恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星在牙鲆体内代谢消除规律

以80 mg/kg鱼体重对牙鲆单次口灌给药恩诺沙星,给药后在不同的时间点取样,用高效液相色谱荧光检测器检测,研究恩诺沙星及其主要代谢产物环丙沙星在牙鲆体内的代谢消除规律。研究表明,停药后0.25 h,肌肉中恩诺沙星残留量最低。各组织的消除半衰期依次为腮肝脏血液肾脏肌肉,其中肌肉中恩诺沙星消除半衰期最低为67.759 h,消除最快,停药后12 d检测不到恩诺沙星。停药后0.25 h,在牙鲆血液、肝脏、肾脏中均有环丙沙星残留,残留量依次为肝脏肾脏血液,肌肉和鳃中未检出环丙沙星。停药后22 d在血液、肝脏和肾脏3个组织中仍然能够检测出恩诺沙星,但是停药7 d后这3个组织中均检测不出环丙沙星。结果显示,恩诺沙星在牙鲆体内代谢速度较慢,而且只是在一段时间内有脱乙基代谢为环丙沙星的反应发生,但并不是在恩诺沙星消除的全过程都发生,而且代谢物环丙沙星在牙鲆体内的消除速度要比恩诺沙星快。     

恩诺沙星在日本鳗鲡体内残留消除规律研究

采用高效液相色谱法检测日本鳗鲡肌肉、血清、肠、鳃和肝脏组织中恩诺沙星及其代谢物环丙沙星的残留。方法的日内和日间变异系数分别为1.86%和2.53%,标准添加回收率为(95±6)%;最低测量限为1.0μg/kg。用现场试验方法研究恩诺沙星在鳗鱼体内的代谢残留规律。对约50 g鳗鱼按9 mg/kg鱼体重每天给药2次,连续投喂7 d。给药期间鳗鱼体内的药物含量呈锯齿状上升,停药60 d后鳗鱼肠、鳃和肝脏组织中药物即下降至1~5μg/kg。肌肉和血清中药物残留到90 d,分别消除至3μg/kg和4μg/kg。所测组织的药物残留至停药120 d后降到检测限以下。故鳗鱼的停药期不应低于120 d。     

土霉素在锯缘青蟹体内的药物代谢和消除规律

采用高效液相色谱法检测土霉素,研究土霉素口灌给药途径下在锯缘青蟹体内的药代动力学。锯缘青蟹口灌给药土霉素50 mg/kg后,其血浆、肌肉和肝胰脏中的药峰浓度分别为16.78±1.98 mg/L、9.39±2.12μg/g和32.12±6.12μg/g,达峰时间分别为4 h、8 h和4 h。血浆中土霉素浓度-时间关系曲线符合一级吸收的二室开放动力学模型。土霉素在锯缘青蟹体内分布广泛,其表观分布容积(Vd)为2.129 L/kg;分布半衰期(t1/2α)和消除半衰期(t1/2β)分别为3.200 h和47.856 h,总体清除率(CLs)为0.063 mL/(kg.h)。肌肉和肝胰脏中土霉素浓度与时间关系的药动学参数采用统计矩原理分析,其消除半衰期(t1/2 z)分别为60.145 h和71.009 h,总体清除率(CLz)分别为0.054 g/(kg.h)和0.037 g/(kg.h)。土霉素在精巢和卵巢中达峰时间分别为8 h和12 h,峰浓度分别为9.83μg/g和10.26μg/g。给药后24 d时,血浆、肌肉、肝胰脏、精巢和卵巢中土霉素含量都已低于0.10μg/g。土霉素在锯缘青蟹体内消除比较缓慢。     

药浴给药恩诺沙星及其代谢产物在欧洲鳗鲡体内的药代动力学研究

应用反相高效液相色谱法,研究药浴给药条件下,恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星在欧洲鳗鲡体内的药代动力学.按10mg·L-1药浴给药后,恩诺沙星在欧洲鳗体内各组织器官中分布可用开放性二室模型来描述.血浆、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏中恩诺沙星达峰时间分别为44.27h、42.74h、50.69h、95.80h,以后开始缓慢下降,血浆、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏中代谢产物环丙沙星达峰时间分别为48.89h、55.34h、54.64h、100.0h.给药3个月后血浆、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏中的恩诺沙星浓度分别为0.0844μg·mL-1、0.09959μg·g-1、0.01242μg·g-1、3.7164u·g-1;恩诺沙星在血浆、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏中的消除半衰期(T1/2β)分别为908.07h、901.24h、59.32h、767.81h.鉴于恩诺沙星和其代谢产物环丙沙星在欧洲鳗鲡体内消除较慢,建议养成阶段不使用此药.     

恩诺沙星乳在罗非鱼体内的药代动力学及组织分布

为研究恩诺沙星乳新剂型及其去乙基代谢产物环丙沙星在罗非鱼(Oreochroms mossambcus)血浆中的药代动力学及分布,在(30±1)℃养殖水温下,对罗非鱼单次口灌10 mg/kg恩诺沙星乳,在0.5、1、2、4、6、8、12、18、24、48、72、96、120、144、168 h取样,样品处理后以超高效液相色谱荧光检测器检测。研究显示:恩诺沙星在罗非鱼血浆中的达峰时间(T_(max))为2 h,峰浓度(C_(max))为4.38 mg/L;环丙沙星在罗非鱼血浆中的T_(max)为8 h,C_(max)为0.1 mg/L;恩诺沙星在罗非鱼肝、脑、肌肉、肾中的T_(max)分别为1、2、4和6 h,C_(max)分别为12.37、4.31、6.22和7.82 mg/kg,消除方程分别为C=3.96e~(-0.0232t)、C=7.52e~(-0.0253t)、C=6.04e~(-0.015t)、C=2.73e~(-0.0205t);环丙沙星在罗非鱼肝、肌肉、肾中的T_(max)分别为4、6和6 h,C_(max)分别为0.39、0.15和0.23 mg/kg,消除方程分别为C=0.11e~(-0.0186t)、C=0.29e~(-0.0184t)、C=0.17e~(-0.0132t)。结果表明,恩诺沙星乳在罗非鱼体内吸收迅速,大部分以恩诺沙星原药代谢出体外,仅有3.22%～6.03%恩诺沙星被代谢成环丙沙星,虽然环丙沙星含量低但在罗非鱼体内比恩诺沙星更难消除;建议罗非鱼以10 mg/kg口灌恩诺沙星乳用于疾病的防治。     

恩诺沙星在大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)体内的残留消除规律

本研究比较了在20℃水温条件下恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin)在3种主要养殖鲆鲽鱼[大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)]体内的残留消除规律。选择体重为300–400 g 的健康2龄大菱鲆、牙鲆和半滑舌鳎,以10 mg/kg 的剂量连续3 d 通过灌胃的方式分别给予恩诺沙星后,于1、3、6、10、15、20、25、30、35、40 d 采集血浆、肝、鳃、肌肉和肾组织。利用高效液相色谱法检测血浆和各组织中的恩诺沙星浓度,拟合恩诺沙星在3种鲆鲽鱼体内的消除曲线,计算消除半衰期。结果显示,3种鲆鲽鱼的组织中,恩诺沙星在肾中残留浓度最高,其消除速度依次为牙鲆>大菱鲆>半滑舌鳎,其消除半衰期分别为3.75、6.54、7.37 d;恩诺沙星在大菱鲆、牙鲆和半滑舌鳎血浆中的消除比其代谢产物环丙沙星慢;综合比较恩诺沙星在3种鲆鲽鱼血浆和大多数组织中的消除规律,均呈现出牙鲆体内消除最快,大菱鲆次之,半滑舌鳎最慢的趋势。依据我国无公害水产品中恩诺沙星最高残留限量为50μg/kg 的标准,建议在20℃水温条件下使用恩诺沙星防治鲆鲽鱼细菌性疾病时的休药期为：大菱鲆44 d、牙鲆33 d、半滑舌鳎47 d 以上。     

恩诺沙星在大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)体内的残留消除规律

本研究比较了在20℃水温条件下恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin)在3种主要养殖鲆鲽鱼[大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)]体内的残留消除规律。选择体重为300–400 g的健康2龄大菱鲆、牙鲆和半滑舌鳎,以10 mg/kg的剂量连续3 d通过灌胃的方式分别给予恩诺沙星后,于1、3、6、10、15、20、25、30、35、40 d采集血浆、肝、鳃、肌肉和肾组织。利用高效液相色谱法检测血浆和各组织中的恩诺沙星浓度,拟合恩诺沙星在3种鲆鲽鱼体内的消除曲线,计算消除半衰期。结果显示,3种鲆鲽鱼的组织中,恩诺沙星在肾中残留浓度最高,其消除速度依次为牙鲆大菱鲆半滑舌鳎,其消除半衰期分别为3.75、6.54、7.37 d;恩诺沙星在大菱鲆、牙鲆和半滑舌鳎血浆中的消除比其代谢产物环丙沙星慢;综合比较恩诺沙星在3种鲆鲽鱼血浆和大多数组织中的消除规律,均呈现出牙鲆体内消除最快,大菱鲆次之,半滑舌鳎最慢的趋势。依据我国无公害水产品中恩诺沙星最高残留限量为50μg/kg的标准,建议在20℃水温条件下使用恩诺沙星防治鲆鲽鱼细菌性疾病时的休药期为:大菱鲆44 d、牙鲆33 d、半滑舌鳎47 d以上。     

恩诺沙星及其代谢物环丙沙星在欧洲鳗鲡体内的代谢动力学

采用高效液相色谱法,研究药饵口灌给药途径下,恩诺沙星及其代谢物环丙沙星在欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla)体内的药代动力学。欧洲鳗鲡口灌给药恩诺沙星10 mg/kg后,其血浆、肌肉和肝脏中药物时量曲线关系符合一级吸收的二室开放动力学模型。恩诺沙星在欧洲鳗鲡不同组织中分布较广,血浆、肌肉和肝脏的Vd分别为6.362 L/kg、8.081 L/kg和15.870 L/kg;恩诺沙星在鳗鲡体内消除较慢,在血浆、肌肉和肝脏中的消除半衰期(tβ1/2)分别为161.10 h、333.21 h和611.26 h,总体清除率(CLs)分别为27.4 mL/(kg.h)、16.8 g/(kg.h)和18.0 g/(kg.h)。代谢物环丙沙星在鳗鲡血浆、肌肉和肝脏中药物水平的变化趋势与恩诺沙星基本相似,呈现出多峰现象,但3种组织中环丙沙星出现第一个药峰时间分别为给药后第24小时、24小时和12小时,3种组织中环丙沙星峰值水平肝脏中最高、肌肉中次之、血浆中最低,环丙沙星在肌肉和肝脏中的消除速率比较缓慢。鉴于恩诺沙星和其代谢物环丙沙星在欧洲鳗鲡体内消除较慢,建议养成阶段使用其他药物。     

丁香酚在罗非鱼体内的药物代谢动力学研究

为了解丁香酚在罗非鱼体内的代谢动力学特征,利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测经丁香酚麻醉后苏醒的吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)血浆、肝脏及肌肉中丁香酚的质量浓度变化。试验结果:采用30 mg/L丁香酚药浴后,罗非鱼血浆、肝和肌肉中的药时数据均符合非房室模型;丁香酚在罗非鱼血浆、肝脏和肌肉中的药代动力学参数显示,峰值浓度(Cmax)分别为8 257.52μg/m L、88.62μg/kg和73.78μg/kg,达峰时间(Tmax)分别为0.5、1和2 h,消除半衰期(t1/2)分别为11.267 3、75.616 1和24.147 4 h,药时曲线下面积(AUC0~∞)分别为83 738.054 3 h·μg/m L、1 466.467 7 h·μg/kg和1 131.101 7 h·μg/kg,0~∞平均滞留时间(MRT0~∞)分别为11.498 2、85.284 4和39.388 7 h,表观分布容积(Vz)分别为1.941 2m L/kg、743.903 0 kg/kg和307.994 9 kg/kg。结果表明,丁香酚在罗非鱼体内分布广泛、消除慢、停留时间长。本研究可为罗非鱼活体运输中麻醉剂的安全使用提供参考。     

盐酸氯苯胍在眼斑拟石首鱼体内的药代动力学和残留消除规律研究

在水温(28±2)℃、盐度28条件下,采用30mg/kg的剂量口灌法,用HPLC-MS/MS检测研究了盐酸氯苯胍在体质量为(350.15±5.18)g的眼斑拟石首鱼体内的药代动力学和残留消除规律。结果显示,单剂量口灌给药后,眼斑拟石首鱼血浆中盐酸氯苯胍的药时数据符合一级吸收二室模型,药物在血浆中的达峰时间、血药质量浓度峰值、药时曲线下面积和消除半衰期分别为2.39h、958.78μg/L、33 247.57μg/(L·h)和19.24h;盐酸氯苯胍在肌肉、肝脏和肾脏的血药含量峰值分别为156.72、227.68μg/kg和553.44μg/kg,达峰时间分别为2.0、1.5、2.0h;药时曲线下面积分别4664.04、4897.74、17 228.19μg/(kg·h);消除半衰期分别为19.68、24.33、22.81h。按30mg/kg剂量连续5d口灌给药后,鱼血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的药物消除半衰期(t1/2)分别为24.46、35.39、39.60、33.94h。若以10μg/kg为最高残留限量,肌肉作为食用靶组织,在本试验条件下,建议休药期不少于7d。     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响_

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响王丹丽，李明云，杨天勇，胡章（宁波大学，３１５０１０）关键词老年低额　，蚤状　，温度，盐度，生长，生殖ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＳＡＬＩＮＩＴＹＯＮＧＲＯＷＴＨＡＮＤＲＥＰＲＯＤＵＣＴ...     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来，我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐，参与市场竞争，努力提升企业和产品竞争力，经济社会事业发展较快，对国家的贡献提升，职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善，示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓，战略定位与发展方向不明，经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑，没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系，投资匮乏，发展后劲不足，人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状，提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估，改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作，改革时机的选择，处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系，调整好内部利益分配关系，自觉融入区域经济，与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展，建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

川渝地区鸡皮刺螨的流行与综合防治

鸡皮刺螨是鸡的一种体外寄生的节肢动物,流行十分广泛,对养殖业发展有严重影响。为了解鸡皮刺螨的发病情况,对川渝两地的126个鸡场进行流行病学调查,感染率高达71%。同时,介绍了鸡皮刺螨的生活史、危害及防治措施,是防制鸡皮刺螨不可多得的资料。     

Composition and diversity of fish and fish catches in closures and open-access fisheries of Kenya

Abstract  Catch composition, relative abundance and diversity of fish catches in open access and three old fisheries closures were compared and contrasted with previous ecological studies. There was less variation in catch community composition among the fishing grounds than the closures, suggesting that fishing has homogenised catch composition. The trap survey found that some parrotfish [ Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy &Gaimard), Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes) and Scarus ghobban Forsskål] were relatively more common and that some important predators of macro-invertebrates [ Balistapus undulatus (Mungo Park) and Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch)] were less common in the fishing grounds than closures. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to visual census results, cumulative number of species in catch surveys was higher in open access than closures sites. This may result from fishers covering more area and habitat or a reduction in the catch of competitively subordinate and rare species by aggressive, early-caught fish that can dominate bait. Comparisons of ecological visual census surveys and fisheries-dependent methods indicated that small differences in catch composition can reflect larger ecological differences and that baiting methods can underestimate biodiversity. Ecological impacts of fishing and large-scale changes in marine ecosystems must be considerable given the many fisheries-dependent assessments report modest changes.