济南地区河流轮虫群落结构的时空动态研究

探讨轮虫群落结构及与水质环境因子之间的关系,为合理开发济南地区水资源以及水环境污染治理提供可靠依据。2014年5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和10月(秋季)分别对济南地区19个站点采样调查,分析不同季节轮虫群落结构的分布特征,应用香农维纳指数和均匀度指数评价济南地区水质健康状况,典范对应分析法判定影响轮虫群落结构的主要环境因子。济南地区水体共鉴定出轮虫17属38种,以龟甲轮属和臂尾轮属为主,春季、夏季和秋季轮虫种类分别为30、17和9种,轮虫密度平均值为114.4、10和8.3个/L。轮虫污染指示种20种,其中寡污带3种、寡污至β中污型5种、β中污性8种、α中污型2种、β-α中污型2种;轮虫污染指示种类占总种类数的52.63%,密度占77.99%;春季出现污染指示种15种,夏季和秋季分别为11种和8种。春季的优势种为卵形彩胃轮虫,夏季的优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫,秋季的优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫、卜氏晶囊轮虫、前节晶囊轮虫。香农维纳指数平均值分别为2.67、1.38和1.20;均匀度指数平均值分别为0.66、0.41和0.35。典范对应分析结果,主要影响南部、中部和北部地区轮虫群落结构的环境因子,春季为总氮、氨氮和硬度,夏季为高锰酸钾,秋季为总磷。综合评价济南地区水生态呈中度污染。     

济南流域轮虫群落结构及多样性的研究

通过对山东省济南流域19个采样点位的轮虫进行调查研究并利用轮虫香农维纳指数、均匀度指数对济南水质进行评价,结果表明:济南流域共鉴定出轮虫种类17属30种,主要以龟甲轮属和臂尾轮属为主。轮虫密度2.0~453.0ind./L,平均值为114.4ind./L。轮虫香农维纳指数和均匀度指数都具有显著的空间分布规律,香农维纳指数范围为0.917~3.644,平均值为2.752;均匀度指数范围为0.857~1.608,平均值为0.881。济南流域轮虫香农维纳指数和均匀度指数相对较低,通过综合分析认为济南流域水体受到不同程度污染。     

北运河水系春、秋季轮虫群落结构特征及其与水环境因子的关系

于2015年春季(5月)和秋季(10月)分别对北运河水系40个站点进行了野外采样调查,分析了春、秋两季轮虫群落结构的特征,以此评价北运河水系的健康状况,并找出影响该水系轮虫群落结构的主要水环境因子。调查结果显示:北运河水系共鉴定出轮虫44种,主要以臂尾轮虫属为主;春季和秋季的物种数平均值分别为10.58种和6.55种,优势种分别为8种和3种,轮虫密度平均值分别为103.43个/L和36.75个/L,香农威纳指数平均值分别为2.39和2.08,均匀度指数平均值分别为0.64和0.59。研究分析结果表明:溶解氧和总氮分别是春季、秋季影响北运河水系轮虫群落结构的主要环境因子;北运河水系河流生态系统呈中度污染。     

济南地区水域春、秋两季浮游动物群落结构与环境因子的关系

为了解济南地区水域浮游动物群落结构特征,于2015年春季(5月)和秋季(11月)对济南地区水域24个采样点位进行了采样调查。结果表明,两季节共鉴定出浮游动物50种,春季浮游动物共计4类46种,以枝角类为主,平均密度为3 421.67ind./L;秋季浮游动物共4类34种,以轮虫为主,平均密度为1 686.67ind./L。春季浮游动物香农威纳指数平均值为1.89,均匀度指数平均值为0.76,秋季浮游动物香农威纳指数平均值为1.92,均匀度指数平均值为0.74,典范对应分析结果显示:春季总硬度和电导率是影响浮游动物群落的主要环境因子,秋季总氮和氨氮及总碱度是影响浮游动物群落的主要环境因子。通过综合分析得出结论,济南地区水域呈中度污染。     

济南南部山区水库轮虫群落多样性的研究

于2014年夏季对济南南部山区5个水库进行采样调查,应用轮虫群落香农维纳指数评价济南南部山区水库水体健康状况,结果表明:济南南部山区水库共鉴定出轮虫种类11种,东阿水库轮虫物种和密度最高,轮虫物种为5种,密度为19.50ind./L,东阿水库香农维纳指数平均值为2.36,均匀度指数平均值为0.83。综合分析表明,济南南部山区水库水体为中度污染。     

北运河水系浮游动物群落多样性及时空分布研究

为了解北运河浮游动物群落结构特征,于2019年春季、夏季和秋季对北运河水系的17个点位进行了调查.运用香农威纳指数进行水体评价.结果表明:春季、夏季和秋季采集到物种分别为75种、75种和56种,密度平均值分别为121.88个/L、295.34个/L和57.47个/L,生物量平均值为0.36 mg/L、1.10 mg/L和1.12 mg/L,香农威纳指数平均值分别为2.05、1.46和1.70,均匀度指数平均值分别为0.53、0.46和0.67.整体分析来看,北运河水体呈中度污染.     

基于轮虫群落季节性变化的济南市水环境监测和评价

以济南2015年和2016年的春季(5月)、夏季(8月)、秋季(11月)的11个采样点位的轮虫为研究对象,对轮虫群落的物种组成、物种多样性以及水体健康状况进行研究,结果表明:2015年春季和2016年夏季采集到的轮虫物种数最高.两年中各季节采集到的轮虫物种数平均值范围在2.00～8.00种,密度平均值范围在10.55～171.61 ind./L,香农威纳指数平均值范围在1.36～2.16,均匀度指数平均值范围在0.58～0.82.综合分析后,可以判断出济南市2015年和2016年水体整体为中度污染.     

济南中部地区水域秋季浮游动物多样性研究及水质评价

为了了解济南中部地区水域浮游动物群落结构特征,于2015年秋季对济南中部地区水域12个采样点位进行了采样调查。结果表明,共鉴定出浮游动物4类29种,平均密度为3051.66ind./L。应用香农威纳指数和均匀度指数对济南中部地区浮游动物进行评价,香农威纳指数平均值为2.00,均匀度指数平均值为0.69。通过综合分析,得出结论,济南中部地区呈中度污染。     

济南流域秋季底栖动物多样性研究

于2014年秋季对济南地区水域的底栖动物的进行设点采样调查,并利用底栖动物香农维纳多样性指数和均匀度指数对水质进行评价。结果表明:济南地区水域共鉴定出底栖动物3门10目33种,以节肢动物门和软体动物门为主。底栖动物平均密度为865.42个/m2,底栖动物香农维纳指数和均匀度指数较低,平均值分别为1.28和0.67。综合各项指标评价认为济南流域秋季水质污染较为严重,为中度污染,应加大保护力度。     

济南河流不同季节大型底栖动物多样性研究

为了研究济南地区河流大型底栖动物群落结构特征,分别于2014年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)和秋季(11月)对济南地区河流24个样点的大型底栖动物进行了野外调查,并采用物种多样性指数进行水质初步评价。结果显示:春季、夏季和秋季分别采集到大型底栖动物45种、35种和33种;底栖动物密度平均值分别为2.49×10~3、0.56×10~3和1.03×10~3 ind·m-2;香农威纳指数三个季节平均值分别为1.33、1.37和1.17;均匀度指数平均值分别为0.55、0.67和0.59。综合分析初步表明,济南地区河流水质总体受到中度污染。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.