温度对黑鳍棘鲷耗氧率与排氨率的影响

对体重为240.9±27.1 g的黑鳍棘鲷在不同水温(10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃)条件下的耗氧率和排氨率进行了测试分析。结果表明:黑鳍棘鲷在一定温度范围内的耗氧率和排氨率均随温度的升高而升高,但当水温超过一定值后,其耗氧率和排氨率均随温度的升高而下降。在实验条件下,黑鳍棘鲷的耗氧率与温度的回归方程为Y=-0.489 7X2+27.39X-147.39;排氨率与温度的回归方程为Y=-0.009 3X2+0.508 2X-1.247;耗氧率的最大值为235.61μg/g.h(温度为28.0℃),排氨率的最大值为5.70μg/g.h(温度为27.3℃)。黑鳍棘鲷快速生长期的最适温度为25~28℃。     

温度、pH对水体中柠檬醛消除的影响

采用超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)测定初始浓度为8μL/L的柠檬醛在水中受温度、pH因子影响的消除规律。结果表明:在常温25℃、pH 6.5蒸馏水中柠檬醛的浓度与时间成负相关,其直线回归方程为:y=-0.0447x+7.29,R2=0.9687;半衰期(t1/2)为73.60 h,在水中完全降解的理论值为163.08 h。在0~30℃水温范围内,柠檬醛平均消除速率为V30℃V20℃V10℃V0℃,30℃水中柠檬醛的半衰期相对最短。在pH 5.0~10.0水体中柠檬醛平均消除速率随pH升高而减小,即VpH 5.0VpH 6.0VpH 7.0VpH 8.0VpH 9.0VpH 10.0,而在pH 11.0水中柠檬醛消除速率反而增大(VpH 6.0VpH 11.0VpH 7.0),说明柠檬醛在酸性和强碱性条件下不稳定。     

pH值对黄鳍鲷主要消化酶活性的影响

研究了pH值对黄鳍鲷肝、胃、肠3个部分主要消化酶(蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶)比活的影响。结果显示,黄鳍鲷肝脏、胃和肠道蛋白酶最适pH值分别为:7.0、2.8和7.4,脂肪酶最适pH值分别为:7.2、7.6和7.6,淀粉酶最适pH值分别为4.8、5.2和6.8。胃蛋白酶的最适pH在酸性范围,肝和肠的最适pH值都在中性偏碱性范围。淀粉酶的最适pH值都在酸性范围,脂肪酶的最适pH都在碱性范围。     

温度、pH对泥鳅肠道消化酶活性的影响

以泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)为研究材料,测定不同温度及不同pH条件下肠道中蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活性。结果表明,随温度、pH值的升高,三种酶活性的变化均表现为先增高后降低。蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶的最适温度分别为50℃、50℃、40℃,最适pH值分别为7.0、7.0、7.5。     

凡纳滨对虾虾头自溶动力学

研究了温度、pH和底物浓度等对凡纳滨对虾虾头自溶过程的影响,以及自溶产物随自溶时间的变化规律:0～5h内自溶反应产物的溶出遵循一级反应速度方程:Y=39.496e-0.3913x,KP=-1.1464Y+59.506,Pe=-0.7167Y+32.551;溶出总蛋白和5000u以下自溶产物及残余蛋白之间存在很好的线性相关性;自溶过程中,温度、pH、固液比是影响自溶速率常数(Ka)的重要因素。自溶过程中,40～50℃温度范围内,Ka值随温度的升高而增大,50℃时Ka值达最大值,50～60℃,Ka值随温度的升高而减少;pH与固液比对Ka的影响不呈规律性,在pH9、固液比1∶3时Ka值分别达最大值。利用自溶速率常数的对数与绝对温度的倒数建立了Arrhenius方程LnKa=-13654/Tk+41.353,经此方程验证了所建立自溶动力学方程的有效性。在自溶初始阶段(0～1h),5000u以上自溶产物占较大比例,为58%,自溶2～3h5000u以下产物的比例增幅较快,3h时5000u以下产物达66.8%,自溶4～5h后5000u以下产物增加趋缓,为71.47%。自溶过程中,从0h到5h,大部分脂肪族氨基酸溶出2～8倍...     

工厂化水产养殖水体的pH值在线自动控制系统

工厂化水产养殖水体的pH值在线自动控制系统=Automatic control system of pH value in the recirculating aquaculture[刊，中]/朱明瑞(中国水产科学研究院黑龙江水产研究所，黑龙江 哈尔滨150070)，曹广斌，蒋树义，韩世成//水产学报，－2007，31（3），－335～342 根据鱼类养殖的水体适合pH值范围为6.5～8.5，硝化细菌进行硝化反应去除氨氮的pH值在7.0以上，养殖水体的pH值大于8.75就会产生大量对鱼类有毒的非离子态氨的生产实际情况，进行了工厂化水产养殖水体的pH值控制研究。由于pH值的中和过程是非线性的，很难控制，所以本文根据水产水体养殖的要求确定将pH值控制在7.0～7.5之间的稳定范围内，确保整个控制过程在pH值变化的线性范围，降低控制难度。控制采用PID算法，以占空比方式控制电磁阀添加中和剂，实现对pH值的控制。中和剂选择NaOH和NaHCO3，并进行了稳定控制配比试验，浓度分别为2 g•L-1和20 g•L-1的配比组，获得满意效果。本控制系统使用电磁阀而不是变频器或是调节阀之类昂贵作为执行元件，方法简单，成本低廉，控制准确可靠，是一种非常适用于工厂化水产养殖的pH值在线自动控制系统。图8表6参9     

温度和体重对大鲵摄食的影响

在7.1~23.5℃范围内,大鲵摄食频率与温度呈正相关,回归方程:Y=-0.012X2 0.6858X 0.3355(R2=0.418)。体质量在1.3~6.6 kg时,年摄食量随体重的增加而增加。饵料做成长方形好,大鲵摄食后需要3~10 d消化时间。     

黄缘闭壳龟稚龟的形态学特征统计分析

利用生物统计学的方法对黄缘闭壳龟稚龟的体高、腹甲长、体重、腹甲宽、背甲长、背甲宽、尾长7个形态学指标进行了分析,结果如下:稚龟的体重(Y)与体高(X)的一元回归方程为Y=8.577X-3.6359,相关系数37.6237,F0.05,F0.01检验极其显著。体重(Y)与腹甲长(X)的一元回归方程为Y=4.4567X-4.7986,相关系数16.9280,F0.05,F0.01检验极其显著。体重(Y)与腹甲宽(X)的一元回归方程为Y=5.0134X 7.4741,相关系数14.4394,F0.05,F0.01检验极其显著。体重(Y)与尾长(X)的一元回归方程为Y=11.2736 0.5968X,相关系数0.3135,F0.05,F0.01检验极不显著。体重与其它6个形态学指标的一元回归方程除尾长以外均极其显著,这为人工养殖黄缘闭壳龟时,在选择育种和预测其生长能力等方面提供了科学依据。     

pH、盐度和温度对海蜇耗氧率和排氨率的影响

为探究环境因子对海蜇耗氧率(oxygen consumption rate,OCR)和排氨率(ammonia excretion rate,AER)的影响，实验通过室内培养，测定了不同pH值、盐度和温度条件下，海蜇幼蜇和成蜇的OCR和AER的变化特征。结果显示，海蜇伞径与干重可用W=0.002 2e^0.1248D表示，R²=0.972 4。海蜇幼蜇和成蜇的OCR和AER受pH值、盐度和温度影响显著。海蜇幼蜇和成蜇的AER和OCR随pH值的升高呈现先增大后减小的趋势，幼蜇和成蜇的2种代谢率分别在pH值为7.0和7.5时达到最大值，同时收缩次数最多。海蜇幼蜇和成蜇的AER和OCR随盐度的升高呈现先增后减的趋势，分别在盐度为25和20时达到峰值；盐度为20时收缩力最强。不同规格海蜇的OCR随温度升高而增加；AER则随温度升高呈先增大后减小的趋势，25°C达到峰值。海蜇在21°C时运动和进食最快，温度低于3°C或高于35°C海蜇则停止运动。幼蜇的AER Q₁₀值为0.767～4.362,OCR Q₁₀值为1...     

黄缘闭壳龟稚龟的形态学特征统计分析

利用生物统计学的方法对黄缘闭壳龟稚龟的体高、腹甲长、体重、腹甲宽、背甲长、背甲宽、尾长7个形态学指标进行了分析,结果如下:稚龟的体重(Y)与体高(X)的一元回归方程为Y=8.577X-3.6359,相关系数37.6237,F005,F001.检验极其显著.体重(Y)与腹甲长(X)的一元回归方程为Y=4.4567X-4.7986,相关系数16.9280.F0.05,F0.01检验极其显著.体重(Y)与腹甲宽(X)的一元回归方程为Y=5.0134X 7.4741,相关系数14.4394,F0.05,F0.01检验极其显著.体重(Y)与尾长(X)的一元回归方程为Y=11.2736 0.5968X,相关系数0.3135,F005,F001检验极不显著.体重与其它6个形态学指标的一元回归方程除尾长以外均极其显著.     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

头足类耳石微化学研究进展

耳石是位于平衡囊内起平衡作用的一对钙化组织,它是头足类的加速度感应器,记录其生命周期内的生物和生态信息。随着鱼类耳石微化学研究及应用的日趋成熟与完善,头足类耳石的相应研究也逐渐兴起。目前头足类耳石微化学的研究内容主要包括无机和有机大分子、微量元素、同位素、微化学标记等方面,其中微量元素是应用研究的重点,在头足类种群识别、生活史分析及栖息环境重建等方面发挥了重要作用。分析认为,头足类微量元素在与栖息环境尤其水温关系的研究中取得了很好的结果,被认为是测定头足类生活水温的温度计。然而,涉及种群识别、生活史分析以及与盐度和食物关系的研究还不够充分,且多集中于Sr/Ca的研究。因此,建议在今后的研究中要综合多种研究方法按时间和空间序列从日轮水平分析多种微量元素的含量与变化。     

不同品系盐生杜氏藻培养技术的研究

4种不同品系盐生杜氏藻培养结果表明：常温下,A33是最适宜培养的藻种,经4天培养,藻细胞密度可达到114×104cell／ml,细胞生长率达到0．369;其次是A23、A140、A5藻种,细胞生长率分别为0．317、0．314、0．234。控温条件下,4种品系杜氏藻细胞生长速度明显增高,是常温条件下的1．2倍。     

浅谈船舶干舷的作用

近几年．在唐山沿海发生的渔船海难、海损事故经统计表明呈增多趋势。这与出海作业渔民的安全意识不强有很大关系．渔民为了挣取更多的效益，在海上，超抗风浪等级作业且人为地增加船的不规范载荷．造成船的储备浮力损失，酿成恶果。笔者认为．在渔船设计建造中，留取的干舷对渔船作业的安全性起相当重要的作用，必不可少。 一、储备浮力的重要性 所谓储备浮力就是自船舶设计水线至水密甲板的水密部分体积，其大小与干舷相关．于舷大则储备浮力大，干舷的重要性就在于能够使船在海中保持正常的浮性和安全。再者，在设计建造渔船时，为了改善…     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.