暗纹东方鲀养殖关键技术浅析

<正>暗纹东方鲀俗称"河豚",其肉质鲜美,但含剧烈神经性麻痹毒素。暗纹东方鲀属海江生殖洄游鱼类,是我国长江下游地区重要的渔业资源。随着环境变化以及人类活动的影响,野生的暗纹东方鲀资源日渐稀少,江苏省扬中市水产技术研究所从1995年起开展了暗纹东方鲀的人工繁殖和养殖技术研究。目前,人工养殖的暗纹东方鲀已经全面取代了野生的暗纹东方鲀成为了食用鱼源。本文所要探讨的便是人工养殖暗纹东方鲀的一些关键技术。     

暗纹东方鲀渗透压调节机制的研究进展

渗透压调节与鱼类生命活动密切相关。近年来,广盐性鱼类复杂的渗透压调节机制逐渐成为国内外鱼类生理学研究热点之一。然而,国际上对硬骨鱼类盐度调控的相关研究更多的偏重于渗透压调节机理,研究层次虽广,但深度不够。暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu fasciatus)作为典型的广盐性鱼类,也是我国重要的养殖鱼类之一。本文从渗透压调节分子(离子转运体如Na~+,K~+-ATPase)、细胞(氯细胞)、组织器官(鳃、肾、肠)、系统的水平上总结了近年来有关暗纹东方鲀渗透压调节方面的研究成果,并在此基础上对下一步的重点研究方向进行了展望。本综述可为全面了解暗纹东方鲀渗透压调节的研究进展及对广盐性鱼类渗透压调节机制的研究提供参考。     

暗纹东方鲀线粒体COIII克隆及序列分析

克隆并测定了暗纹东方鲀线粒体基因组(m tDNA)含完整的细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅲ(CO III)及其下游70 bp的tRNAG ly序列。CO III基因编码框包含786个核苷酸,编码262个氨基酸的蛋白质。鱼类CO III的序列组成对A T核苷酸的偏倚程度比较低。通过暗纹东方鲀与GenBank中8个目12种鱼类的CO III序列同源性比较,显示暗纹东方鲀与这些鱼类的CO III基因具有较高的同源性。根据暗纹东方鲀与鲀目其他5种鱼的CO III基因序列所建立的进化树,与传统的分类地位相吻合。推定的tR-NA的二级结构具有典型的三叶草型结构。根据CO III序列构建的分子进化树分析,认为在采用线粒体基因序列进行分子进化分析时,应综合考虑物种遗传变异的特点。     

暗纹东方鲀和云斑尖塘鳢的混养试验

暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscurus)属鲀形目、鲀科、东方鲀属。属江海洄游性鱼类,暗纹东方鲀生长适温为22～28℃,最适温度为25～26℃,水温为16℃时摄食明显下降,水温下降至11℃时开始停食;致死温度为8℃(低温)、42℃(高温);属广盐性鱼类,在淡水中能生活,在盐度高达45的海水中也能生活。暗纹东方鲀以摄食水生无脊椎动物(如甲壳类、腹足类、瓣鳃类及多毛类)为主,兼食自游生物和其他动、植物饲料(偏动物性食性)的杂食性鱼类。     

不同诱食剂对暗纹东方鲀鱼种诱食效果的比较

以体长20～25 cm暗纹东方鲀为试验对象,通过不同配比诱食剂在基础饲料中1.0％的添加量进行诱食效果比较.结果表明:在饲料中添加氧化三甲胺(TMAO),甜菜碱+丙氨酸+甘氨酸对暗纹东方鲀鱼种摄食率分别为(89.2±6.9)％和(87.2±2.4)％,均具有极显著的诱食作用(P＜0.01).     

暗纹东方鲀养殖技术之三长途运输暗纹东方鲀苗种技术的研究

暗纹东方鲀(Fugu obscurcs)俗称河豚,为江海洄游性鱼类,历誉"鱼中之王",驰名中外,具有极高的经济价值和药用价值.随着暗纹东方鲀在国内养殖的迅猛发展,苗种的运输已成为首要制约其养殖的重要环节.笔者在进行暗纹东方鲀的研究和开发期间,分别在冬季(1月)和夏季(5月～8月)从江苏与上海11次运输暗纹东方鲀苗种90310尾到江西省九江市,历经10小时～17小时,成活率57.82%～100%.现将运输结果报告如下,以进一步提高苗种运输成活率及为成鱼的运输提供参考.     

星点东方纯胚胎发育的观察

为探讨星点东方鲀(Takifgu niphobles)作为海水鱼遗传生物学和鱼类行为学研究实验动物的可行性提供科学依据,选取北戴河海域自然成熟的星点东方鲀亲鱼,经人工催产授精,受精卵在水温20. 0～21. 0℃条件下,于300 L玻璃钢水槽循环水中孵化。参考暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscure)、青鳉(Oryzias layioes)和斑马鱼(Barchydanio rerio var)胚胎发育分期形态指标,按分裂球数目、大小,胚盘形状、延展、下包,神经系统发育,体节数目,视觉和听觉器官的发育以及血液循环系统的不同发育阶段,记录了星点东方鲀完整的胚胎发育过程。研究结果表明,星点东方鲀受精卵卵径约为756～863μm,胚胎发育可分为33期,主要分期与对应时间点为:2细胞期:受精后1 h 40 min;囊胚期:受精后8 h 6 min;原肠期:受精后13 h 48 min;心脏原基期:受精后58h 45 min;孵化期:受精后99 h 31 min;初孵仔鱼期:受精后108 h 31 min。值得注意的是,在32细胞期,观察到了与青鳉相同的边缘细胞和部分水平分裂。本实验中的星点东方鲀卵径在东方鲀属鱼中是最小的,也明显小于日本的星点东方鲀。本研究星点东方鲀胚胎发育不仅快于暗纹东方鲀和红鳍东方鲀(Takifgu rubripes),而且大大快于日本种群。     

3种肉食性鱼类的捕食及脊尾白虾防御行为比较

通过对黑鲷、漠斑牙鲆及暗纹东方鲀3种肉食性鱼类捕食脊尾白虾的行为观察。结果发现,3种肉食性鱼捕食脊尾白虾的强度排列依次为黑鲷暗纹东方鲀漠斑牙鲆。脊尾白虾最主要的防御方式为尾扇拨水向后弹开。     

pH影响暗纹东方魨蛋白酶活性的研究

鱼类消化酶的研究是鱼类消化生理的重要研究内容,也为配合饲料的研制提供依据,暗纹东方鲀,俗称河豚,是我国特有种类.随着人繁技术的成功,暗纹东方鲀也成了具有极高经济价值的特种水产养殖对象,因此对其消化酶的研究具有重要意义,消化酶活性与环境因素有密切关系,其中pH是主要影响因素.本文报道pH影响暗纹东方鲀蛋白酶活性的初步研究成果,期望对配合饲料的研制有所帮助.     

饥饿对暗纹东方鲀仔鱼摄食和存活的影响

暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscurus)俗称江河鲀,为近海与河川的海淡水洄游鱼类.近年来,江、沪、浙等地相继开展了人工繁殖工作,取得了一定的成绩,但育苗成活率还不稳定,因此研究饥饿对暗纹东方鲀仔鱼摄食和存活的影响,对育苗生产具有积极的借鉴意义.     

Escape-related behavior and coping ability of sea bream due to food supply

Escape of fish is a significant problem for the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. In the Mediterranean Sea, sea bream (Sparus aurata) has been reported to escape from sea cage installations. However, the related factors leading to this behavior still remain unknown. This study focuses on the impact that the food supplied to sea bream has on its interaction with the net and therefore its escape behavior. We test three food ratios (2, 1 and 0?% of the total initial body weight; FC2, FC1 and FC0 populations, respectively) and three different conditions of the net (flawless mesh, mesh with a cut twine and mesh with a tear) that are commonly found in aquaculture. Data acquisition and analysis are carried out with a tailor-made system developed in our laboratory for this purpose. We demonstrate that food supply is associated with fish interactions and the aquaculture net, while net condition is also an important stimulus for sea bream inspection and biting the net. Limited-fed fish (FC1) are more prone to interact with the net, which consequently leads them to either bite net wears or escape through tears.     

Effects of Pro-Tex on zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae,adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and adult yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi)

Aquaculture practices bring several stressful events to fish. Stressors not only activate the hypothalamus–pituitary–interrenal-axis, but also evoke cellular stress responses. Up-regulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) is among the best studied mechanisms of the cellular stress response. An extract of the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus indica), Pro-Tex, a soluble variant of TEX-OE^®, may induce expression of HSPs and reduce negative effects of cellular stress. Pro-Tex therefore is used to ameliorate conditions during stressful aquaculture-related practices. We tested Pro-Tex in zebrafish (Danio rerio), common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) exposed to aquaculture-relevant stressors (thermal stress, net confinement, transport) and assessed its effects on stress physiology. Heat shock produced a mild increase in hsp70 mRNA expression in 5-day-old zebrafish larvae. Pro-Tex increased basal hsp70 mRNA expression, but decreased heat-shock-induced expression of hsp70 mRNA. In carp, Pro-Tex increased plasma cortisol and glucose levels, while it did not affect the mild stress response (increased plasma cortisol and glucose) to net confinement. In gills, and proximal and distal intestine, stress increased hsp70 mRNA expression; in the distal intestine, an additive enhancement of hsp70 mRNA expression by Pro-Tex was seen under stress. In yellowtail kingfish, Pro-Tex reduced the negative physiological effects of transport more efficiently than when fish were sedated with AQUI-S^®. Overall, our data indicate that Pro-Tex has protective effects under high levels of stress only. As Pro-Tex has potential for use in aquaculture, its functioning and impact on health and welfare of fish should be further studied.     

Genetic variation in resistance of the tiger pufferfish Takifugu rubripes to a host-specific monogenean parasite Heterobothrium okamotoi

Fisheries Science - The tiger pufferfish Takifugu rubripes is one of the most valuable aquaculture species in Japan. In this study, we investigated the genetic variation in resistance to...     

水生动物行为研究及其在水产养殖中的应用简述

行为是动物对外界刺激最直接的反应,是动物最重要的生命特征。动物行为学是生物学的最基础学科之一,广泛应用于水产养殖中,并贯穿驯养、繁殖、育苗、疾病控制、饲料开发、养殖系统设计等。研究人员对行为学在水产养殖中应用的兴趣也日益增加。本研究简要介绍了水生动物行为的特点,以及在水产养殖各环节的应用,如驯养、选育种、病害监测、配合饲料开发、饵料投喂、繁殖、幼体变态、栖息地选择、自相残杀控制、混养技术、养殖系统开发等。     

蟹笼渔具逃逸口位置对三疣梭子蟹逃逸行为的影响

为了检验蟹笼渔具逃逸口对三疣梭子蟹逃逸行为的影响,实验使用红外水下摄像装备观察了三疣梭子蟹对3种不同配置逃逸口(位于侧网底部、开口高度3.2 cm和4.0 cm以及位于侧网顶部、开口高度4.0 cm)的反应行为。水下观察结果显示,三疣梭子蟹在笼底的探索行为使其能轻易发现和接近底部逃逸口,而垂直搜索行为能使其发现和接近顶部逃逸口,虽然发现并接近顶部逃逸口所需的时间显著大于底部逃逸口,但平均次数无显著性差异;87%接近逃逸口的个体企图穿越逃逸口,且逃逸口位置对此无显著影响;所有个体均采用侧身姿态穿越逃逸口,甲高是决定个体成功逃逸的关键因素;穿越顶部逃逸口的三疣梭子蟹需要花费更多的时间和精力调整姿态和位置以更好地匹配逃逸口,但广义线性混合模型(GLMM模型)拟合结果显示,逃逸口位置对个体逃逸成功率没有显著影响,表明三疣梭子蟹具有较高的个体姿态操纵能力,而笼内个体数量对逃逸成功率具有显著的影响。结合水下观察,研究认为个体在探索行为的活跃程度和浸泡时间会影响逃逸口的性能;考虑到东海近海蟹笼的结构和渔业现状,研究认为在蟹笼侧网靠近底部安装一个逃逸口是目前可行的技术措施。     

Individual variations in behavior and free cortisol responses to acute stress in tiger pufferfish Takifugu rubripes

Abstract:   The aim of the present study was for individual variation in behavior to be characterized and related to differences in physiological stress responses in juvenile tiger pufferfish (fugu) Takifugu rubripes . A set of siblings ( n  = 330) from wild parents was subjected to behavior tests, and some were classified into active and inactive groups ( n  = 42 each group). The active animals consisted of those individuals that kept active swimming during 6 min after transfer from one tank to another, and the inactive animals were those that stopped swimming within 6 min. Time-course acute stress responses, which were elicited by anesthesia and subsequent removal of a pectoral fin, were compared between the active and inactive fish. The stress indicators used were free and total plasma cortisol, and plasma glucose. Although no significant difference was observed at each sampling point between groups, the inactive fish required shorter recovery time from acute stress in all three indicators than the active fish. The percentage of free to total plasma cortisol in the pre-stress condition was significantly lower in the inactive group than in the active group. Our findings indicate that fugu has behavioral variation that is associated with stress responsiveness. The inactive fish are expected to be more tolerant of stress and suitable for aquaculture.     

弗氏柠檬酸杆菌感染诱导斑马鱼皮肤免疫相关基因的差异表达

从草鱼肠道中分离到1株细菌,通过形态学观察、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析等鉴定为弗氏柠檬酸杆菌,动物试验结果表明,该菌对斑马鱼有致病性;从感染诱导的斑马鱼皮肤组织中提取总RNA,经Biotin荧光标记与拥有15 617个cDNA片段的斑马鱼基因芯片(affymetrix)杂交筛选分析,获得斑马鱼皮肤免疫相关差异表达基因88个,其中有74个上调表达基因和14个下调表达基因;进一步根据基因功能聚类(GO)分析,初步将88个差异表达基因分为8个生物学功能,其中主要参与补体激活、急性期反应、应激防御反应、细胞凋亡、抗原加工提呈、细胞迁移粘附、凝血因子和血小板激活等免疫应答过程;同时进行信号通路(pathway)分析,结果表明MAPK(hsp70、daxx、nfkbiab)、JAK/STAT(ifn1)和TGF-β(thbs1)等信号通路参与斑马鱼皮肤抗弗氏柠檬酸杆菌感染免疫应答。采用基因芯片方法筛选与鱼类皮肤免疫相关的功能基因,为将来以斑马鱼为模型研究鱼类皮肤局部免疫应答的分子机制提供科学依据。     

产业组织模式对海水鱼养殖生产者药物使用行为的影响

为规范养殖生产者药物使用行为，促进中国水产养殖业的绿色发展，本文基于中国沿海11个省市的海水鱼养殖生产者调研数据，运用logit模型、线性回归模型及中介效应模型实证分析产业组织模式对海水鱼养殖生产者药物使用行为的影响及其作用机理。结果表明，(1)紧密型产业组织对生产者安全用药行为具有显著正向影响；(2)加入紧密型产业组织的生产者用药量显著降低；(3)不同类型的紧密型产业组织对生产者的药物使用行为影响不同，“合作社(协会)+生产者”模式显著优于“企业主导的生产基地+生产者”模式；(4)养殖培训在紧密型产业组织模式对生产者药物使用行为的影响中存在中介效应，能够通过培训知识技能、提供解决问题措施等途径进一步减少生产者药物使用。基于此，文章提出重视紧密型产业组织尤其是合作社(协会)的作用、开展生产者绿色养殖培训、发展养殖保险等建议，以期加快推进中国水产养殖业绿色发展。     

Evaluation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model for the viral infections of fish

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a laboratory model organism used in different areas of biological research including studies of immune response and host–pathogen interactions. Thanks to many biological tools available, zebrafish becomes also an important model in aquaculture research since several fish viral infection models have been developed for zebrafish. Here, we have evaluated the possible use of zebrafish to study infections with fish viruses that have not yet been tested on this model organism. In vitro studies demonstrated that chum salmon reovirus (CSV; aquareovirus A) and two alloherpesviruses cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (CyHV‐1) and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV‐3) are able to replicate in zebrafish cell lines ZF4 and SJD.1. Moreover, CSV induced a clear cytopathic effect and up‐regulated the expression of antiviral genes vig‐1 and mxa in both cell lines. In vivo studies demonstrated that both CSV and CyHV‐3 induce up‐regulation of vig‐1 and mxa expression in kidney and spleen of adult zebrafish after infection by i.p. injection but not in larvae after infection by immersion. CyHV‐3 is eliminated quickly from fish; therefore, virus clearing process could be evaluated, and in CSV‐infected fish, a prolonged confrontation of the host with the pathogen could be studied.