三苯基锡对褐菖鲉脑雌激素受体和视黄酸X受体表达的影响(英文)

尽管三苯基锡(triphenyltin,TPT)能够影响鱼类生殖功能以及性腺的发育,但其作用机制并不十分清楚。由于鱼脑在生殖调控中具有重要作用,本研究以海洋鱼类褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)为研究对象,研究TPT对脑中芳香化酶(Cyp19b)、雌激素受体(ERα和ERβ)、视黄酸X受体α(RXRα)和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARγ)基因表达的影响。暴露48 d后,TPT对雌性和雄性褐菖鲉脑中Cyp19b和PPARγ的表达均未产生显著性影响。TPT诱导了雄性褐菖鲉脑中ERα的表达并抑制了ERβ的表达;尽管TPT也抑制雌性褐菖鲉脑中ERβ的表达,但对ERα的表达却未产生显著性影响。另外,TPT诱导了雄性褐菖鲉脑中RXRα的表达,而在雌鱼脑中却产生了相反的作用,抑制了RXRα的表达。因此,TPT对褐菖鲉脑中ER和RXR表达的影响可能具有性别差异性,表明TPT具有复杂的内分泌干扰效应。另外,结果表明,TPT可能通过干扰鱼脑ER和RXR产生生殖毒性。     

三苯基锡对褐菖鮋卵巢发育的影响

尽管三苯基锡(triphenyltin,TPT)与三丁基锡(tributyltin,TBT)在海洋环境中经常同时存在,但相对于TBT,对TPT的毒性研究还较少。本实验以海洋经济鱼类褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)为对象,研究环境水平TPT对卵巢发育的影响。结果发现,TPT抑制了卵巢发育,表现为性腺指数的降低。TPT还诱导卵巢总脂质水平的增加,而卵巢脂质蓄积可能影响卵巢的正常生殖功能。另外,TPT暴露后,卵巢游离睾酮水平增加,卵巢游离17β-雌二醇水平降低;同时,血清三碘甲腺原氨酸水平降低。因此,TPT对性激素和甲状腺激素水平的影响可能是其抑制卵巢发育的重要机制。实验结果为全面了解TPT产生鱼类生殖毒性效应、途径和机制提供了新的重要的资料。     

氨氮对台湾泥鳅胚胎及卵黄囊期仔鱼的毒理效应

为探究不同质量浓度的氨氮对台湾泥鳅胚胎、卵黄囊期仔鱼发育和毒性的影响,在水温(26±1)℃下,将发育至囊胚期的台湾泥鳅受精卵分别置于0(对照组)、5、10、20、40、80 mg/L质量浓度氨氮中,显微镜观察并记录台湾泥鳅的胚胎发育和仔鱼的孵化率、孵化时间、死亡率、畸形率,体长、心率、卵黄囊吸收率和特定生长率。试验结果显示,在一定条件下[温度(26±1)℃,pH 8.0±0.1],随着氨氮质量浓度的升高,台湾泥鳅胚胎孵化率、死亡率和仔鱼畸形率均显著增加(P0.05),但氨氮的暴露对台湾泥鳅胚胎的孵化时间及胚胎期心率无显著影响(P0.05);40 mg/L和80 mg/L质量浓度组仔鱼分别在出膜后48 h和12 h内全部死亡;高质量浓度组抑制了台湾泥鳅仔鱼的生长和卵黄囊吸收率(P0.05),而低质量浓度组(5、10 mg/L)在胚胎发育和仔鱼生长期间与对照组均无显著差异(P0.05)。本研究通过探索氨氮暴露对台湾泥鳅胚胎—仔鱼期的毒理效应,为台湾泥鳅繁育、养殖提供理论依据。     

三苯基锡对褐菖鮋精巢发育的影响及其作用机制

三丁基锡(tributyltin,TBT)和三苯基锡(triphenyltin,TPT)广泛应用于海洋船只防污涂料。但相对于TBT,对TPT的毒性研究还很少。本实验以海洋经济鱼类褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)为对象,研究环境水平TPT对精巢发育的影响。研究发现,TPT降低精巢的精子数目和密度,增加精小叶间隙脂滴数量和精巢总脂质水平。另外,TPT降低精巢睾酮酯化水平,增加游离睾酮水平,降低游离17β-雌二醇水平。TPT对精巢发育的抑制可能与精小叶间隙脂质水平的增加及精巢17β-雌二醇水平的降低有关。实验结果为全面了解TPT产生鱼类生殖毒性效应、途径和机制提供了新的重要资料。环境水平的TPT能够抑制精巢的发育,而且毒性要高于TBT。这些结果为海洋环境政策的制定和评估有机锡污染对海洋鱼类资源的影响提供了重要的依据。     

三苯基锡对褐菖触精巢发育的影响及其作用机制

三丁基锡( tributyltin,TBT)和三苯基锡(triphenyltin,TPT)广泛应用于海洋船只防污涂料.但相对于TBT,对TPT的毒性研究还很少.本实验以海洋经济鱼类褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)为对象,研究环境水平TPT对精巢发育的影响.研究发现,TPT降低精巢的精子数目和密度,...     

重金属对鱼类早期发育的生态毒理效应

鱼类早期生活阶段对外界环境极为敏感,即使低浓度的污染物暴露也可能对其胚胎发育、仔鱼生长存活造成损害,导致种群数量和质量的降低。研究污染物对鱼类早期生活阶段的毒理效应和机制是揭示污染物对生物种群和水生生态系统潜在风险的有效途径。重金属对鱼类的影响在精、卵发生时即可显现。例如,抑制卵(精)母细胞成熟和精子活力降低,使受精率降低;影响受精卵吸水膨胀过程,改变胚胎发育速率、引起胚胎畸形、影响胚胎心率、改变孵化时间、降低孵化率;影响初孵仔鱼体长、造成仔鱼畸形、影响卵黄囊吸收和胚后仔鱼发育生长、摄食行为等。重金属对鱼类早期发育阶段的毒性效应主要取决于金属种类、暴露浓度和受试鱼种及其发育阶段。此外,外界环境条件等因素也会对重金属的毒性产生显著影响。本研究综合分析国内外关于重金属污染物对鱼类精卵、胚胎、仔鱼等早期发育过程生态毒理效应的研究进展,并结合相关报道阐述了其毒性机制。     

应用稳定同位素技术分析枸杞岛近岸海域褐菖鲉的食性

为获知褐菖鲉的食性,本研究应用碳、氮稳定同位素技术分析了不同季节和发育阶段褐菖鲉的摄食习性,并评估了浮游动物、端足类、虾蟹类和小型鱼类等饵料生物对褐菖鲉的营养贡献。结果显示,枸杞岛近岸海域4个季节褐菖鲉的δ~(13)C值为–18.2‰~–14.7‰,平均值为–15.6‰;δ~(15)N值为3.3‰~9.9‰,平均值为7.9‰;单因素方差分析显示,褐菖鲉的δ~(13)C值和δ~(15)N值在不同季节之间差异都不显著,说明不同季节之间褐菖鲉的食性差异不大。对褐菖鲉全长和碳、氮稳定同位素比值进行线性回归分析,显示其δ~(13)C值和δ~(15)N值随全长变化都极显著,表明不同发育阶段褐菖鲉的食性差异极显著。聚类分析将不同全长的褐菖鲉分为3组,其中0~19 mm为一组,20~79和80~109 mm为一组,110~199 mm为一组,ANOSIM分析3组之间的差异极显著。褐菖鲉的δ~(13)C值与虾蟹类和鱼类等饵料类群δ~(13)C值较接近,应用Iso Source软件分析饵料类群的营养贡献时发现,麦秆虫对褐菖鲉的的营养贡献均值最大,为22.3%,鱼类、虾蟹类等饵料类群的营养贡献均值都超过了12%。枸杞岛近岸海域褐菖鲉的平均营养级为3.18,属于低级肉食性鱼类,主要摄食麦秆虫、鱼类和虾蟹类,是底栖动物食性,而非浮游动物食性。     

斑点叉尾胚胎及卵黄囊期仔鱼发育的观察

试验对斑点叉尾的胚胎及卵黄囊期仔鱼形态发育的过程进行观察、描述,研究了其发育特征。结果表明：斑点叉尾受精卵在水温24±1℃时,出膜时间（胚胎期）约为147h 30min。水温25±1℃时,斑点叉尾鮰卵黄囊期约为134h。     

半滑舌鳎胚胎发育过程中孵化腺细胞动态特征

应用组织切片法对半滑舌鳎早期胚胎发育过程中的孵化腺细胞的发生、分布及动态过程进行了观察。半滑舌鳎的孵化腺细胞最初由胚胎眼晶体期在头部腹面及其与卵黄囊连接处出现。孵化腺起源于外胚层,为单层细胞腺体。随着胚胎的发育,孵化腺进一步成熟,孵化腺细胞数量急剧增多,细胞体积有所增大,仍以单层细胞分布于胚体和卵黄囊外表面。胚胎孵出前,孵化腺细胞达500～800个,分布于胚胎头部两侧、腹面及其与卵黄囊连接处和卵黄囊的前腹面。孵化腺细胞大多呈椭圆形,短径6～8μm,长径7～11μm,H.E染色呈粉红色。仔鱼孵出约48 h后,孵化腺细胞从表皮中消失。     

枸杞岛海藻场褐菖鲉的摄食习性

2007年8月至2008年6月对枸杞岛海藻场生态系统4个盛衰阶段展开调查,共获得297个褐菖鲉样本,对其胃含物进行分析，以研究褐菖鲉摄食习性及其随藻场盛衰、体长的变化规律。结果表明，褐菖鲉的摄食强度很低，空胃率和平均饱满指数随藻场盛衰有显著变化(P<0.05)，空胃率随体长的变化不显著(P>0.05)，平均饱满指数在小于100.0 mm各体长组间无显著差异(P>0.05)；褐菖鲉是底栖生物食性鱼类，食物种类有端足类、虾类、蟹类、棘皮类、多毛类等12大类29种生物，端足类是（%IRI为97.03%）是褐菖鲉最重要的摄食种类；褐菖鲉食物种类随藻场盛衰而变化，在海藻场增长期和茂盛期两个阶段主要摄食虾类和蟹类，在海藻场持续期和衰减期主要摄食端足类；食物种类随体长变化，体长<80.0 mm的褐菖鲉主要摄食端足类等，体长在80.0~99.9 mm的褐菖鲉主要摄食虾类和蟹类，体长大于100.0 mm的褐菖鲉主要摄食鱼类和端足类。     

环境激素对鱼类生殖毒性的研究进展

文章综述了水环境激素的种类及其对鱼类生殖毒性的常用的研究方法,并以三丁基锡(TBT)和三苯基锡(TPT)等有机锡污染物为例,详述了环境激素对鱼类生殖毒性的研究进展。研究表明,有机锡化合物会导致鱼类性腺结构和功能受损,生殖行为异常,引起雌鱼雄性化,并产生隔代毒性效应。其毒性机理主要是抑制雌激素合成途径关键酶,干扰雌激素核受体基因表达,此外还可能涉及脂毒性、氧化应激反应等其他复杂机制。建议在今后的研究中,加强学科融合,发展新的研究技术手段,开展复杂条件下的生殖毒理研究,结合地区特点和养殖模式开展养殖鱼类生殖毒理研究,不断开展各种新型化合物环境行为和毒理效应研究。     

A simulation model for the metabolism of yolk sac larvae of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell)

Abstract. In fish larvae there is a strong natural selection for high yolk utilization efficiencies and high yolk absorption rates. Larvae with higher absorption and utilization will be larger at the onset of exogenous feeding, leading to higher survival and growth rates in the following stages of development. Modelling can be a powerful tool in clarifying the processes of fish larvae metabolism, providing the model is as explanatory as possible. The present model considers the larvae as a two-compartment system: the yolk sac and the larval body. This system exchanges oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, ammonia and heat with the environment. Yolk is absorbed through the syncytium, digested, and the resulting nutrients are released into the blood circulation. Circulating amino acids and fatty acids are considered to be used first for respiration, and what is left will be used for growth. From the moment that absorbed nutrients do not satisfy the energy needs, embryo tissue starts to be catabolized. Temperature is the only environmental factor which was assumed to affect significantly the metabolic processes. From the comparisons between simulations and experimental data, the simulations would appear to be accurate until complete yolk absorption, losing accuracy afterwards. Simulation outputs suggest that fat is the main energy substrate during yolk absorption, with protein becoming progressively more important, being predominant during starvation. Ideal culture conditions for African catfish yolk sac larvae seem to include: the highest temperature that combines with acceptable mortality rates; selection of broodstck towards obtaining the largest egg size, insofar as viability is not affected; the start of feeding as close as possible to 144 physiological day-degrees.     

三苯基锡对鲫稚鱼肌肉组织学的影响

三苯基锡(triphenyltin,TPT)和三丁基锡(tributyltin,TBT)在环境中经常同时存在.以淡水常见经济鱼类鲫(Carassius auratus)稚鱼为试验对象,研究不同水平TPT(10、100、1 000 ng/L)对其肌肉组织学的影响.结果表明,TPT暴露16d后引起鲫稚鱼肌肉组织损伤,主要表现为肌纤维间隙变宽、肌丝断裂与紊乱以及糖原代谢变化；100 ng/L TPT暴露组中,鲫的肌肉损伤最为严重,肌纤维直径较对照组显著降低,肌糖原出现显著累积现象；而1 000 ng/L TPT暴露组中,鲫的肌纤维直径较对照组则显著增加,糖原水平显著降低.     

Cryoprotectant microinjection toxicity and chilling sensitivity in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) embryos

Cryopreservation of fish embryos requires an optimal distribution of cryoprotectants inside all embryo compartments. Traditional techniques for the incorporation of cryoprotectants (CPAs) have failed to protect all fish compartments, especially the yolk sac which has been considered the principal point of embryo chilling sensitivity. In the present study, microinjection was used to incorporate cryoprotectants into the yolk sac of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) embryos at tail bud stage. The effect of microinjection viability, cryoprotectant toxicity and chilling resistance was evaluated through the hatching rate. Larval survival at first feeding was also determined in microinjection viability and cryoprotectant toxicity studies. Permeabilized seabream embryos were microinjected with 2.35 nl dimethyl sulfoxide (Me₂SO), methanol (MeOH), ethylene glycol (EG) (5 M, 10 M and pure) or sucrose (10% and 15%). In a second experiment, 29.5 nl and 154.0 nl of the highest concentration of each cryoprotectant were used in the same embryo stage. To test the effect of microinjected cryoprotectants on embryo chilling resistance, 29.5 nl of pure Me₂SO or 15% sucrose was microinjected into the yolk sac of tail bud stage embryos and then at a later stage, (tail-bud-free), were exposed to 3 M Me₂SO solution at − 10 °C for 30 min. Our results showed that microinjection technique did not affect the viability of tail bud stage embryos as is shown by the high hatching and survival rates. Hatching and larval survival rate at first feeding were not affected with any of the CPAs tested, showing percentages higher than 75% and 90%, respectively, when embryos were microinjected with a smaller quantity of cryoprotectant. Sucrose was the cryoprotectant better tolerated at higher concentration and volume. Cryoprotectant concentration inside the yolk higher than 1.18 M for Me₂SO, 1.5 M for EG and 2 M for methanol decreased the hatching rate. Microinjection allowed the delivery of high concentrations of CPAs into the yolk sac without deleterious effects on the embryo, but did not provide a significant level of protection for the whole embryo against chilling injury.     

微塑料染污及其对不同栖息地、不同食性海洋鱼类影响的研究进展

随着微塑料在海洋环境和海洋生物中的发现,海洋微塑料污染问题越来越受到关注。本文对海洋微塑料的来源、类型、分布规律、毒性以及对不同食性、不同栖息地海洋鱼类的影响进行了梳理,对后续研究方向进行了分析和瞻望。结果表明,微塑料来源广泛、种类繁多、分布在海洋的各个角落,其毒性主要由自身毒性和联合毒性两部分组成。微塑料在海洋中垂直分布特点为底层沉积物含量较高,其次为底层、上层水域,中层水域较少;水平方向上分布特点为河口区含量较高,流场区次之,大洋区较少。不同栖息环境的海洋鱼类对微塑料的摄取数量不同,从大到小依次为：近岸底栖性>底层性>大洋性>大洋底栖性;摄取种类也不同,并主要受微塑料密度的影响,中上层鱼类主要摄取密度较小的微塑料,中下层鱼类主要摄取密度较大的微塑料。不同食性鱼类对微塑料摄取量也不相同,滤食性鱼类摄取量最高,植食性和掠食性鱼类摄取量略不相同。海洋鱼类的摄食特性对不同形状、大小、密度的微塑料摄取具有一定的选择性。后续研究应结合渔业生物、生态学,物理海洋,化学海洋等     

The effects of cadmium and copper on embryonic and larval development of ide Leuciscus idus L.

The effects of Cd and Cu on embryos and larvae of the ide Leuciscus idus were evaluated. The ide is an European cyprinid fish, natural populations of which tend to decrease. The ide is also used as a bioindicator organism to evaluate water quality. However, sensitivity of ide early developmental stages to heavy metal intoxication is not known. Fish were exposed to Cd or Cu (100 μg/L) during embryonic, larval or both developmental periods. Survival of the embryos, time of hatching, size and quality of newly hatched larvae were evaluated at the end of embryonic period. Correctly developed larvae from the control and Cd or Cu-exposed groups were transferred to clean water, Cd or Cu solutions (100 μg/L) immediately after hatching. Larval development was observed, and the larvae were photographed. Time of yolk sac resorption, onset of active feeding and swim bladder inflation were evaluated, and the measurements were done on body and swim bladder size. The results showed that exposure of embryos to Cd and Cu significantly reduced embryonic survival and increased frequency of body malformations and death in newly hatched larvae and delayed hatching. Exposure to Cd and Cu during larval period reduced larval survival, growth and delayed development (yolk utilization, beginning of active feeding and swim bladder inflation). Cadmium was more toxic to the ide embryos and larvae than copper. Exposures to metals during embryonic period alone caused adverse impact on larval performance even when larval development took place in clean water. However, exposure of embryos to Cu reduced toxic impact of metal on larvae in continuous Cu exposure compared to the non-preexposed fish, but no such an effect occurred in case of Cd exposure. The results show that even a short-term exposure to Cd or Cu during early development of ide may adversely affect recruitment of this species. Among the measured endpoints, quality of newly hatched larvae (frequency of body malformations and larvae dead immediately after hatching) and swim bladder size were the most sensitive to intoxication with both metals. Embryos were more sensitive to Cu intoxication than larvae, while in case of Cd, sensitivity of both stages was similar.     

Mortality processes of hatchery‐reared Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis (Temminck et Schlegel) larvae in relation to their piscivory

In mass culture of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis, yolk‐sac larvae of other species are fed as a major prey item to tuna larvae from 7 to 8 mm in total length. Marked growth variations in tuna larvae are frequently observed after feeding of yolk‐sac larvae, and this variation in the growth of tuna larvae is subsequently a factor leading to the prevalence of cannibalistic attacks. To elucidate details of the mortality process of hatchery‐reared tuna larvae after the initiation of yolk‐sac larvae feeding, we compared the nutritional and growth histories of the surviving (live) tuna larvae to those of the dead fish, found dead on the bottom of the tank, as direct evidence of their mortality processes. Cause of mortality of tuna larvae 3 and 5 days after the initiation of feeding of yolk‐sac larvae was assessed from nitrogen stable isotope and otolith microstructure analyses. Stable isotope analysis revealed that the live fish rapidly utilized prey fish larvae, but the dead fish had depended more on rotifers relative to the live fish 3 and 5 days after the initiation of feeding of yolk‐sac larvae. The growth histories based on otolith increments were compared between the live and dead tuna larvae and indicated that the live fish showed significantly faster growth histories than dead fish. Our results suggest that fast‐growing larvae at the onset of piscivory could survive in the mass culture tank of Pacific bluefin tuna and were characterized by growth‐selective mortality.     

The effect of temperature on early development of barbel Barbus barbus (L.)

The rate of swelling of barbel Barbus barbus (L.) eggs and of embryonic development increased with temperature (from 12 to 22°C). Survival of embryos decreased during the embryonic development and the highest mortality at each developmental stage occurred at 12 and 22°C. Body malformations in embryos during cleavage and organogenesis were the most frequent at 12, 14 and 22°C. During the embryogenesis, three types of embryonic body malformations were observed: yolk sac oedema, spine curvature and shortening of body. At all temperatures, most of larvae hatched with tail first but at 12 and 22°C significantly more larvae hatched with yolk sac compared to the other temperatures. The highest percentage of normal viable larvae was obtained at 14 and 18°C. Larval malformations and dead larvae were significantly most frequent at 12 and 22°C compared to the other groups. At all temperatures, spine curvatures and yolk sac deformation were the most frequent types of larval deformations.     

Free Amino Acids in Pacu,Piaractus mesopotamicus,Eggs and Larvae

Free amino acids (FAA) are used principally as substrate in protein synthesis and the source of energy in aerobic catabolism. In marine fish, embryo and larvae FAA are used to maintain body fluid osmolality during fish early development. However, there is essentially no information about FAA concentrations in early ontogeny of freshwater neotropical species in comparison to marine fishes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the FAA concentrations in pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, eggs and larvae. Broodstock fish were induced to spawn and ovulated females were stripped of their eggs and immediately sampled for analysis. Larvae were sampled right after hatching (HL) and after the completion of the yolk‐sac absorption (YSA). The wet weight of the HL and YSA larvae amounted to 0.5 ± 0.1 mg and 1.1 ± 0.3 mg, respectively. HL larvae showed higher levels of most of the indispensable amino acids (IAA) in comparison to eggs and YSA larvae. Exceptions were observed with His and Trp that showed higher or similar levels, respectively, in YSA larvae. The FAA Orn, Tau, Glu, Gln, Gly, and Tyr increased concentrations in both larval stages while that of Tau was found in higher concentration in all analyzed stages. Also, the concentrations of Asn, Ala, Pro, Ser, and Asp were higher in HL larvae. Both larval stages displayed a rise in total free IAA/total free DAA (dispensable amino acids) ratio. The authors conclude that the highest level of FAA in HL pacu larvae is indicative of active proteolysis of yolk reserves and a probable catabolism regulation of some FAA through spare‐effect. In addition, Tau is one of the major FAA occurring during pacu ontogeny and may be performing regulation on body fluid osmolality regulation .