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1.
采用水产行业标准《对虾肝胰腺细小病毒病诊断规程第1部分:PCR检测法》(SC/T7203.1-2007)的方法,对2011-2013年期间我国沿海7个省市主要养殖对虾品种不同生长阶段的对虾样品进行该病毒携带情况的筛查。该方法的检测灵敏度为0.07 fg,相当于大约20个病毒拷贝。结果显示,639份样品的HPV阳性检出率为18.47%。其中,在中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)、凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)和日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)中均有阳性检出,且仔虾、幼虾、成虾各个阶段均可检出HPV,表明HPV已在我国养殖对虾中存在并流行。本研究结果为对虾养殖生产提供了疫病的科学数据,为我国养殖对虾中该病的流行情况提供了参考依据。  相似文献   

2.
2013年,河北、天津等地区养殖的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)育苗期出现死苗、出苗率低的情况,生产上,仔虾个体大小差异较大,造成了严重损失.本研究采用荧光定量PCR方法(Real-time PCR)对天津大港地区采集的108尾凡纳滨对虾仔虾样品进行单尾病原检测.结果显示,传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus,IHHNV)和虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei,EHP)均有检出.IHHNV阳性检出率100%,每微克对虾组织DNA的病毒拷贝数为103-107,且个体较大的样品(1.2-2.0 cm)携带病毒拷贝数偏高;EHP阳性检出率为49.1%,每微克对虾组织DNA的拷贝数为103-105,且集中于个体较小样品(0.7-1.1 cm).对IHHNV和EHP阳性凡纳滨对虾样品进行生物学体长与病毒载量指数相关性分析,显示IHHNV载量指数与对虾生长速率呈正相关,虾组织IHHNV平均载量达8.51×104 copies/μg DNA,为较高的感染水平;EHP的载量与对虾生长速率呈负相关关系,与较大个体阳性检出率较低相对应,虾组织EHP平均载量达到2.19× 104 copies/μg DNA,为较高的感染水平.由此,该批凡纳滨对虾仔虾患病为IHHNV和EHP的混合感染所致,本研究数据为IHHNV和EHP病原混合感染流行情况及其对养殖育苗期仔虾生长的影响提供科学依据.  相似文献   

3.
2013年,河北、天津等地区养殖的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)育苗期出现死苗、出苗率低的情况,生产上,仔虾个体大小差异较大,造成了严重损失。本研究采用荧光定量PCR方法(Real-time PCR)对天津大港地区采集的108尾凡纳滨对虾仔虾样品进行单尾病原检测。结果显示,传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus,IHHNV)和虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei,EHP)均有检出。IHHNV阳性检出率100%,每微克对虾组织DNA的病毒拷贝数为10~3–10~7,且个体较大的样品(1.2–2.0 cm)携带病毒拷贝数偏高;EHP阳性检出率为49.1%,每微克对虾组织DNA的拷贝数为10~3–10~5,且集中于个体较小样品(0.7–1.1 cm)。对IHHNV和EHP阳性凡纳滨对虾样品进行生物学体长与病毒载量指数相关性分析,显示IHHNV载量指数与对虾生长速率呈正相关,虾组织IHHNV平均载量达8.51×10~4 copies/μg DNA,为较高的感染水平;EHP的载量与对虾生长速率呈负相关关系,与较大个体阳性检出率较低相对应,虾组织EHP平均载量达到2.19×10~4 copies/μg DNA,为较高的感染水平。由此,该批凡纳滨对虾仔虾患病为IHHNV和EHP的混合感染所致,本研究数据为IHHNV和EHP病原混合感染流行情况及其对养殖育苗期仔虾生长的影响提供科学依据。  相似文献   

4.
我国一株新型黄头病毒的分子流行病学   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
为查明黄头病毒(Yellow Head Virus,YHV)在我国的存在和变异情况,本研究采用世界动物卫生组织(OIE)《水生动物诊断手册》中YHV套式RT-PCR检测方法对2012-2014年采集的299份样品进行了YHV监测,并对部分YHV阳性样品基因进行了克隆测序及系统发育分析.流行病学调查显示,299份样品中YHV的阳性率为11%,我国养殖的中国明对虾、凡纳滨对虾、日本囊对虾以及罗氏沼虾的部分样品中均检出了YHV,中国明对虾和罗氏沼虾是本次调查中新发现的YHV自然宿主,而且YHV在中国明对虾中的检出率最高.对6份较强阳性样品YHV基因组ORF1b内1002 bp的分型片段进行克隆测序和序列分析,序列比对结果显示,阳性样品的YHV与国外报道的YHV的6个基因型相似度为81.0%-90.5%;系统发育分析显示,6份阳性样品归于同一分支,但与已知YHV的6个基因型均不在同一分支内,其与YHV基因1型(YHV-1)亲缘关系较近.对阳性样品YHV基因组ORF3内编码gp116蛋白的一段序列进行克隆测序,得出其序列长度为509 bp,与YHV-1a的545 bp、YHV-1b的383 bp和YHV-2(即鳃联病毒GAV)的476 bp均不同;依据该片段构建的系统发育树显示,6份阳性样品归于同一分支,与YHV已知的6个基因型不同,与YHV-1亲缘关系较近,且与YHV-1a相似度大于YHV-1b.对其中两份样品的ORF2序列进行比对显示,两份样品序列相似性为99.8%,蛋白序列完全相同,与YHV-1的序列相似度为85.9%,与YHV-2相似性为80.9%.样品调查结果对增补YHV的宿主范围有重要意义;YHV核酸检测和序列比对结果表明,感染我国养殖对虾的YHV为一种新的致病株型.  相似文献   

5.
偷死野田村病毒(CMNV)引起的病毒性偷死病(VCMD)使中国对虾养殖业遭受了严重的经济损失,为查明CMNV及其变异株的分子流行病学特征,本研究采用逆转录套式PCR (RT-nPCR)、逆转录环介导等温扩增(RT-LAMP)和TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR(TaqMan RT-qPCR) 3种方法,对2016~2017年中国沿海省市CMNV及一种新型野田村病毒——行动障碍野田村病毒(MDNV)的流行、分布和变异情况进行了分析。结果显示,养殖凡纳滨对虾、中国明对虾、日本囊对虾、斑节对虾和罗氏沼虾等种类中均可检测到CMNV阳性;在河北、山东、浙江、福建、广东和海南等省市采集的患病对虾中均存在CMNV。基于RT-nPCR、RT-LAMP和TaqMan RT-qPCR的检测结果显示,2016和2017年样品中CMNV的阳性检出率依次分别为11.8%和7.8%,6.7%和3.9%,17.7%和12.4%;基于上述3种方法检测结果计算得出,2016和2017年样品中CMNV的阳性检出率分别为26.8%和16.3%;基于RT-LAMP的分析显示,2016年样品中MDNV的阳性检出率为9.4%。本研究表明,中国沿海省市养殖虾类中VCMD的流行和危害仍不容忽视,RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶基因不断变异导致前期基于该基因开发的CMNV检测方法可靠性下降,检出假阴性风险升高;同时,发病对虾中出现了新的野田村病毒株系且具有较高的流行率,其传播危害风险值得高度关注。  相似文献   

6.
于1996-1998年采用DNA斑点杂交法,完成了共计836份养殖对虾,213份对虾饵料和环境生物样品的检测。结果显示,对虾在每年的4-10月都可检测出白斑综合症病毒(WSSV),6月出现最高峰,阳性检出率达到42.6%;其次,为7月和5月,分别达31.6%和24.5%。在对虾不同生长阶段(包括亲虾、各期幼体、仔虾、幼虾及成虾)均可检出WSSV,其中以仔虾的带毒率最高,达36.4%,其次为糠虾幼体,达34.6%。体长范围1.1-2.0cm的仔虾阳性率最高,其次体长为5.1-6.0cm的幼虾样品。检测的中国对虾样品(625份)带毒率为16.8%,日本对虾样品(211份)带毒率为45.0%。对虾主要饵料及环境生物类群包括鱼类、虾类、蟹类、桡足类、端足类、沙蚕、卤虫均可检出WSSV,其中小型虾类、端足类、桡足类、蟹类样品的WSSV检出率均高于20%。  相似文献   

7.
虾病大体上分为由生物引起的疾病和非生物性疾病两大类。目前我国已查明的对虾养殖疾病有40多种,其中育苗期疾病近20种。虾病对育苗工作带来严重威胁,直接影响虾苗的产量。 1.病毒病 对虾育苗期发现的常见病毒有:对虾肝胰腺细小病毒(HPV),斑节对虾杆状病毒(MBV)和日本对虾中肠  相似文献   

8.
利用非放射性标记物地高辛(DIG),通过PCR方法制备了对虾传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)DNA探针,探针长度705bp,标记产量为20ng/μL。通过核酸探针斑点杂交检测方法对此探针特异性及灵敏度进行验证,结果表明,该探针具有较高的灵敏度和较强的特异性,检测IHHNV DNA的检出灵敏度为24.8pg,可检出26.6ng患病对虾组织DNA中的IHHNV,与250.4ng健康虾组织DNA、202.5ng健康虾匀浆液,白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)DNA和肝胰腺细小病毒(HPV)DNA均不发生交叉反应。本方法可应用于健康亲虾、苗种的培育和无特定病原(SPF)对虾种群的选育及IHHNV流行病学调查,并具有较高的应用价值。  相似文献   

9.
近年来,虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, EHP)流行使我国养殖对虾遭受严重经济损失,现场快速检测是EHP防控的重要技术保证。本研究对本实验室研发的EHP现场快速检测试剂盒的分析特异性(ASp)、分析灵敏度(ASe)、诊断特异性(DSp)、诊断灵敏度(DSe)、重复性和稳定性6项性能参数开展了系统评估。ASp测试显示,该试剂盒与对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)、偷死野田村病毒(CMNV)、虾血细胞虹彩病毒(SHIV)、致急性肝胰腺坏死病副溶血弧菌(VpAHPND)、传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)等5种对虾常见病原及健康对虾无交叉反应;ASe测试显示,该试剂盒检测下限为101 copies/反应;以EHP TaqMan RT-qPCR方法为标准,比较了试剂盒对298份临床样品的测试结果,试剂盒的DSp为99.2%、DSe为91.7%;试剂盒对EHP阴性样品及强阳性样品的检测重复率为100%,弱阳性样品检测重复率为95.8%;试剂盒在–20℃和–40℃条件下分别可保存7个月和12个月以上。本研究表明,本实验室研制的EHP现场快速检测试剂盒具操作简便、快速、灵敏度高、特异性强、重复性好和稳定性强等优点,可满足对虾养殖现场对EHP的高灵敏度检测。  相似文献   

10.
正虾肝肠胞虫作为养殖对虾的重要病原,近年来各地都有检出的报道,且呈上升趋势,该寄生虫正严重威胁着整个对虾养殖产业的发展,如何预防和治疗由其引起的对虾病害是亟需解决的问题,但前提条件是摸清其生活史、传播规律和感染途径。本文综合现有文献,阐述了虾肝肠胞虫的流行情况、主要危害、检测方法和已知传播方式,旨在为国内虾肝肠胞虫的研究和防治提供科  相似文献   

11.
12.
The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.  相似文献   

13.
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.  相似文献   

14.
Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.  相似文献   

15.
Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.  相似文献   

16.
In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.  相似文献   

17.
The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg–1 fish·h–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g–1·ml–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min–1·g–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min–1·g–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.  相似文献   

18.
19.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.  相似文献   

20.
  1. Humanity is facing a biodiversity crisis, with freshwater-associated biodiversity in a particularly dire state. Novel ecosystems created through human use of mineral resources, such as gravel pit lakes, can provide substitute habitats for the conservation of freshwater and riparian biodiversity. Many of these artificial ecosystems are subject to a high intensity of recreational use, however, which may limit their biodiversity potential.
  2. The species richness of several taxa (plants, amphibians, dragonflies, damselflies, waterfowl, and songbirds) was assessed and a range of taxonomic biodiversity metrics were compared between gravel pit lakes managed for recreational fisheries (n = 16) and unmanaged reference lakes (n = 10), controlling for non-fishing-related environmental variation.
  3. The average species richness of all the taxa examined was similar among lakes in both lake types and no substantial differences in species composition were found when examining the pooled species inventory. Similarly, there were no differences between lake types in the presence of rare species and in the Simpson diversity index across all of the taxa assessed.
  4. Variation in species richness among lakes was correlated with woody habitat, lake morphology (surface area and steepness), and land use, but was not correlated with the presence of recreational fisheries. Thus, non-fishing-related environmental variables had stronger effects on local species presence than recreational fisheries management or the presence of recreational anglers.
  5. Collectively, no evidence was found that anglers and recreational fisheries management constrain the development of aquatic and riparian biodiversity in gravel pit lakes in the study region; however, the conservation of species diversity in gravel pit lakes could benefit from an increasing reliance on habitat enhancement activities.
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