Tol2转座子的特性及其在转基因鱼类中的应用

Tol2转座子是从青鳉(Oryzias latipes)中发现的唯一一个具有自主转座活性的转座子,是hAT转座子家族的一员。研究表明,Tol2在多种模式动植物中都有转座活性,如斑马鱼(Danio rerio)、小鼠、非洲爪蟾等,并已得到了广泛应用。本文综述了Tol2转座子的特性、转座机制以及其在斑马鱼、青鳉和罗非鱼等鱼类中的最新研究进展,以期为Tol2转座子在转基因养殖鱼类中的应用研究提供参考。     

环境污染物对斑马鱼早期胚胎转座子转录活性的影响

转座子在生物基因组中占据重要的组成部分,是基因组中可移动和扩展的重要元件,其转座活性受外界环境因子调控。为了探讨环境应激对基因组转座子表达活性的影响,用环境污染物二噁英(TCDD)和重金属Cu~(2+)或Cd~(2+)处理斑马鱼早期胚胎,通过荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)比较处理前后9种结构完整的转座子转录活性变化,这9种转座子分别是DNA转座子Tc1家族的Tc-a、Tc-b、Tc-c、Tc-d、Tc-e,反转录转座子病毒家族ZB-ERV-1、ZB-ERV-2、反转录转座子LINE家族L1-323和L1-21。结果发现,TCDD使8个转座子转录活性明显下调,1个转座子显著上调;Cu~(2+)导致7个转座子上调,2个显著下调;Cd~(2+)导致6个转座子上调,3个显著下调。研究表明,斑马鱼转座子转录活性受环境因素影响显著,环境胁迫可能是转座子活性变化的原因之一。本研究对了解和评估环境因子对鱼类转座子活性的影响作用具有重要的意义,为进一步研究生物基因组的进化机制提供参考。     

鲤基因组中1个新Tc1类转座子的发现与鉴定

在鲤(Cyprinus carpio)基因组中鉴别出一个新的具有潜在转座活性的Tc1类转座子,并命名为CCTN转座子(Cyprinus carpio Transposon,CCTN)。CCTN转座子全长1 611 bp,由两端约214 bp的反向重复序列(Inverted Repeat,IR)和中间不间断的996 bp的转座酶开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame,ORF)组成。CCTN转座子推测的转座酶序列中存在完整的DD(34)E结构域,此结构域是Tc1类转座酶作用的必需位点之一。采用实时荧光定量PCR评估CCTN转座子在鲤基因组中的拷贝数约为2.28×103,占全基因组的0.21%。分子系统学研究表明,CCTN转座子是一个新的鱼类Tc1类转座子,其与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)Tzf-28、大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)SALT1和鲽(Pleuronectes platessa)PPTN2等Tc1类转座子亲缘关系较近。     

鲤基因组中1个新Tcl类转座子的发现与鉴定

在鲤(Cyprinus carpio)基因组中鉴别出一个新的具有潜在转座活性的Tcl类转座子,并命名为CCTN转座子(Cyprinus carpio Transposon,CCTN).CCTN转座子全长l 611 bp,由两端约214 bp的反向重复序列(Inverted Repeat,IR)和中间不间断的996 bp的转座酶开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame,ORF)组成.CCTN转座子推测的转座酶序列中存在完整的DD(34)E结构域,此结构域是Tel类转座酶作用的必需位点之一.采用实时荧光定量PCR评估CCTN转座子在鲤基因组中的拷贝数约为2.28×103,占全基因组的0.21％.分子系统学研究表明,CCTN转座子是一个新的鱼类Tcl类转座子,其与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)Tzf-28、大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)SALT1和鲽(Pleuronectes platessa)PPTN2等Tcl类转座子亲缘关系较近.     

piggyBac转座子在金鱼及泥鳅转基因中的应用

为了探讨piggyBac转座子在鲤科鱼类及鳅科鱼类转基因中的适用性,实验通过将PAβ启动子控制的DsRed表达元件插入pigA3GFP中,构建转基因载体pigA3GFP-AβDsRed。用该载体对草鱼肾脏(CIK)细胞转染,结果显示,通过piggyBac转座子可将外源基因导入到CIK细胞的基因组中,来源于家蚕的A3启动子和来源于巨细胞病毒的CMV启动子在CIK细胞均具有活性。将转基因载体pigA3GFP、pigA3GFP-AβDsRed分别与辅助质粒helper-pigA3混合后以精子介导法导入金鱼和泥鳅的受精卵后,经荧光观察、PCR鉴定、Dot blotting鉴定,证实获得了转基因金鱼和转基因泥鳅。研究表明,PB转座子在鲤科鱼类及鳅科的一些鱼中具有转座活性。     

鱼类组蛋白核苷酸的多态性及其在杀鱼爱德华氏菌感染中的作用

组蛋白是染色体核小体的重要组分,在调控染色质结构、基因转录、个体发育等不同生物学过程中起着重要作用。为了研究鱼类组蛋白基因是否存在核苷酸的多态性以及组蛋白核苷酸多态性是否会影响鱼类的抗病力,本实验以斑马鱼和草鱼为研究对象,通过PCR扩增克隆了组蛋白H2A的全长开放阅读框;利用过表达技术、菌落平板计数、感染存活分析以及荧光定量PCR技术,研究了斑马鱼和草鱼组蛋白H2A核苷酸多态性不同变异体在杀鱼爱德华氏菌感染中的作用。在本研究中,实验发现鱼类组蛋白H2A存在着丰富的核苷酸多态性。序列分析结果显示斑马鱼和草鱼组蛋白H2A核苷酸多态性的变异体核苷酸序列相似性为90%～100%;而两两H2A核苷酸多态性变异体氨基酸序列之间最多只有3个位点存在差异。通过体内和体外抗菌实验可知,斑马鱼和草鱼组蛋白H2A核苷酸的多态性显著影响H2A的抗菌活性。此外,筛选出的抗菌组蛋白H2A核苷酸多态性的变异体在斑马鱼体内的过表达,不仅具有免疫增强的作用,还能显著增强斑马鱼对杀鱼爱德华氏菌感染的抗病力。本研究为筛选具有抗病作用的组蛋白H2A免疫保护原奠定了重要基础。     

刀鲚类Tc1转座子的分子特征及拷贝数变化的意义

为了探讨刀鲚2种不同生活史种群的遗传结构差异以及成因,本研究利用分子克隆及转座子展示技术,从刀鲚基因组中分离、鉴定出一类新的、命名为Cn-Tc1的转座子。该转座子全长1896 bp,为鳀科鱼类第一类被挖掘的Tc1转座子。Cn-Tc1自身包含另一个长度为1040 bp的类Tc1,表明Cn-Tc1在基因组内的转座经历过多次迸发。Cn-Tc1的5’和3’末端反向重复序列长度分别为64和83 bp,转座插入位点具有"TATA"基序。预测的Cn-Tc1转座酶具有与DNA结合的保守结构,提示其仍具有转座潜能。Cn-Tc1插入位点侧翼序列的GC含量呈不均匀分布,均值低于AT含量。运用荧光定量PCR方法,估算了靖江、象山、洞庭湖、鄱阳湖、太湖以及崇明等水域刀鲚种群基因组中Cn-Tc1拷贝数,分别为3.140×103、2.992×103、6.876×103、5.205×103、5.531×103和3.046×103个。单因素方差分析发现,象山、崇明、靖江种群间的拷贝数差异性不显著,而与其他种群的差异性均显著;鄱阳湖、太湖和洞庭湖种群之间差异性亦不显著,但与其他种群均呈显著性差异。研究结果表明,Cn-Tc1促进了遗传结构的改变,为刀鲚种群的适应性进化提供了自然选择的基础。     

氯代苯和烷基酚类化合物斑马鱼毒性的定量构效关系分析

文章以ISO推荐使用的标准化鱼类毒性实验动物斑马鱼（Brachydaniorerio）为试验材料，选取10种典型氯代苯和烷基酚类化合物为研究对象进行了毒性试验。将斑马鱼毒性数据（-lgLC50）与受试物参数（2X^v、lgP）在SPSS13．0中进行回归分析，建立回归模型，可认为氯代苯毒性与2XV、烷基酚毒性与lgP之间均存在显著的线性关系，简要分析了其存在的不同致毒机理。     

硬骨鱼类免疫球蛋白分类及多样性产生机制研究进展

鱼类是最先出现免疫球蛋白的低等脊椎动物,对研究免疫球蛋白的起源、进化具有重要的意义。IgM和IgD是最先被人类发现和认识的鱼类免疫球蛋白,随着科技进步和研究深入,陆续在斑马鱼（Danio rerio）、虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）及鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）中发现了IgZ、IgT、IgM-Z等。与哺乳动物的免疫球蛋白一样,不同种鱼,甚至同种鱼不同个体间,免疫球蛋白的形态结构、基因类型、生物学功能等均有差异。为了进一步认识鱼类免疫球蛋白及其免疫应答的机制,本文综述了鱼类免疫球蛋白的分类和多样性机制等。     

Tgf2转座系统在转RFP基因斑马鱼上的应用

提高目的基因的转植效率与可遗传效率是转基因鱼研制的关键点之一。本研究利用近年开发的金鱼转座子系统进行转基因斑马鱼的研制,探讨其在转基因鱼上应用的可行性。通过PCR方法,改造Tgf2转座子供体质粒pTgf2-EF1α-eGFP,将肌球蛋白轻链2启动子(mylz2)与红色荧光蛋白基因(RFP)定向插入其中,构建可在肌肉组织特异性表达红色荧光蛋白的Tgf2转座子供体质粒pTgf2-Mylz2-RFP。通过显微注射,将Tgf2转座子供体质粒与Tgf2转座酶mRNA共注射于斑马鱼(Danio ririo)受精卵中,共注射受精卵972粒,出膜后存活的仔鱼803尾,其中携带外源基因的仔鱼为615尾,阳性率为76.6%。转红色荧光蛋白基因斑马鱼首代F0培育至性成熟,将其中的10尾F0斑马鱼分别与野生型斑马鱼进行配对繁殖,其中1个组合产生了体表呈现均匀红色荧光的F1个体,因此RFP在F0的整合率为10%。将红色荧光F1个体培育至性成熟并与野生型鱼配对繁殖,F2的阳性个体占69%。本研究结果说明,由Tgf2转座子介导的转基因技术,可有效提高目的基因的转植效率与整合效率,在转基因鱼构建以及相关研究中具有开发应用前景。     

四种重金属暴露对青鳉呼吸行为的毒性效应

研究青鳉对不同重金属污染物的敏感性和响应阈值,为水体污染特别是重金属污染的早期预警监测提供定量基础。青鳉3月龄,体长(1.5±0.1) cm,体重(0.15±0.01) g;4种重金属为Cd、Zn、Cu和Hg。研究结果表明:青鳉对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)的急性致死毒性大小为Hg~(2+)Cu~(2+)Cd~(2+)Zn~(2+);Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)暴露下青鳉呼吸频率和呼吸强度先升高再降低(P0.01),呼吸参数与重金属浓度间呈现倒"U"型关系;Zn~(2+)暴露下青鳉呼吸频率、呼吸强度显著下降(P0.01);青鳉呼吸行为对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)4种重金属暴露的响应阈值和响应时间分别为0.15、0.95、0.15、0.045 mg/L和2 h 32 min、4 h 7.5 min、3 h 5.5 min、4 h 37 min,响应阈值与96 h LC_(50)的比值分别为0.43、0.19、0.33、0.77。青鳉对Cd~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Hg~(2+)污染较为敏感,其呼吸参数可作为突发性水体重金属污染的生物监测指标。     

Cortisol induces masculinization of XX medaka through gonadal soma-derived growth factor (GSDF) and anti-Müllerian hormone receptor type 2 (AMHR2)

The medaka Oryzias latipes is a teleost fish with an XX/XY sex determination system similar to that of mammals. However, under high-temperature conditions, XX medaka are masculinized by an elevation of the key teleost glucocorticoid, cortisol. Cortisol inhibits female-type proliferation of germ cells and induces masculinization of XX medaka during gonadal sex differentiation. To identify masculinization mechanisms downstream of cortisol, we analysed the functions of gonadal soma-derived growth factor (gsdf) and anti-Müllerian hormone receptor type 2 (amhr2); these genes are known to play important roles in the inhibition of germ cell proliferation and male differentiation. We investigated the impact of gsdf and amhr2 on the proliferation of germ cells using gsdf knockout (KO) and amhr2 KO medaka. At hatching stage, loss of gsdf or amhr2 function recovered female-type proliferation in germ cells under cortisol treatment. Moreover, cortisol treatment of gsdf KO or amhr2 KO medaka did not induce masculinization of XX medaka. These results suggest that cortisol inhibits female-type proliferation of germ cells and induces masculinization of XX medaka through GSDF and AMHR2. This study thereby provides the first evidence that GSDF and AMHR2 are involved in cortisol-induced masculinization.

     

The sex determining gene of medaka: a Y-specific DM domain gene (DMY) is required for male development

Although the sex-determining gene Sry has been identified in mammals, no comparable genes have been found in non-mammalian vertebrates. To clone positionally the sex-determining region of the medaka, Oryzias latipes, we generated a Y congenic strain to highlight the genetic differences between the X and Y chromosomes from inbred strains of medaka. We used recombinant breakpoint analysis and deletion analysis of the Y chromosome of a congenic XY female to restrict the sex-determining region to 250-kb stretch of the Y chromosome. Shotgun sequencing of this region predicted 27 genes. Three of these genes were expressed during sexual differentiation. However, only one gene was Y specific. The full-length cDNA sequence of this gene encodes a putative protein of 267 amino acids, including the highly conserved DM domain. We thus named it DMY. To establish a role for DMY during sexual differentiation, we screened wild medaka populations for naturally occurring DMY mutants. Two XY females with distinct mutations in DMY were found in separate populations. The first heritable mutant – a single insertion in exon 3 and the subsequent truncation of DMY – resulted in all XY female offspring. Similarly, the second XY mutant female showed reduced DMY expression with a high proportion of XY female offspring. Furthermore, during normal development, DMY is expressed only in somatic cells of XY gonads. These findings strongly suggest that the sex-specific DMY is required for normal testicular development and is a prime candidate for the medaka sex-determining gene.     

Transgenic medaka with brilliant fluorescence in skeletal muscle under normal light

ABSTRACT:   Green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) and red fluorescent protein ( RFP ) genes regulated by the medaka skeletal muscle actin promoter were microinjected into fertilized d-rR medaka eggs to establish transgenic medaka lines. Intense fluorescence was detected in skeletal muscle. During development, GFP and RFP became detectable in anterior somites at the 12- and 30-somete stages, respectively. After hatching, intense fluorescence in skeletal muscle enabled individual fish to be identified under normal lighting without fluorescent microscopy. Fluorescence was also observed in the gills and esophagus of the adult fish. These data indicated that medaka lines are convenient not only for the study of skeletal muscle but also for the identification of cells or individuals in various studies.     

Growth-independent effects of a fluctuating thermal regime on the life-history traits of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Abstract –  Temperature fluctuation has been shown to affect somatic growth rates and metabolic functions of fish, but little is known about the effects of fluctuating temperatures on life-history traits. We examined these effects on female Japanese medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) reared from hatch to maturity at two mean temperatures (27 and 30 °C) with diel temperatures either held constant or allowed to fluctuate ±5 °C. Feeding regimes were manipulated to equilibrate medaka growth rates in all treatments. Age and length at maturity decreased as a result of thermal fluctuation, whereas there was no effect of temperature fluctuation on the proportion of fish attaining maturity or on the number of eggs produced by a mature female. We hypothesise that short-term high temperatures associated with temperature fluctuation decreases development time, whereas reduced energy conversion efficiency at higher temperatures does not allow for increased egg production.     

Expression of <Emphasis Type="Italic">mep50</Emphasis> in adult and embryos of medaka fish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryzias latipes</Emphasis>)

Protein arginine methylation is important for gene regulation and biological processes. Methylosome protein 50 (Mep50) is identified as a partner of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (Prmt5), a major enzyme capable of symmetric dimethylation, in mammals and Xenopus. The isolation and characterization of medaka mep50 were reported in this paper. Medaka Mep50 is a homolog of human MEP50 with six WD40 domains. Medaka mep50 was ubiquitously expressed in the adult tissues and had maternal origin with continuous and dynamical expression during embryonic development detected by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. A strong interaction of medaka Mep50 and Prmt5 was shown by yeast two hybridization. The expression pattern of mep50 is similar to that of prmt5 in medaka. The results suggested that medaka Mep50 could be a partner of Prmt5 and might play major roles in a variety of tissues in medaka.     

The effect of water flow on spawning in the medaka, Oryzias latipes

The effect of water flow on spawning was investigated in the medaka, Oryzias latipes. Spawning rate decreased under water flow exposure and recovered when water flow stopped. Spawning of medaka was suppressed by water flow much lower than that critical velocity for fish to swim.