辽东湾鱼类群落结构的季节变化特征

为探究辽东湾鱼类群落结构的季节变化特征，于2020年5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和10月(秋季)在该海域进行了3个航次的底拖网调查，据此分析辽东湾鱼类种类组成、优势种、多样性和群落空间结构随季节变化的情况，并计算群落季节更替与迁移指数，建立鱼类群落丰度-生物量比较曲线。调查结果显示：辽东湾春、夏、秋3个季节共捕获鱼类58种，其中春季34种、夏季49种、秋季46种；优势种春季为短吻红舌鳎、黄鲫和皮氏叫姑鱼，夏季为矛尾虾虎鱼、短吻红舌鳎、白姑鱼、皮氏叫姑鱼和斑鱼祭，秋季为矛尾虾虎鱼、短吻红舌鳎、六丝钝尾虾虎鱼、黄鲫和皮氏叫姑鱼；鱼类群落的多样性指数为1.34～1.63,丰富度指数为1.44～1.68,均匀度指数为0.60～0.64;辽东湾鱼类可分为3个群落类型，靠近湾顶的北部近岸浅滩水域群落、辽东湾中南部深水区群落和辽东湾湾口深水区群落，其中春季和夏季可分为3个群落组，秋季分为2个群落组；鱼类群落的空间分布在春、夏季与底层温度相关性系数最高(春季R=0.270、夏季R=0.408),在秋季与水深相关系数最高(秋季R=0.376);丰度-生物量比较曲线结果显示，辽东湾鱼类丰度优势度曲线均位于生...     

辽东湾6月鱼类的种类组成及空间分布

利用2007年6月和2008年6月的底拖网调查数据,采用聚类分析和相对重要性指数,分析了辽东湾鱼类群落的种类组成及空间分布特征。结果表明,调查共计捕获鱼类24种,隶属于5目22科24属。2007年优势种为小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)和矛尾鰕虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias),2008年为小黄鱼和短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri),小黄鱼在两个年份均占据第一优势地位。聚类分析和SIMPER分析表明,2007年6月鱼类群落在空间上可分为3组,对组间相异性贡献较高的分歧种为小黄鱼、黄鲫(Setipinna taty)、矛尾鰕虎鱼、短吻红舌鳎、叫姑鱼(Johnius belengeri)、方氏云鳚(Enedrias fangi)、长绵鳚(Zoarces elongatus)、大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)、许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegeli)等;2008年6月可分为3个组,对组间相异性贡献较高的分歧种为小黄鱼、黄鲫、短吻红舌鳎、李氏(Repomucenus richardsoni)、矛尾鰕虎鱼、长绵鳚、斑纹狮子鱼(Liparis zonatus)、银鲳(Pampus argenteus)和鲬(Platycephalus indicus)等。聚类结果按照地域空间可分为辽东湾北部、中部和西南部,且两个年度6月均表现为辽东湾北部生物量最高,而多样性最低。辽东湾北部水域邻近河口,是鱼类理想的产卵场和保育场,故6月该区域生物量最高。聚类结果表明辽东湾水域6月鱼类的种类组成相对稳定,鱼类的繁殖栖息习性和辽东湾水域不同区域的环境影响着鱼类的种类组成及其空间分布。     

辽宁省近岸海域的渔业资源结构

根据2006年夏季(7~8月)、冬季(11~12月)和2007年春季(4月)、秋季(10月)共4个航次的底拖网调查资料,对辽宁省近岸海域渔业资源结构进行了初步研究。调查结果表明,辽宁省近岸海域共出现渔业生物101种,其中底层鱼类52种,中上层鱼类8种,甲壳类33种,头足类8种。辽东湾近岸海域和黄海北部近岸海域渔业种类组成相似性较高,总体上JACCARD相似性系数超过50%。优势种分析表明,辽宁省近岸海域优势种季节更替明显,口虾蛄(Oratosguilla oratoria)为辽东湾近岸海域四季共有种,大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)为黄海北部近岸海域四季共有种。除夏季外,渔获物以底层鱼类和甲壳类为主,渔获量季节变化上以夏季最高;群落多样性指数(D、H'、J')季节变化上均以秋季最高。与历史数据相比,辽宁省近岸海域渔业生物种类数变化不明显,但中上层鱼类如黄鲫(Setipinna taty)、斑鰶(Konosirus punctatus)、蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)等在群落中的优势地位下降,本地性资源如矛尾虾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)、大泷六线鱼、口虾蛄、日本鼓虾(Alpheus japonicus)等成为主要渔业生物。两个海区近岸海域2006~2007年各季节渔业生物总平均体质量均小于40 g,各季节的更替指数均大于80。多样性指数、季节更替指数和迁移指数分析显示,总体上辽宁省近岸海域渔业生物群落的多样性水平较低,群落稳定性较低。平均体质量的结果表明,渔业生物群落主要由小型个体和大中型的低龄群体组成,与历史数据对比,其小型化的特征明显。     

2010年夏季黄河口及邻近海域鱼类群落多样性

为了解夏季黄河口海域鱼类群落结构现状，根据2010年6月、7月底拖网调查数据对该海域鱼类群落的种类组成、优势种、空间分布、物种多样性和群落相似性进行了研究。结果表明，两次调查共捕获鱼类32种，全部为硬骨鱼类，隶属于7目、21科、32属。6月优势种为矛尾虾虎鱼Chaeturichthys stigmatias、短吻红舌鳎Cynoglossus joyneri和斑尾刺虾虎鱼Acanthogobius ommaturus，7月为矛尾虾虎鱼、斑鱼祭Konosirus punctatus、短吻红舌鳎和斑尾刺虾虎鱼。7月调查鱼类生物量和丰度均较6月大幅增加，分别由3.6 kg/h和459 ind./h增加到44.1 kg/h和6 107 ind./h，生物量在每个站位均有所增加，且在整个调查海域分布较为均匀。两次调查鱼类群落的生物量优势度曲线、丰度优势度曲线均接近。7月鱼类群落的丰富度指数（D）、多样性指数（H′）和均匀度指数（J′）均较6月有所下降。聚类分析和NMDS排序结果表明，6月调查站位和7月调查站位各自聚为一组。两次调查鱼类群落相似性较高，Jaccard种类相似性系数为56.3%，根据生物量计算的Bray-Curtis相似性系数为43.1%。与历史数据相比，黄河口鱼类种类数呈下降趋势，优势种类也发生了明显改变，生物量在各月间的分布也有所不同，本次调查7月黄河口海域鱼类资源密度明显高于6月，而20世纪80年代调查数据则恰相反，6月鱼类资源密度高于7月。     

海州湾及其邻近海域鱼类群落结构冗余度

过度捕捞、环境污染等人类活动以及气候变化等影响着海洋鱼类群落动态及其稳定性。为深入研究海州湾海域鱼类群落结构及其变化,根据2011年、2013—2016年春、秋两季在该海域进行的渔业资源与环境调查数据,应用多元统计分析和结构冗余度分析方法,研究了海州湾海域春、秋季鱼类群落结构冗余度。结果显示,海州湾及邻近海域春、秋季鱼类均可划分为南北两个群落。春季北部群落的典型种包括方氏云鳚、细纹狮子鱼、黄鮟鱇和大泷六线鱼;南部群落的典型种为小黄鱼、短吻红舌鳎、方氏云鳚和星康吉鳗。秋季北部群落的典型种为棘绿鳍鱼、长蛇鲻和星康吉鳗;南部群落典型种包括短吻红舌鳎、棘头梅童鱼、鮸、矛尾虾虎鱼、小黄鱼和皮氏叫姑鱼。春、秋季鱼类群落响应单元数均为1,群落结构冗余度水平低;响应单元中种类与南、北鱼类群落典型种组成相似,表明海州湾春、秋季鱼类群落空间结构特征主要受方氏云鳚、细纹狮子鱼、小黄鱼、棘绿鳍鱼和长蛇鲻等少数种类决定。决定海州湾及邻近海域鱼类群落结构特征的可替代种类较少,当主要种类受损时,群落结构会发生较大变化,鱼类群落结构稳定性较低。     

崂山湾春季鱼类群落的摄食生态及其主要种类

崂山湾位于黄海的胶州湾和丁字湾之间,海湾开阔,是当前增殖放流的重点海域。根据2014年5月在崂山湾海域进行的底拖网调查,分析了该海域春季鱼类群落的种类组成和摄食生态。结果表明,崂山湾春季鱼类群落共32种鱼类,隶属8目,21科,30属;以鲈形目(Perciformes)的虾虎鱼科(Gobiidae)和石首鱼科(Sciaenidae)种类最多;优势种有皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belengerii)、短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri)和矛尾虾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias),主要种有大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)、斑鰶(Clupanodon punctatus)、赤鼻棱鳀(Thrissa kammalensis)、丝虾虎鱼(Cryptocentrus filifer)、方氏云鳚(Enedrias fangi)和银鲳(Pampus argenteus)。崂山湾春季鱼类群落的种类丰富度指数R为3.19,多样性指数H′为2.34;均匀度指数J′为0.68。胃含物分析结果表明,春季崂山湾生态系统鱼类群落的平均营养级为3.52;主要包括了浮游动物食性、杂食性和底栖动物食性3种食性类型,以底栖动物食性鱼类为主。在当前捕捞、气候变化和人类活动等多重压力下,海湾生态系统承受了巨大的压力,针对不同的海湾生态系统进行基础调研,可为制订相应的增殖放流、渔业保护和管理策略提供重要科学依据。     

厦门湾春、秋季鱼类群落结构及其多样性

根据 2016 年春、秋季在厦门湾海域进行的渔业资源底拖网调查, 使用种类组成更替率、相对重要性指数、 相对资源量指数、物种多样性指数和多元统计分析等指标及方法对该海域鱼类种类组成、群落结构和多样性进行研究。结果表明, 厦门湾海域春、秋季共捕获鱼类 100 种, 隶属于 2 纲 13 目 46 科 74 属; 湾内鱼类春、秋季种类组成更替率为 59.60%, 优势种组成的变化主要由鱼类洄游导致, 短吻鲾(Leiognathus brevirostris)、皮氏叫姑鱼 (Johnius belengerii)和孔虾虎鱼(Trypauchen vagina)为春、秋季共有优势种; 春季平均网获质量和平均网获数量分别为 1744.24 g/h 和 160.51 ind/h, 秋季分别为 3086.18 g/h 和 153.30 ind/h, 鱼类相对资源量存在明显的季节变化; Margalef 种类丰富度指数(D)变化范围为 0.46~4.07, Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数(H′)变化范围为 0.61~2.73, Pielou 均匀度指数(J′)变化范围为 0.44~0.89; Pielou 均匀度指数(J′)春季高于秋季, Margalef 种类丰富度指数(D)和 ShannonWiener 多样性指数(H′)秋季高于春季; 等级聚类(CLUSTER)和非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)表明, 春、秋季厦门湾鱼类群落均可大致划分为东北部和南部两个站位组群。厦门湾春、秋季鱼类群落空间结构具有明显季节差异。     

瓯江口海域鱼类群落结构及优势种RDA分析

根据 2018─2019 年的底拖网季度调查数据, 运用资源密度、相对重要性指数、多样性指数等生态指标, 对调查海域鱼类群落结构动态变化及其与环境因子的关系进行分析。结果表明, 调查海域共捕获鱼类 84 种, 隶属于 2 纲、14 目、39 科、69 属。优势种为龙头鱼(Harpadon nehereus)、日本带鱼(Trichiurus japonicus)、银姑鱼(Pennahia argentata)、黄鲫(Setipinna tenuifilis)、七星底灯鱼(Benthosema pterotum)、康氏侧带小公鱼(Stolephorus commersonnii) 和六丝钝尾虾虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema)等 7 种, 与往年相比发生较大变化。生物量指数平均值最高出现在夏季, 为 3.25×10³ kg/km² ; 丰度指数平均值最高出现在秋季, 为 6.64×10⁵ ind/km² 。各季节多样性指数 H′、均匀度指数 J′最高值出现在冬季, 分别为 1.92 和 0.71。日本带鱼和七星底灯鱼的分布与水深和盐度呈较强的正相关, 银姑鱼的分布与水温成较强正相关, 与 pH 呈负相关, 康氏侧带小公鱼、黄鲫和龙头鱼对环境因子的偏好性较低, 分布较均匀。本研究通过探索瓯江口鱼类群落结构的时空变化, 旨在为保护河口海域渔业资源, 改善渔业环境质量与功能提供科学依据。     

鸭绿江河口区鱼虾群落研究

1997－1998年在鸭绿江口设4个测站,双月1次捕取样品,进行鱼虾群落研究。渔获66种水生动物,其中鱼类48种、甲壳类11种、其他动物7种。出现频率最高的前5种为斑尾复虾虎鱼、拟棒鞭水虱、亚洲公鱼、脊尾白虾和纹缟虾虎鱼。数量比例最高的前5种优势种为拟棒鞭水虱（31．82％）、糠虾（25．44％）、中国毛虾（21．21％）、斑尾复虾虎鱼（17．35％）和亚洲公鱼（0．5％）。各站生物量指数和物种丰度分别变化于3．83－33139．59和0．34－2528．24。群落物种的多样性指数（H')变化于0．291－2．889。优势度指数（C1）0．155－0．914,均匀度指数（J')0．113－0．970。群落间相似性系数（Cs)2－3站最高（平均0．649）,1－4站最低（平均0．245）。群落物种种类和数量分布与季节和生态条件密切有关。     

渤海游泳动物群落结构季节变动

基于2015年5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和2016年1月(冬季)3个季节的渤海游泳动物底拖网调查数据，分析游泳动物群落结构的季节变动。调查结果显示，调查共捕获96种游泳动物，其中鱼类55种、甲壳类37种、头足类4种。各季节优势种物种数为2～5种(相对重要性指数大于500),春季优势种为口虾蛄和脊腹褐虾，夏季优势种为鳀、口虾蛄、矛尾虾虎鱼、枪乌贼和葛氏长臂虾，冬季优势种为脊腹褐虾、矛尾虾虎鱼、葛氏长臂虾、日本鼓虾和斑尾刺虾虎鱼。游泳动物相对丰度在春季最小，为244尾/h,夏季最大，为11 391尾/h;相对生物量在春季最小，为1.56 kg/h,夏季最大，为38.57 kg/h。从春季到冬季，渔获物相对丰度和相对生物量呈先升后降的趋势。物种丰富度指数为3.61～4.99,春季最高，冬季最低；香农-维纳多样性指数为1.83～2.40,冬季最低，春季最高；物种均匀度指数为0.49～0.59,冬季最低，春季最高。聚类分析和多维标度分析表明，渤海各海域游泳动物群落结构相似性并无明显季节变动。相似性百分比分析表明，渤海春、夏、冬季游泳动物群落结构的季节差异主要由鳀、枪乌贼和口虾蛄资源量季节变动所致...     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).