RAPD标记在合浦珠母贝家系F1代的分离方式

对RAPD标记在合浦珠母贝F1代全同胞家系共27个样品中的分离方式进行了研究。从21条RAPD随机引物中筛选了8条引物用于扩增分析,结果共扩增出49个位点,其中正常位点47个(95.9%),异常位点2个(4.1%),即子代有扩增带而双亲无。47个正常位点中3个位点在F1中不分离(6.4%),44个位点发生分离(93.6%,即多态位点)。卡方检验表明,44个分离位点中32个符合孟德尔分离规律(72.7%),12个位点发生偏分离(27.3%)。符合孟德尔分离位点中按11分离位点占43.8%,31分离位点占56.2%,其中,父本特有标记、母本特有标记和双亲共有标记分别占28.2%,15.6%和56.2%,父本特有标记略多于母本特有标记。根据“双假测交”理论,11分离位点是构建F1代家系的作图位点。较高的11分离位点表明,利用RAPD标记构建合浦珠母贝遗传连锁图谱是可行的。     

合浦珠母贝遗传连锁图谱的构建

用AFLP标记构建了印度合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)全同胞家系的遗传图谱。用经过筛选的36对引物组合对父母本和62个子代个体进行遗传分析,共得到1 547个标记,包括581个1∶1分离标记。母本分离标记294个,其中178个符合1∶1孟德尔分离规律;父本分离标记287个,其中182个符合1∶1孟德尔分离规律。雌性框架图包括33个遗传标记,分布在14个连锁群中,标记间平均间隔24.3 cM,有2个3联体,11个连锁对,图谱总长度为488.5 cM。雄性框架图包括53个遗传标记,分布在19个连锁群中,标记间平均间隔30.5 cM,有4个3联体,10个连锁对,图谱总长度为1 035.5 cM。雌雄两个框架图中AFLP标记的分布都较均匀。雌雄基因组估算长度分别为1 168.4 cM和2 037.1 cM,图谱覆盖率分别为41.8%和50.8%。本研究为进一步构建高密度遗传连锁图谱及QTL定位分析奠定了基础。     

合浦珠母贝3个家系的AFLP标记分离与遗传多样性研究

对AFLP标记在合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)印度家系(印度贝♀×印度贝♂,PII)、杂交家系(三亚贝♀×印度贝♂,PSI)和三亚家系(三亚贝♀×三亚贝♂,PSS)的遗传分离及3个家系的遗传多样性进行了分析。3对引物共产生57个位点,分离位点比例为57.4%~87.7%,符合孟德尔规律的分离位点为70.0%~71.0%;1:1分离位点占总分离位点的24.0%~45.2%,其中杂交家系的比例最高。3个家系的多态位点比例为93.0%~100.0%,总基因多样性为0.460。家系内的基因多样性为PII0.434,PSI0.331,PSS0.366,平均为0.377±0.030。家系间的遗传分化显著(GST=0.180)。遗传距离分析表明,PSI与PSS之间的遗传距离最大(0.157),PII与PSS之间的遗传距离最小(0.121)。UPGMA系统树表明,PII和PSS的亲缘关系较近,而PSI与这2个家系较远。上述结果表明,第一代家系的遗传多样性仍很高,但家系之间的遗传分化较大。该研究结果对育种过程中遗传资源管理具有一定指导作用。     

三疣梭子蟹莱州湾、舟山野生个体定向交配产生F2代家系的AFLP分析

以三疣梭子蟹莱州湾、舟山野生群体杂交（莱州湾♀×舟山♂）产生F2代家系63个个体及F1代亲本为实验群体，采用AFLP分子标记对其进行遗传分析。35对选择性引物共扩增出1742个位点，其中分离位点为417个，不分离位点为1325个，多态位点比例为23．9％。在分离位点中，符合1：1孟德尔分离比例的位点为226个，占总分离位点数的54．2％；偏离1：1孟德尔分离比例的位点为31个，占总分离位点数7．4％。符合3：1孟德尔分离比例的位点为128个，占总分离位点数的30．7％；偏离3：1孟德尔分离比例的位点为32个，占总分离位点数的7．7％。家系内基因多样性指数为0．130，Shannon指数为0．193。遗传距离分析显示，子代个体与母本Nei’s遗传距离介于0．064～0．111之间，与父本Nei’s遗传距离介于0．065～0．107之间。其中，63号个体与48号个体分别与父、母本亲缘关系最远。本实验中，偏分离位点比例属正常范围，杂交F2代家系遗传多样性偏低。本研究结果为三疣梭子蟹野生群体及家系遗传多样性分析，遗传连锁图谱构建等方面提供一定的技术支持。     

中国对虾连续两代的DNA随机扩增多态性及其遗传规律分析

为评估DNA随机扩增多态性标记在中国对虾遗传连锁图谱构建中的应用前景,利用中国对虾单对交配亲本及其子二代材料,对RAPD标记及其遗传规律进行了研究。22条RAPD随机引物扩增结果的统计分析表明,标记在中国对虾F2的遗传规律可归为不分离标记和分离标记:不分离标记,指在亲本和后代中均不分离的标记,占总位点的54.1%;分离标记占总位点的45.9%。其中,分离标记又包括符合孟德尔遗传分离的标记、偏离孟德尔遗传分离标记和异常分离标记。符合孟德尔分离的标记中,分离比例为3∶1的标记占分离标记的14.7%;总的1∶1标记占分离标记的64.7%;偏离孟德尔分离和异常分离的标记分别占分离标记的11.7%和8.9%。在这些分离的标记中,有76.5%的位点在"双假测交理论"的策略中适合构建中国对虾的遗传连锁图谱,这为以中国对虾F2为作图群体,并利用RAPD标记构建中国对虾遗传连锁图谱提供了理论支持。     

利用中国明对虾单对杂交亲本及其F↓（2）群体构建RAPD遗传连锁图谱

由中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)单对杂交亲本(G♀和G♂)及其F2为作图群体,构建了中国明对虾RAPD分子标记的遗传连锁图谱。109个引物共产生284个符合孟德尔分离规律的位点,符合1∶1孟德尔分离类型的位点共234个,符合3∶1孟德尔分离类型的位点50个。利用拟测交理论分别构建中国明对虾雌虾、雄虾的遗传连锁图谱。107个1∶1分离标记分布于雌虾连锁图谱中,包括31个连锁群,图谱总长度为1 406.1 cM,所有标记间的平均间隔为18.5 cM;91个1∶1分离标记分布于雄虾连锁图谱中,包括26个连锁群,图谱总长度为1 187.7 cM,所有标记间的平均间隔为18.27 cM;利用F2自交模型构建了雌虾和雄虾共同的分子标记,35个3∶1分离标记分布于雌雄共有的连锁图谱中,包括10个连锁群,图谱总长度为432.9 cM,所有标记间的平均间隔为17.3 cM。     

三疣梭子蟹遗传连锁图谱的初步构建

利用AFLP和SSR标记技术结合"拟测交"策略,以三疣梭子蟹莱州湾、舟山野生群体杂交(1♂×3♀)产生的F2代家系为作图群体,初步构建了三疣梭子蟹雌、雄性遗传连锁图谱。用经过筛选的60对AFLP引物和3对SSR引物对亲本及108个F2代个体进行遗传分析,共得到母本分离标记214个,其中155个标记(AFLP标记153个,SSR标记2个)符合1∶1孟德尔分离规律;父本分离标记195个,139个标记(AFLP标记138个,SSR标记1个)符合1∶1孟德尔分离规律。雌性图谱包括100个遗传标记,分布在9个连锁群,6个三联体,15个连锁对,图谱总长度为1544cM,标记平均间隔22.0cM,总覆盖率为52.9%。雄性图谱包括71个遗传标记,分布在6个连锁群,6个三联体,11个连锁对,图谱总长度1174.2cM,标记平均间隔24.0cM,总覆盖率为49.5%,图谱中遗传标记分布比较均匀。     

中华绒螯蟹37个多态性微卫星标记在亲子遗传中的分离方式分析

为了评估基因组扫描方法获得的中华绒螯蟹微卫星标记的遗传方式,随机选择60个候选三核苷酸微卫星标记,首先利用中华绒螯蟹F1家系双亲及其6个F1子代共8个样品进行PCR扩增验证和多态性检测,随后对多态性标记位点在80子代个体中的亲子遗传分离类型及连锁关系进行了分析。结果显示,42个（70.00%）位点得到清晰扩增产物,其中有5个单态微卫星位点和37个多态微卫星位点。多态位点中23个位点子代基因基因型为1：1：1：1分离类型,11个位点属1：1分离类型,余下3个位点为1：2：1分离类型。37个多态位点中35个位点（94.59%）的分离符合孟德尔分离比（P>0.05）,scaffold430598_213690和scaffold21303_16865位点显著偏离1：1：1：1分离比。35个分离比符合孟德尔分离比的位点中,scaffold240262_150253、scaffold216209_138892、scaffold293154_172768三个标记发生连锁关系,scaffold285640_169721和scaffold427534_212914发生连锁关系,scaffold507500_231891和scaffold92860_68250标记发生连锁关系。以上结果表明开发的候选微卫星标记适用于中华绒螯蟹亲子鉴定和遗传图谱构建。     

中国对虾近交两代的DNA随机扩增多态性及其遗传规律分析

为评估DNA随机扩增多态性标记在中国对虾遗传连锁图谱构建中的应用前景，利用中国对虾单对交配亲本及其子二代材料，对RAPD标记及其遗传规律进行了研究。22条RAPD随机引物扩增结果的统计分析表明，标记在中国对虾F2的遗传规律可归为不分离标记和分离标记：不分离标记，指在亲本和后代中均不分离的标记，占总位点的54.1%；分离标记占总位点的45.9%。其中，分离标记又包括符合孟德尔遗传分离的标记、偏离孟德尔遗传分离标记和异常分离标记。符合孟德尔分离的标记中，分离比例为3:1的标记占分离标记的14.7%;总的1:1标记占分离标记的64.7%；偏离孟德尔分离和异常分离的标记分别占分离标记的11.7%和8.9%。在这些分离的标记中，有76.5%的位点在“双假测交理论”的策略中适合构建中国对虾的遗传连锁图谱，这为以中国对虾F2为作图群体，并利用RAPD标记构建中国对虾遗传连锁图谱提供了理论支持。     

栉孔扇贝×虾夷扇贝单对杂交子一代幼虫ISSR标记的分离方式

通过对栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri×虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis正反单对杂交子一代幼虫进行ISSR(Inter Simple Sequence Repeats)标记,分析了双亲位点在杂交子一代中的传递分离方式。从20个ISSR引物中筛选出引物807和834进行扩增,正交家系和反交家系均统计了70条清晰稳定的扩增带。正交家系中双亲和F_1共有位点占总位点数的38.6%,仅由母本或父本传递给F_1的位点分别占总位点数的27.1%和21.4%。反交家系中双亲和F_1共有位点占总位点数的34.3%,仅由母本或父本传递给F_1的位点分别占总位点数的25.7%和22.9%,表明双亲的遗传物质皆传递给了F_1代,证实属间杂交成功。实验结果表明,两家系中F_1均偏向各自的母本。另外,在F_1中还出现了较高比例的非孟德尔分离位点和非亲位点。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).