青岛太平角岩相潮间带大型海藻群落初步调查

对青岛太平角(36°02′N,120°21′E)岩相潮间带大型海藻群落进行了为期1年(2010年5月-2011年4月)逐月的定性调查研究。结果表明:1.采集到大型海藻3门36种,其中红藻门16属19种,占52.8%;褐藻门7属10种,占27.8%;绿藻门5属7种,占19.4%。2.青岛太平角潮间带大型海藻群落的种类组成中红藻种类最多,褐藻其次,绿藻最少。3.青岛太平角潮间带群落中大型海藻的种类组成和藻总量(株)有明显的季节变化:春季海藻的种类和数量都非常大,秋冬季节其次,夏季海藻种类和数量最少。4.孔石莼、鼠尾藻和珊瑚藻为青岛太平角岩相潮间带大型海藻群落的最常见种。5.青岛夏季绿潮藻种浒苔是由其他海域漂流而来,且较其他藻种更适应夏季较高水温,使其短时间内迅速生长。     

崂山湾人工礁区大型底栖海藻时空格局及对环境变化的响应

2015年5—9月对青岛崂山湾两个人工礁区大型底栖海藻的水平和垂直分布特征进行了调查,初步探明了两个人工礁区大型底栖海藻的群落特征、月际更替规律及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明,崂山湾两个人工礁区内及礁区间不同水深的水流强度差异极显著,不同月份温度差异显著;调查期间共采集到大型底栖海藻26种,隶属于3门17科21属,其中红藻15种,褐藻7种,绿藻4种,分别占总种类数的57.69%、26.92%和15.38%;不同月份的大型底栖海藻种类更替差异显著,酸藻(Desmarestia viridis)、金膜藻(Chrysymenia wrightii)和扁江蓠(Gracilaria textorii)分别是春季、夏季和秋季的第一优势种;大型底栖藻类群落的物种多样性指数呈先升高后降低趋势,且三亩前礁区多样性指数普遍高于黄山口礁区,温度变化是造成不同月份物种多样性指数和优势种变化的主要原因。冗余分析(RDA)排序结果显示,温度是影响大型底栖藻类月际更替的主要因素,对变量的解释率达到37.64%;水流强度和水深是影响大型底栖藻类水平和垂直分布的主要环境因子,对变量的解释率分别为26.54%和19.13%。研究结果表明,崂山湾人工鱼礁为大型底栖海藻提供了良好的附着基;礁区建成5年后大型底栖海藻群落已经发展至顶级群落,群落的季节更替较稳定,具有一定抵御外界干扰的能力。     

三峡工程截流后长江口邻近海域的网采浮游植物群落结构特征

通过对2004年9月、2005年5月、2006年6月和2007年8月4个航次的长江口邻近海域浮游植物调查资料的分析,研究三峡工程截流后长江口邻近海域网采浮游植物的群落结构特征.结果显示,调查水域网采浮游植物共有2门36属93种(包括7个变种和6个不确定种),硅藻门的种类数量最多,有30属76种,占总种数的81.7%;甲藻门6属17种,占总种数的18.3%.其中,硅藻六门以角毛藻属、圆筛藻属和根管藻属的种类最多,分别有23种、10种和10种;甲藻门以角藻属为主,共有10种,占甲藻总种数的58.8%.长江口邻近海域的浮游植物可分为河口半咸水和近岸低盐类群、外海高盐类群和海洋广布性种类等3个类群.浮游植物的丰度具有明显的季节变化,夏末(8月)和秋季(9月)浮游植物的数量明显高于春季(5月)和夏初(6月),而且硅藻类浮游植物的数最占绝对优势.达到浮游植物总量的95%以上.优势度分析显示中肋骨条藻、尖刺菱形藻、柔弱角毛藻和洛氏角毛藻是长江口邻近水域浮游植物的主要优势种,其中以中肋骨条藻和尖刺菱形藻为绝对优势种.浮游植物丰度的分布跟长江冲淡水有密切的关系,密集分布区主要分布在123.5°E以西近长江口海域,主要由优势种骨条藻等的分布决定.     

枸杞岛贻贝养殖筏架附着海藻的群落结构

为了解贝类筏式养殖区的大型海藻种类组成和分布格局及季节变动等群落水平的特征,实验于2018年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)、秋季(11月)和2019年冬季(2月)对枸杞岛贻贝养殖筏架上的附着海藻进行采样和分析。结果显示,全年共采集到49种附着海藻,隶属11目20科33属。在物种数季节变化上,秋季最高(29种),春季最低(20种),平均有23种;平均生物量季节变化上,夏季最高(5 529.40 g/m~2),秋季最低(2 340.45g/m~2),年平均值为(3 455.06±1 480.40) g/m~2;平均物种数和平均生物量在水平分布上均呈现从养殖区内侧至外侧逐渐减少的特点;附着海藻多样性指数(H')最高为秋季(2.30),最低为夏季(1.87),年平均值为2.07±0.18;全年共采集到优势海藻13种,最高是秋季(8种),夏季最低(5种),平均有6种,其中宽角叉珊藻和密毛沙菜是养殖筏架上的全年优势种;优势海藻的生态位宽度最大值与最小值均出现在秋季,分别为密毛沙菜(2.21)和铜藻(0.74);生态位重叠最大值与最小值均出现在秋季,分别是扁江蓠-铜藻(0.86)和带形蜈蚣藻-铜藻(0)。研究表明,大规模筏式养殖的存在,延长了舌状蜈蚣藻、密毛沙菜等红藻的生长期,拓宽了铜藻等褐藻的栖息范围,从而改变了养殖区内大型海藻的群落结构,有利于所在海区维持更高的全年初级生产力水平和海藻碎屑产生量,为海洋牧场建设过程中海藻场的营造提供科学依据。     

青岛潮间带大型海藻重金属含量特征分析

研究调查了青岛潮间带大型海藻重金属含量并进行了富集分析。研究表明,青岛潮间带9种大型海藻生物中重金属含量差异较大,Cu、Zn和Cd的最高值出现在海带中,Pb、Cr和As的最高值出现在鼠尾藻中,Hg的最高值出现在珊瑚藻中;不同海藻对不同重金属富集能力有差异,综合富集能力由强到弱的顺序为鼠尾藻石花菜海带珊瑚藻鸡毛藻孔石莼裙带菜肠浒苔亮管藻,海带可以用于Cu、Cd的生态修复,鼠尾藻可以用于Pb、As和Cr的生态修复。     

福宁湾浮游植物的群落结构特征

基于2011年12月(冬季)、2012年5月(春季)和8月(夏季)福宁湾浮游植物及环境因子的调查数据，对福宁湾浮游植物的种类组成、优势种、多样性的季节变化及其影响因素进行了分析。结果显示，鉴定到种的浮游植物共7门61属149种，硅藻门种类最多，其次是甲藻门。浮游植物种类数以冬季最多，其次是春季，夏季最少。优势种季节更替明显，冬季优势种为中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、柏氏角管藻(Cerataulina bergonii)、近缘黄丝藻(Tribonema affine)、琼氏圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus jonesianus)和刚毛根管藻(Rhizosolenia setigera)。春季优势种为夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)、波状角藻(Ceratium trichoceros)、洛氏菱形藻(Nitzschia lorenziana)和艾希斜纹藻(Pleurosigma aestuarii)。夏季优势种为条纹小环藻(Cyclotella striata)和中肋骨条藻。浮游植物丰度为0.51×104-1298.73×104个/m3，平均丰度为137.90×104个/m3。各季节浮游植物多样性指数(H￠)平均值为1.988，均匀度指数(J￠)平均值为0.473，其中春季多样性和均匀度较高，其次是夏季，冬季最低。冬季和夏季，浮游植物生物量与活性磷酸盐呈显著正相关(P<0.05)，春季，与活性磷酸盐呈显著负相关(P<0.05)，夏季丰度与化学耗氧量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)，活性磷酸盐是福宁湾浮游植物生物量的限制因子。     

枸杞岛海藻场角蝾螺夏季摄食选择性及其生态学意义

于2013年夏季对枸杞岛海藻场螺类优势种角蝾螺进行了稳定同位素、摄食选择性、消化代谢物粒径等系列实验.稳定同位素结果显示,角蝾螺是牧食性生物,在藻场中的营养级为2.12,属初级消费者,底栖海藻是角蝾螺的主要食源,贡献率为94.5％;摄食选择性实验结果显示,角蝾螺具有较宽的摄食选择,能够摄食海带、铜藻、粗枝软骨藻等1 1种大型藻类,其中铜藻及蜈蚣藻是枸杞岛潮下带的重要优势种;消化代谢物实验结果显示,角蝾螺的啃食作用能为藻场碎屑提供增量,角蝾螺对海藻场碎屑的增量为(0.016 ～0.094)g/d,经过啃食及消化作用产生的碎屑主要粒级为1Φ(＞ 250 μm).稳定同位素分析—摄食选择偏好实验—螺类消化代谢物粒径分析的系列研究表明,角蝾螺在枸杞岛海藻场的群落食物网中,可以起到连接牧食食物链和碎屑食物链的重要作用.     

沁河稀有经济鱼类栖息水域水质与饵料生物调查研究

通过对稀有经济鱼类乌苏里拟鲿(Pseudobagrus ussuriensis)、唇(Hemibarbus labeo)在沁河栖息流域水域生境现状进行调查研究。研究结果表明:调查水域p H值在8.12~8.74之间,离子总量在390~430 mg/L;总碱度在3.04~3.35 m Eq/L,总硬度在4.56~5.24 m Eq/L;三种形式的氮中硝态氮最高,为0.348 mg/L,氨态氮平均值0.260 mg/L,亚硝态氮最低,为0.008 mg/L,氮总量在0.223~1.129 mg/L;活性磷在0~0.009 mg/L,总磷在0.024~0.071 mg/L。调查区域浮游植物调查共检出7门46属(种),其中硅藻门最多,有18属(种),绿藻门次之,有13属(种),其余依次为蓝藻门5属(种),金藻门3属(种),裸藻门3属(种),隐藻门、甲藻门各2属(种)。底栖动物共检出3门5纲12种,其中节肢动物门8种,环节动物门2种,软体动物门的腹足纲2种。大型水生植物共采集到17种。     

黄河口海域夏季大型底栖动物的生态学特征

根据2012年6月黄河口海域的大型底栖动物调查数据，应用典范对应分析等方法对大型底栖动物生态学特征进行分析。结果显示，在调查海域共采集到大型底栖动物67种，隶属于6门53科，多毛类28种，节肢动物17种，软体动物16种，棘皮动物和其他类群各3种。优势种有 3种，为无尾涟虫(Leucon sp.)、丝异须虫(Heteromastus filiforms)和寡节甘吻沙蚕(Glycinde gurjanovae)。调查海域的生物量和栖息密度的平均值分别为2.03 g/m2和358 ind./m2。物种多样性指数变化范围为1.825–3.976；种类丰富度指数为0.775–4.052；物种均匀度指数为0.637–0.924。群落结构多元统计分析和典范对应分析表明，18个调查站位可分为3组，Ⅰ组(C4、D4站位)，群落组成为长尾虫(Apseudes sp.)、日本鳞缘蛇尾(Ophiophragmus japonicus)、钩虾1种(Gammaridea sp.)，它们的分布与水深、水温、盐度呈正相关；Ⅲ组(C1、B1站位)为丝异须虫、背蚓虫(Notomastus latericeus)群落，与氨氮、硝酸盐、总氮和溶解氧呈正相关；其余站位为Ⅱ组，为寡节甘吻沙蚕、江户明樱蛤(Moerella jedoensis)、无尾涟虫群落，与各环境因子不相关。ABC曲线分析显示出黄河口海域的大型底栖动物群落倾向于受到中等程度的干扰。环境因子中，水深与大型底栖动物丰度分布相关性最高，其次为氨氮。     

荣成俚岛人工鱼礁区大型底栖藻类群落及其与环境因子的关系

2009年8月2010年8月间,每隔2个月对荣成俚岛人工鱼礁区投放3年后的2种人工鱼礁及自然礁石上附着的大型藻类进行潜水采样调查,分析藻类群落演替规律及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,采集到附着藻类共3门13种,其中红藻门(Rhodophyta)藻类的种类数最多(6种),褐藻门(Phaeophyta)藻类的平均生物量最大(92.724 g/m2)。人工鱼礁上附着的藻类群落渐趋成熟;夏秋季藻类种类数和生物量均高于春冬季。聚类分析和去趋势对应分析(DCA)表明,石块礁和自然礁石上藻类群落结构相似度(83.1%)较高,其生物量及群落多样性指数均高于混凝土礁体。主成分分析(PCA)和冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,水温是影响藻类群落变化的最主要因子,对藻类群落变化的解释量达到47.6%。影响自然礁石上藻类群落变化的次要因子为N、P营养盐,而影响石块礁和混凝土礁体上藻类群落变化的次要因子为pH和溶解氧。     

Application of multiplatform,multispectral remote sensors for mapping intertidal macroalgae: A comparative approach

1. Intertidal macroalgal communities are economically and ecologically important and, with a likely increase in anthropogenic pressures, there is need to evaluate and monitor these diverse habitats. Efforts to conserve and sustainably manage these habitats must be underpinned by accurate, cost‐effective, and efficient data collection methods. The high spatial and temporal resolution of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), compared with satellites and aircraft, combined with the development of lightweight sensors, provides researchers with a valuable set of tools to research intertidal macroalgal communities.
2. The ability of multispectral sensors, mounted on a satellite, an aircraft, and a UAV, to identify and accurately map the intertidal brown fucoid Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucales, Ochrophyta) at a site with a low species diversity of macroalgae were compared.
3. Visual analysis confirmed that the spatial resolution of satellite imagery was too coarse to map intertidal macroalgae as it could not capture the fine spatial patterns of the macroalgal community. High‐resolution RGB (colour) imagery, taken during the aircraft and UAV surveys, was used to collect training and reference data through the visual identification and digital delineation of species. Classes were determined based on the level of taxonomic detail that could be observed, with higher levels of taxonomic detail observed in the UAV imagery over the aircraft imagery. Data from both were used to train a maximum‐likelihood classifier (MLC).
4. The UAV imagery was able to more accurately classify a distinct A. nodosum class, along with other macroalgal and substratum classes (overall accuracy, OA, 92%), than the aerial imagery, which could only identify a lower taxonomic resolution of mixed A. nodosum and fucoid class, achieving a lower OA (78.9%). This study has demonstrated that in a coastal site with low macroalgal species diversity, and despite the spectral similarity of macroalgal species, UAV‐mounted multispectral sensors proved the most accurate for focused assessments of individual canopy‐forming species.

     

Organic matter derived from kelp supports a large proportion of biomass in temperate rocky reef fish communities: Implications for ecosystem‐based management

1. The relative availability of alternative organic matter sources directly influences trophic interactions within ecological communities. As differences in trophic ecology can alter the productivity of communities, understanding spatial variability in trophic structure, and the drivers of variability, is vital for implementing effective ecosystem‐based management.
2. Bulk stable isotope analysis (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) and mass balance calculations were used to examine patterns in the contribution of organic matter derived from macroalgae to food webs supporting temperate reef fish communities in two contrasting coastal waterways on the South Island of New Zealand: Fiordland and the Marlborough Sounds. Ten fish species common to both regions were compared, with up to 40% less organic matter from macroalgae supporting omnivorous species in the Marlborough Sounds. The largest differences in trophic position were found in those species exploited by fisheries.
3. Furthermore, stratified surveys of abundance and species biomass combined with trophic position data were used to calculate regional differences in the contribution of macroalgae to whole fish communities in terms of density of biomass. In Fiordland, over 77% of the biomass of exploited reef fishes was supported by macroalgae, compared with 31% in the Marlborough Sounds.
4. Surveys of macroalgal density and species composition in the two regions indicated that regional differences in trophodynamics may be explained by a lack of macroalgal inputs to the food web in the Marlborough Sounds.
5. The findings demonstrate large regional differences in the incorporation of benthic and pelagic sources of organic matter to food webs supporting reef fish communities, highlighting the need for ecosystem‐based approaches to management to recognize spatial variability in primary production supporting coastal food webs.

     

Macroalgal meadow habitats support fish and fisheries in diverse tropical seascapes

Canopy‐forming macroalgae can construct extensive meadow habitats in tropical seascapes occupied by fishes that span a diversity of taxa, life‐history stages and ecological roles. Our synthesis assessed whether these tropical macroalgal habitats have unique fish assemblages, provide fish nurseries and support local fisheries. We also applied a meta‐analysis of independent surveys across 23 tropical reef locations in 11 countries to examine how macroalgal canopy condition is related to the abundance of macroalgal‐associated fishes. Over 627 fish species were documented in tropical macroalgal meadows, with 218 of these taxa exhibiting higher local abundance within this habitat (cf. nearby coral reef) during at least one life‐history stage. Major overlap (40%–43%) in local fish species richness among macroalgal and seagrass or coral reef habitats suggest macroalgal meadows may provide an important habitat refuge. Moreover, the prominence of juvenile fishes suggests macroalgal meadows facilitate the triphasic life cycle of many fishes occupying diverse tropical seascapes. Correlations between macroalgal canopy structure and juvenile abundance suggests macroalgal habitat condition can influence levels of replenishment in tropical fish populations, including the majority of macroalgal‐associated fishes that are targeted by commercial, subsistence or recreational fisheries. While many macroalgal‐associated fishery species are of minor commercial value, their local importance for food and livelihood security can be substantial (e.g. up to 60% of landings in Kenyan reef fisheries). Given that macroalgal canopy condition can vary substantially with sea temperature, there is a high likelihood that climate change will impact macroalgal‐associated fish and fisheries.     

2013年春夏季天津近岸海域浮游植物的群落结构

于2013年春季(6月)和夏季(8月)对渤海湾天津近岸海域的浮游植物和环境因子进行了综合调查,共发现浮游植物4门、72种,其中6月39种,8月63种,主要由硅藻和甲藻组成,优势种以硅藻为主,仅有少量的蓝藻和裸藻;6月的优势种是硅藻门的窄隙角毛藻(Chaetoceros affinis)、星脐圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus asteromphalus)及圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus spp.);8月的优势种是硅藻门的丹麦细柱藻(Leptocylindrus danicus)、尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudonitzschia pungens)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)。6月浮游植物细胞密度为2.14×104~836.67×104个/L,平均值为129.31×104个/L;8月浮游植物细胞密度为6.83×104~16 042.50×104个/L,平均值为2 461.63×104个/L;在调查海域的各采样点中,细胞密度均以硅藻占比最大,分别占浮游植物细胞总密度的99%和95%以上,浮游植物细胞密度的分布趋势与硅藻细胞密度分布趋势基本一致。6月各采样点浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)为0.96~3.69,平均值为2.87;均匀度指数(J)为0.28~0.95,平均值为0.71;丰富度指数(d)为0.60~1.21,平均值为0.88。8月的H’为0.01~3.58,平均值为1.48;J为0.002~0.86,平均值为0.33;d为0.65~1.37,平均值为0.91。典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis;CCA)浮游植物分布与环境因子之间的关系,影响渤海湾浮游植物分布的关键因子是水温、盐度、溶解氧、亚硝酸盐、硅酸盐。     

黄斑篮子鱼(Siganus oramin)对北方养殖网箱网衣附着藻类的生物清除作用

高温季节网衣附着藻类的大量附着是北方网箱养殖产业面临的主要问题之一,生物清除策略是解决这一问题的有效手段.本研究利用黄斑篮子鱼(Siganus oramin)作为网衣附着藻类生物清除的工具种,于2015年6-11月,采用室内实验和现场观测相结合的方法,系统研究了桑沟湾楮岛海域网箱养殖区不同水层网衣附着藻类生物量的月际变化、黄斑篮子鱼对优势藻类的摄食能力及对网衣藻类的清除效果.结果显示,同一月份不同深度附着藻类生物量的日均增长量有一定差异,且不同水层在8月7日-9月14日时间段内的藻类附着日均增长量均显著高于其他月份(P＜0.01),各个月份海头红(Plocamium telfairiae)均为该区域的优势种类.构建了适温条件下黄斑篮子鱼对海头红的碳收支方程:100摄入碳=11.69生长碳+10.82粪便碳+6.06排泄碳+71.43代谢碳.初始体重为(1.44±0.61)g的黄斑篮子鱼经过152 d的养殖,平均体重达到(45.38±4.22)g,日均增重0.26 g.海区网箱内有无黄斑篮子鱼的对比实验显示,其对不同月份网衣附着藻类的清除率在80.28％-90.15％之间.研究表明,黄斑篮子鱼对网衣附着藻类有较高的清除效率,可以作为清除网衣附着生物的工具种.     

Macroalgae in the intertidal zone of Cantabrian Sea: richness,cover of characteristic and opportunistic species

• 1. Macroalgae are one of the biological parameters considered in the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) for establishing the ecological status of coastal water bodies. In order to test the metric used to assess this element in the Cantabrian coast, the quality of rocky bottoms (CFR) index was applied to 164 transects at 28 sites on the coast of Asturias (northern Spain) in the summers of 2007 and 2008.
• 2. At each sampling point, three variables were measured: species richness, cover of characteristic and opportunistic macroalgae, and in 2008 the percentage of the area occupied by each characteristic species was also estimated.
• 3. Application of the Shapiro–Wilk test to the variables ‘cover of characteristic macroalgae’ and ‘cover of opportunistic algae’ revealed that the data were not normally distributed (P<0.001). A Kolmogorov–Smirnov test revealed: (a) significant differences (P<0.01) between the exposed and semi‐exposed sites, for the three variables studied; (b) significant differences in cover, for six species depending on the type of exposure; and (c) significant differences (P<0.01) in opportunistic macroalgal cover in relation to the two subtypes of water bodies in the study area. However, no significant differences were observed for overall macroalgal cover or species richness.
• 4. According to the results obtained, new reference conditions and class boundaries are proposed for the implementation of the CFR index in Asturian coastal waters. The ranges proposed for the CFR index in the present study provide better discrimination for evaluating the ecological status of the studied area.
• 5. The results of SIMPER and MDS analyses reinforced the conclusion that the type of exposure and the degree of human impact are the factors that best explain the degree of similarity between the sites sampled. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Impact of shellfish farming eutrophication on benthic macrophyte communities in the Thau lagoon, France

In a large marine lagoon (Thau lagoon, southern France) with a shellfish farming dominant eutrophication, the macrophyte communities were sampled by six transects of three depths (1.5, 2.5 and 5 m) and their characteristics (species composition, diversity and biomass) were described in relation to environmental and sediment parameters. With increasing eutrophication (total inorganic nitrogen, 0.140-0.295 mg l-1; dissolved reactive phosphorus, 0.045-0.110 mg l-1; and N/P atomic ratio, 3-22), silt fraction and shell fragments in sediments increased (12-93 and 0-65% dry wt respectively). Different types of macrophytic communities could be defined in the shallow zone (1.5-2.5 m) corresponding to four main and successive stages of degradation. A pure eelgrass stand (Zostera marina and Z. noltii) and an eelgrass community colonized by macroalgae were observed in SW sites and could be distinguished by their sedimentary features. In sites (NE) more affected by eutrophication (fine-textured sediment), available incident light determined two main seaweed communities: an Ulva rigida community, outside the shellfish tables, and a Gracilaria bursa-pastoris community in the shellfish tables (lower incident light).