文蛤病原菌(溶藻弧菌)的分离与性状及病文蛤组织的电镜观察

近年来,江苏南部沿海在8～10月份常发生文蛤大批死亡,从病文蛤体内分离到病原菌,经人工感染试验得到证实。病原菌为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,以极生单鞭毛运动,在TCBS琼脂平板上形成黄色大菌落,在固体培养基上能游动。发酵葡萄糖产酸不产气,精氨酸—碱反应阴性,赖氨酸、鸟氨酸脱羧阳性。在无盐蛋白胨水中不能生长,在10％NaCl 蛋白胨水中生长良好。在43℃下能正常繁殖。对弧菌抑制剂0/129(150μg)和新生霉素(5μg)敏感,被鉴定为溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus Sakazaki)。病文蛤超薄切片的电镜观察表明,肠上皮及肝组织被细菌侵袭。病原菌在肠上皮细胞质中增生,形成上百个细菌的集群。上皮细胞核变形,被挤向一侧,线粒体内嵴模糊,部分上皮细胞微绒毛的结构被严重破坏,细菌周围的组织被腐蚀成空斑。     

弧菌感染中国对虾患“肌肉白浊病”的试验研究

从患肌肉白浊病的中国对虾的血淋巴液中分离获得的两株弧菌AE_6和AE_7,运用浸染及肌肉注射法感染健康对虾,并对发病过程及症状进行观察,证明被感染的对虾出现的症状与原发病的相同,幼虾死亡率与水体中含菌量密切相关,注射病菌的对虾死亡率达100%,抗菌药可有效地抑制病菌感染。     

锯缘青蟹细菌性传染病的病原菌研究

从宁波市锯缘青蟹（Scylla serrata)主要养殖海区5－9月间不同症状的病蟹体内分离到6株细菌，S9901、S9902、S9903、S9905和S9906，经感染试验确定S9902、S9903、S9905和S9906均为病原菌；此4株菌革兰氏染色阴性，具1根极生鞭毛，氧化酶反应阳性，发酵葡萄糖，不产气，不发酵肌醇，对0／129试剂敏感，为弧菌属种类；经赖氨酸、精氨酸、鸟氨酸脱羧酶、蔗糖、甘露醇发酵、6％氯化钠胨水生长、水杨素、枸橼酸盐利用等试验，根据第二代YGZ－9V系统，分别将其归为辛辛那提弧菌、溶藻弧菌和副溶血弧菌。4株菌对氯霉素、环丙沙星和硫酸庆大霉素等抗菌素表现出强敏感性，诺氟沙星、磺胺甲异恶唑等中度敏感，而对头孢唑啉钠、呋喃唑酮不敏感；中草药五倍子和五味子煎出液对4株菌均表现出较强的抑菌性能。     

条石鲷出血病病原的分离与鉴定

从患刺激隐核虫继发感染出血病的条石鲷上分离到2株细菌L1和L2,人工感染实验证实L1和L2均对条石鲷具有高致病性。对菌株L1和L2进行了形态和生理生化鉴定,结果表明L1和L2为同一种细菌,为革兰氏阴性菌,发酵葡萄糖,氧化酶阳性,在无盐NaCl胨水中不生长,赖氨酸脱羧酶、鸟氨酸脱羧酶阳性,精氨酸双水解酶、精氨酸脱羧酶阴性;发酵葡萄糖产酸不产气;硝酸盐还原、明胶酶为阳性;利用葡萄糖、甘露醇、甘露糖、蔗糖,不利用阿拉伯糖、乳糖、纤维二糖、肌醇、枸橼酸盐、水杨素等;七叶苷、MR为阴性,VP阳性,产生吲哚,不产生H2S,可鉴定为溶藻弧菌。     

中国对虾弧菌病病原菌分离与鉴定

1991～1992年间,从唐山沿海四县7个对虾养殖场采集弧菌综合症病虾81尾,并将虾体主要患病部位进行弧菌分高培养,虾体弧菌检出率为95.1％(71/81),主要患病部位弧菌阳性分离率为86.8％(146/168),对其中64株弧菌进行生化反应鉴定,结果为麦氏弧菌8株(12.5％),哈佛弧菌6株(9.4％),弯曲弧菌7株(10.9％),溶藻弧菌21株(32.8％),河弧菌10株(15.6％),副溶血弧菌1株(1.6％),霍利斯弧菌11株(17.2％)。     

患白点病条石鲷继发感染出血病病原的分离与鉴定

从患刺激隐核虫继发感染出血病的条石鲷上分离到2株细菌L1和L2,人工感染实验证实L1和L2均对条石鲷具有高致病性。对菌株L1和L2进行了形态和生理生化鉴定,结果表明L1和L2为同一种细菌,为革兰氏阴性菌,发酵葡萄糖,氧化酶阳性,在无盐NaCl胨水中不生长,赖氨酸脱羧酶、鸟氨酸脱羧酶阳性,精氨酸双水解酶、精氨酸脱羧酶阴性;发酵葡萄糖产酸不产气;硝酸盐还原、明胶酶为阳性;利用葡萄糖、甘露醇、甘露糖、蔗糖,不利用阿拉伯糖、乳糖、纤维二糖、肌醇、枸橼酸盐、水杨素等;七叶苷、MR为阴性,VP阳性,产生吲哚,不产生H2S,可鉴定为溶藻弧菌(V.alginolyticus)。     

对虾弧菌病致病菌——非01群霍乱弧菌的生理学性状及药物感受性

从患“弧菌病”的养殖对虾眼球及心脏血淋巴液中分离得的病原菌非01群霍乱弧菌，进行了其生理性状及药物感受性的试验。试验表明，其生长的温度范围为20-45℃，最适温度为37℃；能在无盐蛋白胨水中生长，食盐浓度在0．5-2．0％时生长最旺盛，5％时生长缓性，6％以上不生长；pB5-10范围内都能生长，pH8时生长最好。对土霉素、氯霉素、四环素、红霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素高度敏感，对磺胺药加AMP和呋喃唑酮、呋喃妥因敏感；漂白粉1PPM，15分钟即可杀灭病原。     

中国对虾“黄鳃病”病原菌的回接及其药物防治试验研究

从患黄鳃病的中国对虾的血淋巴液中分离到细菌ＡＥ１。经浸染及肌肉注射方法感染的健康对虾，并对发病过程及症状进行观察，证明被感染对虾出现的症状与原发病的虾相同；幼虾死亡率与水体中含菌量密切相关；注射ＡＥ１菌的对虾死亡率达１００％，经专家鉴定病原菌ＡＥ１是鳗弧菌Ⅱ型（Ｖｉｂｒｉｏ ａｎｇｕｉｌｌａｒｕｍ Ｂｅｒｇｍａｎ Ⅱ）。抗菌药物氯霉素等可有效地抑制病菌的繁殖及病菌对健康虾的感染。     

海湾扇贝病原菌-黑美人弧菌的分离与致病性

1997年8～9月,大连金州区大李家乡养殖场筏养海湾扇贝(Argopectenirradians)突发大面积死亡。其主要病症是外套膜收缩,重者全部脱落,鳃丝呈土黄色或糜烂,肠管空并伴有不同程度的肾肿胀。从病贝血淋巴液和鳃组织中分离的2株优势菌(h9701-1,g9701-2)分别做纯培养,采用肌注法感染健康贝,得到与原发病相同症状,证实是病原菌。经多项形态、生理生化测定,2株分离菌皆是黑美人弧菌(Vibrionigripulchritudo)。     

对虾弧菌病发生时临界菌值的研究

通过对3000多公顷虾池检测496份病虾及水体,均证明致使对虾发生弧菌病、气单胞菌病时的临界菌量值为10~(4.5)～10~5个/ml,当虾池中弧菌数达到10~(4.5)个/ml时,对虾就可能发病,此时就需用药物预防或换水,并证明弧菌菌量与水温、饵料、对虾密度的关系为正相关.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.