异侧布置竖缝式鱼道紊流结构试验研究

鱼道是辅助鱼类克服障碍物,实现产卵洄游、索饵洄游和越冬洄游的通道。全球目前已建鱼道中,鱼类能够溯游通过的鱼道尚不足50%,大多数鱼道的水力设计仅考虑平均流速,忽略了鱼道内的紊流结构,探究鱼道的水力特性尤其是紊流结构,对改进其设计具有重要的指导意义。通过在大比尺水槽模型中试验研究异侧布置竖缝式鱼道的紊流结构,利用声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)实测竖缝式水池内每一点的三维瞬时流速,剖析流场的三维时均流速分布、流动特征、旋涡特性、纵向和横向紊动强度分布、不同水平面的雷诺应力分布等,考虑了两种典型流量(Q1=20.62 L/s,Q2=30.75 L/s)和3个特征水平面(h/3,h/2和2h/3),提出了三维流速分布的半理论半经验公式、流场矢量图及各点的旋度,并与自由壁面射流进行比较。结果表明,异侧布置竖缝式鱼道前半池内纵向流速具有壁面射流的特征,后半池由于受下游隔板的阻挡则偏离壁面射流规律;水池内存在顺时针方向的水平旋涡,其旋度随流量的增大而增强;前半池壁面射流区的紊动强度存在峰值区,后半池的紊动强度峰值区由水槽左侧移至右侧;壁面射流区的雷诺应力变幅较大,而在旋涡区则较小,有利于洄游鱼类在鱼道上溯和歇息。     

竖缝式鱼道90°转弯段水力特性的数值模拟

受枢纽布置与地形地质条件影响,竖缝式鱼道穿越公路、桥梁等建筑物或实现大转弯时通常需要布置90°转弯段。根据导板的布置位置,90°转弯段分为内内型、内外型、外内型与外外型4种类型。采用数值模拟技术计算4种类型90°转弯段的水流流场,主流区水流均紧贴边墙流动,主流区两侧出现尺度过大的回流区。针对出现的不利流态,提出了以增设整流导板的方式调整水流结构,并对水流结构改进后的水力特性进行了对比研究。增设整流导板后,主流区大致居中,主流衰减效果显著;回流区尺度合理,回流流速甚小。内外型90°转弯段增设一整流导板后,yi/B值介于0.30~0.71,说明主流区主要位于转弯段中间40%区域内;主流区两侧主要分布着3个回流区,位于弯段与弯段下游回流区的尺度最大,影响域为常规水池面积的0.9倍,长宽比为3.25,说明大尺度回流区的影响域为椭圆形区域,可便于鱼类游入与游出;弯段与弯段下游回流区内,靠近边墙的最大流速不超过竖缝断面平均流速的0.23倍,中心流速甚小,有利于鱼类良好休憩。内外型90°转弯段水流结构改进效果较其他3种类型更为明显,在实际工程中可考虑优先采用。     

高坝鱼道工程设计案例分析

坝高１１６ｍ，最大水头６７.０ｍ，额定水头５３．５ｍ。主要过鱼季节为３－６月，兼顾过鱼季节为２月、７－１０月。综合考虑工程特性和过鱼对象生态习性，设计采用竖缝式池室结构型式鱼道，主要由进口段、槽身段、暗涵段、明渠段、过坝段、出口段、进口补水设施和观测研究室等部分组成，全长３５６６．３２５ｍ。共设置２个常用进口，２个备用进口，鱼道过鱼孔设计流速１．１ｍ／ｓ。介绍了鱼道设计技术路线及研究方法，提出了休息池、鱼道进口、补水设施和带集鱼池的观测研究室的设计思路。     

竖缝式鱼道桩柱结构过鱼效果探索

竖缝式鱼道作为一种协助鱼类洄游上溯从而缓解提升河流连通性 的设施得到广泛的应用,但是多数鱼道的实际过鱼效能并不理想,尤其 是鱼道的池室结构尚具有一定的提升空间。本研究通过数值模拟和对照性过鱼试验对池室内部未增加和4种方式增加桩柱的池室水流结构进行了比较分析。结果表明在鱼道主流中间增设桩柱结构,可以有效减小回流区面积,减幅达49%;并减小竖缝处紊动能,最大紊动能减小18%;增加鱼类上溯路线分布,提高了池室空间利用率更高 。分析两种结构的上溯轨迹发现,齐口裂腹鱼多选择回流区外侧上溯,避免进入回流区中心,多选择较高的水力应变与紊动能区域调整作为上溯方向 ,且上溯路线中偏好较低水力因子区域上溯,上溯偏好流速范围0.01~0.09m/s,紊动能范围0.001~0.008m2/s2,水力应变范围0.2~3.0s-1     

老龙口水利枢纽工程中鱼道的设计研究

对吉林省珲春市老龙口水利枢纽工程中配套的过鱼设施——鱼道进行了研究、论证与设计。同时对老龙口水利枢纽工程及珲春河的主要洄游鱼类作了介绍;总结分析了国内外鱼道的发展现状和趋势;对比分析了几种常用鱼道的优缺点,对垂直竖缝式鱼道进行了设计计算,确定了有关参数,并就鱼道各部分的设计进行了说明。     

饲料中添加鱼重组生长因子酵母养鱼对比试验

1 试验地点、条件及时间 地点及条件:在哈尔滨市水产研究所温室内,水池面积11m×6.5m=71.5m~2,水深0.5m。设置8只网箱,网箱规格为1.2m×1.2m×0.6m,水深为0.4m。水源为地下井水,水温保持在19～25℃范围内。     

亚马逊流域玛代拉河Santo Antonio 鱼道设计与建设的启示

Santo Antonio过鱼设施位于亚马逊河最大支流玛代拉河下游，其设计规模宏大，在世界范围内鲜有，并且工程建设地所在区域水文环境和鱼类生物学特征等与我国长江较为类似，通过分析该过鱼设施，得出启示主要包括：（1）过鱼设施是为生物对象设计的水利工程，其设计和建设过程中必须由工程师和生物学家紧密合作；（2）吸引水流对过鱼设施的成败起关键性作用，虽然吸引水流系统需要加大投资并且运行过程中会损失大量的水能，但从确保过鱼设施效果而言是非常必要的；（3）物理模型对于鱼道进口位置，鱼道内部水力学特征的确定等具有重要参考价值，尤其在1:1局部模型内开展的生物学实验是细化和优化鱼道内部结构细节的有效方法；（4）卵石框(石笼）隔板的水池分隔方法兼具水池式鱼道与仿自然通道的双重特征，并且完工后还可以根据鱼道的运行情况灵活调整，非常方便；（5）进口处采用较高的人字闸门，即可适应尾水变化，又可与吸引水流系统相配合，创造出有效的吸引水流，一举多得；（6）全部采用大功率灯泡式水轮机是保护下行鱼类的有效措施；（7）监测系统和公众教育等配套设施的建设非常必要，有利于改进鱼道运行方式和提高过鱼效率。     

一种鱼道进口诱鱼结构装置的试验研究

常规鱼道的研究和设计大多侧重于其内部结构和水流条件等方面,对鱼道进口位置布置及结构优化的研究相对较少,往往存在鱼类发现并进入鱼道较为困难的情况。通过建立鱼道进口设计的生态水力学指标,提出了某项目集诱鱼进口所需要满足的流速范围为0.47～1.30 m/s,将鱼类游泳能力与鱼道进口流态指标相结合,用标准三维κ-ε模型数值模拟的方式,对以往鱼道进口位置的选择原则进行了验证,提出了一种可控流量、流速的新型诱鱼补水装置,对鱼道进口结构进行优化。该诱鱼补水装置利用局部水流落差,上游发电下泄水流进行诱鱼补水,避免采用自库区压力管道引水而产生的消能问题,降低了鱼道运行的成本;同时降低机组满发或发电流量较高时河段内的流速,可达到灵活调控诱鱼水流进而诱导鱼类进入鱼道完成洄游的效果,最终完成鱼道进口的优化,提高过鱼效果。     

峡江鱼道过鱼效果初步评价

鱼道是解决拦河筑坝阻隔鱼类洄游的重要手段之一。为了满足兴建峡江水利枢纽工程后洄游鱼类上溯的要求,保护赣江水生生态环境的完整性,减缓工程对鱼类种群遗传交流的影响,针对峡江水利枢纽实际情况制定了鱼道过鱼方式。鱼道采用垂直竖缝式结构设计,由上游鱼道(出口段)、坝体过鱼孔口、下游主、副鱼道(进口段)、集鱼系统及连接段组成,设计主要过鱼季节为4—7月,流速0.7～1.2 m/s。采用仪器监测与人工观察相结合的方式对峡江鱼道过鱼效果进行了初步监测。监测结果显示:2017年监测到过鱼总数67.8万尾,其中上行占41.67%;期间共监测到22种鱼类,共计4目、7科、18属,以小型鱼类为主,如贝氏■(Hemiculter bleekeri)、三角鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)、银鲴(Xenocypris argentea)、银鮈(Squalidus argentatus);不同季节过鱼数量不同,其中以二季度最多,占总数49.17%,过鱼数量以7月最多;过鱼数量昼夜差别大,以上午10:00至下午16:00是过鱼数量最多;与国内其他鱼道相比,峡江鱼道过鱼数量较多,过鱼效果显著。     

不同电学参数和流速下的拦鱼电栅对草鱼幼鱼的拦导效率

为了探究不同电学参数的拦鱼电栅在静水条件下对草鱼幼鱼[体长(10.22±2.01) cm、体质量(34.25±3.62) g]趋避行为的影响,实验构建了一种双排式的拦鱼电栅,在静水条件下采用3因素4水平正交实验设计,测试了脉冲电压、脉冲频率、脉冲宽度等脉冲直流电参数对拦鱼效果的影响;为了探究静水下拦鱼效果最佳的拦鱼电栅电学参数在不同流速下的适应性,在鱼道模型中设置了3种流速条件(0.15、0.25和0.35 m/s)分别进行放鱼实验,测试了不同流速下拦鱼电栅对鱼道进口诱鱼效率的影响。结果显示,(1)在静水条件下,工况7阻拦率最高(88.67±1.10)%、平均昏迷率较低,对拦鱼效果的影响由大到小的因素分别为脉冲电压、脉冲频率、脉冲宽度;(2)通过方差分析和单因素多重比较,得到了在静水条件下对草鱼幼鱼的拦鱼效果最佳的拦鱼电栅电学参数,即脉冲电压设置为160 V/m、脉冲频率为6 Hz、脉冲宽度为16 ms;(3)采用静水条件下的最佳电学参数设置(脉冲电压为160 V/m、脉冲频率为6 Hz、脉冲宽度为16 ms),当河道流速为0.15 m/s时,拦鱼电栅的开启能够显著提高草鱼幼鱼的鱼道进...     

Optimising Denil fishways for passage of small and large fishes

Abstract  An 8-m long experimental fishway was trialled at three different slopes [8.3% (1:12), 14.3% (1:7) and 20% (1:5)] to examine the potential of the single-plane Denil fishway for the passage of small- and large-bodied native fishes in Australia. Fish between 45 and 630 mm ascended the fishway. The lowest slope enabled the full size range of bony herring Nematalosa erebi (Günther), from 45 to 350 mm fork length, to ascend the fishway successfully as well as a higher numerical proportion; 88% at the 8.3% slope compared with 31% at the 20% slope (fish numbers per trial = 33–3936). These results dispel the notion that Denil fishways are inherently poor for small fishes. Manipulating the design parameters of slope, length, width and possibly depth-over-breadth ratio enables Denil fishways to pass a wide size range of fish, which may greatly extend their present application and enable them to make a greater contribution to the rehabilitation of diverse fish communities.     

Upstream passage of fish through a vertical-slot fishway in an Australian subtropical river

The effectiveness of a vertical-slot fishway on the Burnett River barrage for facilitating migration of fish was assessed. In 100 samples taken at the top and bottom of the fishway, over 52 000 fish representing 34 species were collected at a maximum rate of 4500 fish per day. In contrast, less than 2000 fish ascended the original pool-and-weir fishway in 128, 24 h samples at the top between 1984 and 1987. Juvenile size classes dominated the abundance of many species in the present study and fish between 24 and 930 mm in length ascended the vertical-slot fishway. However, passage of small fish was restricted and for new fishways on tidal barriers a further reduction in head loss between pools is recommended. Importantly, the width of the vertical-slots was too small for effective upstream passage of large Queensland lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri (Krefft). The greatest diversity of fish species was found during low river flows. The findings suggest that vertical-slot fishways with wide pools and low turbulence pass a diverse range of fish fauna present in subtropical coastal rivers.     

Behaviour of adult Pacific lamprey in near‐field flow and fishway design experiments

Abstract An experimental fishway was used to examine adult Pacific lamprey, Lampetra tridentata (Gairdner), behaviour in a series of attraction and passage‐performance tests. Among all experiments, lamprey oriented to the fishway floor and walls and were attracted to both ambient and concentrated flow. When confronted with high‐velocity areas (vertical‐slot and submerged‐orifice weirs), many lamprey failed to pass upstream. However, lamprey were able to find and take advantage of low‐velocity refuges when they were provided. Lamprey climbed shallow‐ and steep‐angled ramps when attraction cues were sufficient and other passage routes were restricted. The combined results demonstrated the passage challenges that fishways designed and operated for salmonids present to non‐salmonid species. They also highlight the importance of evaluating trade‐offs between fishway attraction and passage efficiency. The experiments were integrated with tagging studies and development of lamprey‐specific passage structures, a research combination that provided an effective template for fishway performance evaluations.     

Effects of water velocity,turbulence and obstacle length on the swimming capabilities of adult Pacific lamprey

The swimming capabilities of adult Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus Gairdner, were tested in an experimental vertical‐slot fishway in response to three different fishway features: water velocity (1.2, 1.8 and 2.4 m s^?1), the length of the vertical slot (0.33, 0.66, 1.00 m) and during the presence/absence of a turbulence‐intensifying structure that increased turbulence for each respective treatment. Passage success was lowest (52.7%) and attachment rates were highest (92.9%) during the most difficult passage conditions (high velocity, high turbulence, long slot length). Passage success was >83% for all other treatment combinations. Although passage of the vertical‐slot weir was not associated with fish body size, Pacific lamprey with larger dorsal distances (distance between the two dorsal fins) were more likely to pass the vertical‐slot weir. Increased attachment rates and longer attachment times during strenuous passage conditions suggest that endurance capacity may be an important factor limiting the passage of Pacific lamprey at fishway obstacles.     

A quantitative assessment of fish passage efficiency

In an attempt to restore the connectivity of fragmented river habitats, a variety of passage facilities have been installed at river barriers. Despite the cost of building these structures, there has been no quantitative evaluation of their overall success at restoring fish passage. We reviewed articles from 1960 to 2011, extracted data from 65 papers on fish passage efficiency, size and species of fish, and fishway characteristics to determine the best predictors of fishway efficiency. Because data were scarce for fishes other than salmonids (order Salmoniformes), we combined data for all non‐salmonids for our analysis. On average, downstream passage efficiency was 68.5%, slightly higher than upstream passage efficiency of 41.7%, and neither differed across the geographical regions of study. Salmonids were more successful than non‐salmonids in passing upstream (61.7 vs. 21.1%) and downstream (74.6 vs. 39.6%) through fish passage facilities. Passage efficiency differed significantly between types of fishways; pool and weir, pool and slot and natural fishways had the highest efficiencies, whereas Denil and fish locks/elevators had the lowest. Upstream passage efficiency decreased significantly with fishway slope, but increased with fishway length, and water velocity. An information‐theoretic analysis indicated that the best predictors of fish passage efficiency were order of fish (i.e. salmonids > non‐salmonids), type of fishway and length of fishway. Overall, the low efficiency of passage facilities indicated that most need to be improved to sufficiently mitigate habitat fragmentation for the complete fish community across a range of environmental conditions.     

Climbing success of adult Pacific lamprey on a vertical wetted wall

The ability of adult Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus (Gairdner), to climb has enabled development of lamprey‐specific fishways. Sheer vertical climbing elements are needed for these structures when fishway installation space is limited. A 1.6‐m high aluminium wetted wall was built to test Pacific lamprey vertical climbing in relation to flow and three water delivery mechanisms: overflow, upwelling and sidewelling. Passage success and passage times were recorded for individual Pacific lamprey (n = 122). For those that interacted with the structure (n = 104), 94% successfully ascended the wall (76% on their first attempt). Average time from first interaction with the structure to exit ranged from 19.5 to 47.0 min. Success rates and passage times were not significantly affected by flow or water delivery treatments. This indicates that vertical elements can facilitate lamprey passage in the 0.13–3.59 L min^?1 cm^?1 flow range tested and may greatly expand the design alternatives in certain situations.