鱼类杂交育种及其在鲌属鱼类中的应用

对中国鲌鱼杂交研究的现状及其问题进行了介绍.重点阐述了鲌属鱼类杂交育种的研究现状、细胞遗传学、生化遗传特征及分子标记技术的应用和进展.     

石斑鱼生物学及人工繁育研究进展

石斑鱼(Epinephelidae)是名贵的海产鱼类,主要栖息于热带亚热带近岸岩滩和珊瑚礁水域,是岩礁生态系生物群落的重要类群。本文对国内外石斑鱼类生物学、生态学、渔业资源及人工繁育养殖的研究成果进行梳理,综合报道石斑鱼类的形态比较特征,栖息、摄食和繁殖习性,系统演化与分类,种类地理分布,人工繁育等研究进展以及养殖发展概况;报道全球石斑鱼自然资源明显衰退的现状评估以及对石斑鱼资源保护的共识和相关的渔业管理措施。此外,根据作者多年开展的鱼类遗传生物学研究,指出强化我国海域野生石斑鱼资源保护工作,深入开展杂交石斑鱼的基础生物学研究,加强石斑鱼杂交选育行业管理,是我国石斑鱼渔业产业可持续发展的必要保障。     

鱼类育种基本知识讲座 第五讲 杂交育种

鱼类杂交是培育优良品种经常采用的方法。培育鱼类良种必须使鱼类发生遗传性的变异，不仅要利用自然界已育的变异类型，而且还要利用人工方法创造自然界里没有的变异类型；杂交就是产生新的变异类型的方法之一。杂交育种即应用遗传学上的基因分离和重组规律，     

我国主要鱼类杂交种及其养殖状况

杂交是获得新品种的重要途径。迄今,我国进行了大量的鱼类杂交育种研究,其中不少的杂交种经济性状优良,已大规模应用到养殖生产中,取得了显著的经济效益。本文对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、罗非鱼(Tilapia)、鲟(Pseudoscaphirhynchu)和鳢(Channa)等我国主要淡水养殖的杂交鱼类品种进行了介绍,综述了他们目前的养殖现状,旨在为鱼类杂交育种研究和杂交种的生产与管理提供参考。     

张海发：向三倍体石斑鱼科研进军

八年培育出杂交青龙斑 《海洋与渔业》：据我了解，青龙斑和虎龙斑是应用鱼类远缘杂交技术，在众多的石斑鱼杂交组合中筛选出的两个具有明显杂种优势的石癍鱼养殖品种、虎龙斑在国际上最早是马来西亚培育出来的，而青龙斑则是大亚湾中心首先培育出来的杂交育种的一个难点就是亲本的选择，请问青龙斑和虎龙斑的亲衣是如何选定的？     

青龙斑和虎龙斑

青龙斑和虎龙斑是应用鱼类远缘杂交技术，在众多的石斑鱼杂交组合中筛选出的两个具有明显杂种优势的石斑鱼养殖品种。青龙斑是以斜带石斑（俗称青斑）为母本，鞍带石斑鱼（俗称龙趸）为父本杂交产生的子代；虎龙斑是以棕点石斑鱼（俗称老虎斑）为母本，鞍带石斑鱼（俗称龙趸）为父本杂交产生的子代。根据母本与父本名称，生产单位分别将它们称为青龙斑、虎龙斑。     

鱼类育种技术进展

一、鱼类育种技术的发展历史和现状现代鱼类育种技术,包括常规育种技术(即杂交和选育),鱼类性反转技术,染色体组工程,细胞工程和基因工程等五个技术领域。鱼类的常规育种,在1871年以前是自发的,无计划的。1871年,俄国科学家进行鲟×闪光鲟杂交,并指出了鱼类杂交育种的前景。此后,鱼类的杂交育种才进入有计划的轨道。本世纪三十年代,Kirpitchinckov发现鲤鱼品种间杂交存在杂交优势,并在生产上实际应用。五十年代以来,鱼类常规育种发展迅速,研究的对象主要集中于鲤鱼、虹鳟、沟鲶和罗非鱼。选育出一些品种,品系和杂优组合,同时,在遗传育种的基础理论方面也取得了重要进展。从世界范围而言,目前,鱼类的常规育种仍然是最富有成果的领域。     

中国鲇形目鱼类核型研究进展

开展鱼类核型分析对鱼类的遗传、变异、分类、系统演化、性别决定、杂交育种以及环境污染监测等研究具有重要意义。鲇形目鱼类在我国水产养殖中占有重要地位，同时也是研究鱼类染色体进化与性染色体分化的良好材料。本文综述了我国35种鲇形目鱼类及其杂交子一代和多倍体的核型研究进展，分析了不同类群中的核型特征，并对部分类群的染色体进化关系进行了探讨，最后展望了鲇形目鱼类核型研究的发展趋势。本文将为我国鲇形目鱼类的染色体与基因组进化等研究提供参考。     

鱼类杂交育种试验研究简报

鱼类杂交及基在生产上的应用,在国内外都有报导。我国鱼类杂交工作主要是在鲤科鱼类进行,这与我国传统的养殖对象大多属于鲤科鱼类有关。通过鱼类远缘或种内杂交可以获得“杂种优势”,或培育新的优良品种。鱼类杂交育种需要的周期长,由于鱼是生活在水体里,不便观察,且容易逃散,若无严格的管理制度和科学的养殖方法,往往是半途而废的。     

云纹石斑鱼(♀)×七带石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1形态特征与其亲本子代的比较分析

为研究云纹石斑鱼(♀)×七带石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1的形态特征以及与其亲本子代的关系,运用常规测量方法和聚类分析法对云纹石斑鱼、七带石斑鱼及云纹石斑鱼(♀)×七带石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1 3个群体6月龄幼鱼的形态特征进行测量和分析,对3个群体的12项可量、可数性状进行指数分析。结果显示,杂交F1体型呈椭圆形,侧扁而粗壮,体侧具7条灰褐色横向条带,杂交F1在体色条纹上均具有云纹石斑鱼与七带石斑鱼的特征;可量、可数的性状中有6项性状偏向于云纹石斑鱼,5项性状偏向于七带石斑鱼,1项与二者相同;聚类分析结果表明,杂交F1与云纹石斑鱼聚为一类。研究表明,杂交F1在体色条纹上表现为二者的中间态,在形态上较接近于母本云纹石斑鱼。     

七带石斑鱼繁殖生物学及人工繁育技术研究进展

石斑鱼是我国南方海水养殖的主要种类之一，而大部分石斑鱼种类均为暖水性鱼类，养殖水温要求在15℃以上，限制了石斑鱼在北方的发展。七带石斑鱼是唯一一种可以在较低温下生活，被人们称为“冷水石斑”，适合在北方养殖，如今已成为中、日、韩三国海水鱼类繁育研究的热点。由于七带石斑鱼人工繁殖和苗种培育过程中有许多制约条件，其人工繁育仍未达到稳定大批量生产的规模。主要问题有以下几个：①雄性亲鱼难获得，数量较少，限制了苗种的大量繁育；②初孵仔鱼的个体弱小、口径小，对开口饵料要求严格，适口饵料极少；③稚鱼期鱼苗互相残杀极其严重，出现大鱼吃小鱼的现象。此外，还有卵质不良，仔稚幼鱼疾病等难题。本文简要概述了国内外七带石斑鱼繁殖生物学与人工繁育研究进展情况，并对其养殖过程中出现的问题进行探讨和总结，为今后开展七带石斑鱼规模化人工养殖研究提供参考。     

Characterization of triploid hybrid groupers from interspecies hybridization (Epinephelus coioides ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂)

Interspecies hybridization is widely used in aquaculture as a beneficial strategy. Diploid and triploid hybrids have been detected from the interspecies hybridization of Epinephelus coioides ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂. This is the first report of triploidization through hybridization in grouper. Confirmation has been obtained through flow cytometry, karyotyping and erythrocyte nuclei measurement. The chromosome numbers of E. coioides, E. lanceolatus, diploid hybrid grouper are 48 and triploid hybrid grouper are 72. Measurements of erythrocyte nuclei indicate that triploid fish have a larger nuclear surface than the diploid groupers, and the average ratio of triploid to diploid surface area is 1.59. During the first 1.5 years, triploid hybrid groupers grow faster than diploid hybrid groupers or either parent species. The average growth rate of triploid hybrids is 1.61 times greater than that of diploid hybrids at 6 months of age and 1.43 times greater at 18 months of age. The triploid hybrid groupers are inferior in gonadal development, with no primary‐growth‐stage oocytes appearing in the gonads at 18 months of age. Morphological studies indicate that triploid hybrid groupers have distinctive differences in snout length, eye diameter, body trunk shape, and tail shape development compared with diploid hybrid groupers. Triploid hybrid groupers have an advantage in growth ability, and artificial breeding of triploid groupers might be of great potential use in the grouper aquaculture industry.     

Larviculture of the Greasy Grouper Epinephelus tauvina F. and the Brown-Marbled Grouper E. fuscoguttatus F. in Singapore

This paper reports the larviculture of two grouper species, the greasy grouper Epinephelus tauvina and the brown-marbled grouper E. fuscoguttatus , and examines the technical feasibility of breeding the fish. Fertilized eggs for larviculture were obtained by induced spawning through multiple hormonal injections of the female brooders, followed by artificial fertilization for the greasy grouper and by natural spawning in netcages for the brown-marbled grouper.
For both species, larviculture was divided into three operational stages, i.e., stage 1 (day 0–12), stage 2 (from day 12 to day 24 for the greasy grouper and to day 30 for the brown-marbled grouper) and stage 3 (day 24 or 30 to metamorphosis). Larvae were transferred to clean tanks after each stage. Total mortality around day 5–8 was common for the greasy grouper. Several modifications, including the feeding with super-small strain rotifers, intensive feeding of rotifers with Nannochloropsis and the use of an oil-skimmer, have been made to improve the situation. Two other major problems in larviculture were the high mortality observed after day 25 in the greasy grouper and the high cannibalism from day 35 onwards for the greasy grouper and from day 30 onwards for the brown-marbled grouper. The shock syndrome exhibited by both species during the periods made culling of the fish impossible.
Based on the spawning and larval characteristics, brown-marbled grouper is considered a better potential species for large scale fry production than the greasy grouper.     

鱼类育种研究进展

本文概括了鱼类的选择育种、驯化及杂交育种等传统鱼类育种方法,叙述了现代生物技术在鱼类育种中的应用,主要有多倍体育种、雌、雄核发育、核移植、转基因育种、分子标记辅助育种、基因组育种;并提出了当今鱼类育种出现的问题。同时,做出了鱼类育种必将走向基因组育种之路的展望,为鱼类育种的发展提供参考。     

Isolation and characterization of a regulator of G protein signaling (RGS16) gene homologue in yellow grouper Epinephelus awoara

Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) are GTPase-activating proteins (GAP) which act as modulators of G protein-coupled receptors. We isolated a RGS16 homologue in yellow grouper (Epinephelus awoara) spleen using suppression subtractive hybridization and RACE-PCR. The nucleotide sequence of yellow grouper RGS16 full-length cDNA was 700 bp and contained an open reading frame of 537 bp, encoding a putative protein of 178 amino acids. The encoded protein shows 47–61% identities to other homologues. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that RGS16 was expressed in yellow grouper spleen and up-regulated in kidney heart, liver, and anterior kidney by lipopolysaccharide. This study will help towards validating the specific function of RGS in marine fish.     

石斑鱼的营养需求及其饲料的研制

主要综述了石斑鱼的营养需求及其饲料的研制。主要内容包括：(1)石斑鱼对饲料中蛋白质、脂类、碳水化合物、维生素等的营养需求。(2)石斑鱼饲料的研制概况。(3)针对石斑鱼营养学研究以及目前我国石斑鱼养殖还是以小杂鱼为主，配合饲料使用率很低的现状，对今后开展石斑鱼营养与饲料研究提出了若干建议。     

七带石斑鱼人工繁育技术研究进展

七带石斑鱼(Epinephelus septemfasciatus)具有经济价值高、生长速度快和低温耐受性强等特点,是东北亚温带海域理想的网箱养殖品种之一,已成为中、日、韩三国海水鱼类繁育研究的热点。由于存在雄鱼性成熟年龄高、人工驯养条件下难以实现自然产卵和初孵仔鱼弱小等难题,其稳定和高效的种苗规模化繁育技术尚未完全建立起来。本文综述了七带石斑鱼人工繁育技术研究现状,重点总结日本近20年在亲鱼繁殖、仔稚鱼培育和苗种中间培育等方面取得的研究进展,并就其发展前景进行分析,旨为中国七带石斑鱼苗种规模化繁育技术研发提供参考。     

Quantitative trait locus mapping of growth‐related traits in inter‐specific F1 hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × E. lanceolatus) in a tropical climate

Growth‐related traits are the main target of genetic breeding programmes in grouper aquaculture. We constructed genetic linkage maps for tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and giant grouper (E. lanceolatus) using 399 simple sequence repeat markers and performed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis to identify the genomic regions responsible for growth‐related traits in F₁ hybrid grouper (E. fuscoguttatus × E. lanceolatus). The tiger grouper (female) linkage map contained 330 markers assigned to 24 linkage groups (LGs) and spanned 1,202.0 cM. The giant grouper (male) linkage map contained 231 markers distributed in 24 LGs and spanned 953.7 cM. Six QTLs affecting growth‐related traits with 5% genome‐wide significance were detected on different LGs. Four QTLs were identified for total length and body weight on Efu_LG8, 10, 13 and 19 on the tiger grouper map, which explained 6.6%–12.0% of the phenotypic variance. An epistatic QTL with a reciprocal association was observed between Efu_LG8 and 10. Two QTLs were identified for body weight on Ela_LG3 and 10 on the giant grouper map, which explained 6.9% of the phenotypic variance. Two‐way analysis of variance indicated that the QTL on Efu_LG13 interacts with the QTLs on Ela_LG3 and 10 with large effects on body weight. Furthermore, these six QTLs showed different features among the winter, summer and rainy seasons, suggesting that environmental factors and fish age affected these QTLs. These findings will be useful to understand the genetic structure of growth and conduct genetic breeding in grouper species.     

云纹石斑鱼♀与赤点石斑鱼♂杂交的初步研究

为石斑鱼种间杂交经济型利用提供基础资料,以云纹石斑鱼为母本,赤点石斑鱼为父本进行种间远源杂交,对杂交子一代的生长及越冬作了系统观察.结果表明,用人工授精的方法可以取得杂交受精卵,受精卵的受精率、孵化率均在90％左右,杂交子一代比对照组仔鱼畸形率高;杂交子一代的生长趋势接近母本云纹石斑鱼,体色接近父本赤点石斑鱼,在室内可以正常越冬.云纹石斑鱼♀与赤点石斑鱼♂进行经济型杂交是可行的.