generated superoxide anion

Abstract. Superoxide anion was generated in a cell-free system using photoreduced riboflavin and methionine. This allowed the susceptibility to killing by superoxide of 11 strains of Aeromonas salmonicida to be investigated. A good correlation was found between susceptibility and 'virulence factors' of the different strains. In the presence of an inhibitor of superoxide dismutase (sodium nitroprusside), the bactericidal effect of superoxide was increased, particularly in the more resistant strains, suggesting that these strains possess superoxide dismutase (SOD). The use of levels of detoxifying enzymes within bacteria such as SOD as an indicator of virulence is discussed.     

Petroleum – induced free radical toxicity in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

The reaction products derived from lipid peroxidation, as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activities were measured in tissues of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to oil in water dispersions of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% for 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Lipid peroxidation significantly (P<0.05) increased in various tissues relative to control values after 14, 21, and 28 days of exposure to 1.0% and 1.5% oil in water dispersions. Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities decreased after 7 days of exposure but significantly (P<0.05) increased after 14, 21 and 28 days of exposure to 1.0% and 1.5% oil in water dispersions. The elevated levels of lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in all tissues examined in C. gariepinus could be a reflection of oxidative stress on the fish. These observations seem to implicate that petroleum hydrocarbons act as a mediator in free radical generation. The increase in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in these tissues could be an adaptive response to protect the fish from petroleum-hydrocarbon-induced free radical toxicity. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Immune responses of whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931), to bacterially expressed dsRNA specific to VP28 gene of white spot syndrome virus

In this study, dsRNA specific to VP28 gene of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) of shrimp was synthesized in Escherichia coli in large scale and studied the immune response of shrimp to dsRNA‐VP28. The haematological parameters such as clotting time and total haemocytes counts, and immunological parameters such as prophenoloxidase (proPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), superoxide anion (SOA) and malondialdehyde content, as well as the mRNA expression of ten immune‐related genes were examined to estimate the effect of dsRNA‐VP28 on the innate immunity of Litopenaeus vannamei. The activities of proPO, SOA and SOD significantly increased in haemocyte after dsRNA‐VP28 treatment, whereas MDA content did not change significantly. Among the ten immune‐related genes examined, only the mRNA expression of proPO, cMnSOD, haemocyanin, crustin, BGBP, lipopolysaccharides (LPs), lectin and lysozyme in haemocytes, gill and hepatopancreas of L. vannamei, was significantly upregulated at 12 h after dsRNA‐VP28 treatment, while no significant expression changes were observed in Toll receptor and tumour receptor genes. The increase of proPO and SOD activities, and SOA level and mRNA expression level of proPO, cMnSOD, haemocyanin, crustin, BGBP, LPs, lectin and lysozyme after dsRNA‐VP28 stimulation indicate that these immune‐related genes were involved in dsRNA‐VP28‐induced innate immunity in shrimp.     

猪血超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)性质的研究

本文对猪血红细胞精制SOD的理化性质进行了研究。研究结果表明精制猪血SOD分子量为31697.86,亚基分子量15848.9,SDS-PAGE为1个条带。DAGE电泳为4个条带。FPLC法测定SOD为单一的吸收峰,达均一纯度。人源、牛源、猪源SOD氨基酸序列比较,猪源与人源的SOD在一级结构中有27个氨基酸不同,占总数的17.6%;牛源与人源的SOD在一级结构中有28个氨基酸不同,占总数的18.3%;仅从SOD氨基酸排列的序列上看,猪源SOD较牛源SOD更接近人源SOD。     

Dietary histidine affects intestinal antioxidant enzyme activities,antioxidant gene expressions and inflammatory factors in juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

Six semipurified diets of graded histidine levels (from 4.1 to 14.2 g/kg) were fed to fish for 8 weeks. The results showed that the intestinal content of malondialdehyde (MDA), activities of total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were noticeably lower in 8.0 g/kg diet compared to control group. While the lowest activities of copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn‐SOD) and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn‐SOD) were observed in 9.9 g/kg diet, the intestinal activities of total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) and catalase (CAT) in 14.2 g/kg diet were noticeably higher than those in 8.0 and 9.9 g/kg diets. Plasma biochemical indexes were not significantly affected by dietary histidine levels. In the intestine, the Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 (Keap1) mRNA levels were increased in 8.0 g/kg diet, which suppressed the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), and subsequently decreased CAT, GPx1, Cu/Zn‐SOD and Mn‐SOD expression levels. The lowest mRNA levels of interleukin 8 (IL‐8) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were observed in 8.0 g/kg diet, whereas the highest mRNA levels of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) and interleukin 10 (IL‐10) were observed in 8.0 g/kg diet. These results indicated that dietary histidine plays a major role in maintaining intestinal health in juvenile blunt snout bream.     

芽孢杆菌对草鱼生长和肠粘膜抗氧化功能及养殖水质的影响

本试验研究了饲料中添加芽孢杆菌对草鱼生长、肠粘膜抗氧化功能及养殖水体水质的影响。选取平均体重为（51.0±2.3）g的健康草鱼300尾,随机分成3组（对照组、处理组1和处理组2）,每组3个重复,每个重复50尾鱼。其中对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理组1和2分别饲喂含复合芽孢杆菌（105 cfu/克饲料,枯草芽孢杆菌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌以1:1比例混合）和枯草芽孢杆菌（105 cfu/克饲料）的基础日粮。试验期为45d。结果表明,饲料中添加芽孢杆菌对养殖水体pH和硝酸盐氮含量无显著影响,但显著降低了从第21d到试验结束期间水体中亚硝酸盐氮的含量（处理组1第35d除外）。芽孢杆菌的添加同时显著降低草鱼的死亡率（P<0.05）,并提高了草鱼的增重率和特定生长率。与对照组相比,处理组1和2草鱼的增重率分别提高了52.93%（P<0.01）和21.78%（P<0.05）,特定生长率分别提高了44.44%（P<0.01）和16.67%（P<0.05）;而且处理组1草鱼增重率和特定生长率分别比处理组2提高了25.58%（P<0.01）和23.81%（P<0.01）。肠粘膜抗氧化活性研究表明,与对照组相比,饲料中添加芽孢杆菌能提高草鱼肠粘膜超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性。以上结果提示,饲料中添加芽孢杆菌可以改善养殖水质和草鱼肠粘膜抗氧化功能,并显著促进草鱼生长并降低死亡率。