赤点石斑鱼神经坏死病毒主衣壳重组蛋白多克隆抗体的制备

把赤点石斑鱼（Epinephelus akaara）神经坏死病毒（RGNNV）主衣壳蛋白（MCP）基因的重组表达质粒载体pRSETA-MCP转化至大肠杆菌（Estherichia coli）BL21（DE3）,经IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE显示表达的重组蛋白主要以不可溶的包涵体形式存在,分子量约44.5kD。通过Ni-NTA-Agarose亲和层析柱纯化,经分析纯度达90%,之后免疫新西兰兔制备抗血清,ELISA效价达1：12800以上。Western-blot分析结果显示,该血清与表达的重组蛋白有较强反应,说明通过原核表达的重组蛋白具有良好的免疫原性。     

赤点石斑鱼病毒性神经坏死症的组织病理和电镜观察

用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）检测患病赤点石斑鱼苗，呈Beta诺达病毒阳性。光学显微镜下观察到病鱼的脑、视网膜、脊髓有空泡．在脑部，空泡主要分布在端脑、间脑和小脑。受感染的细胞明显收缩、致密变化和嗜碱性。包涵体常为圆形，大小不一。透射电镜下，在感染细胞的细胞质可观察到含有病毒粒子的致密体。病毒粒子呈等面体，无外膜，直径为25～28nm，随机分布在细胞质或在致密体内排列成品格状。致密体大小不一。偶尔观察到较大致密体的外膜已破裂，病毒粒子被释放到细胞质。     

赤点石斑鱼的病害及其防治的初步研究

赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)是经济价值很高的名贵海产鱼类。近几年来,广东、福建、浙江等省除暂养出口外,尚大力发展网箱养殖,开展人工繁殖研究。在生产与试验中,鱼病成了一个突出的问题。有关石斑鱼的病害,Yamaguti(1934,1935,1941,1965,1970),汪溥钦(1984,1986)等曾做过研究,但多偏重于病原体的分类方面,对鱼病则研究得很少,尤其是防治方面。黄琪琰等(1981)报导了石斑鱼的白斑病及其防治,欧瑞木等(1987)记载了石斑鱼的病害及防治。除外,新加坡、香港也有过一些报道。 1984年以来,作者就赤点石斑鱼的病害进行调查,并开展防治试验,先后发现有烂尾病、隐核虫病、鳞盘虫病及鱼虱病等10余种病害,可引起石斑鱼严重死亡或影响鱼的生长。现将初步结果报告于下。     

福建沿海赤点石斑鱼资源状况的分析

我国东南沿海有36种石斑鱼,而福建沿海常见的种类是赤点石斑鱼(Epinephe-lus akaara)、青石斑鱼(E.awoara)、云纹石斑鱼(E.moara)、鲑点石斑鱼(E.fario)和六带石斑鱼(E.sexfasciatus)等,其中以赤点石斑鱼(俗称红斑)的数量为最多,是一种重要的出口创汇的名贵鱼类,1984年福建省石斑鱼产量估计为400吨。     

云纹石斑鱼♀与赤点石斑鱼♂杂交的初步研究

为石斑鱼种间杂交经济型利用提供基础资料,以云纹石斑鱼为母本,赤点石斑鱼为父本进行种间远源杂交,对杂交子一代的生长及越冬作了系统观察.结果表明,用人工授精的方法可以取得杂交受精卵,受精卵的受精率、孵化率均在90％左右,杂交子一代比对照组仔鱼畸形率高;杂交子一代的生长趋势接近母本云纹石斑鱼,体色接近父本赤点石斑鱼,在室内可以正常越冬.云纹石斑鱼♀与赤点石斑鱼♂进行经济型杂交是可行的.     

鱼类诺达病毒及其所导致的疾病

In recent years, piscine nodaviruses have emerged as major pathogens of a wide range of larval and juvenile marine finfish resulting in high mortality in aquaculture worldwide. Affected fish exhibit a range of neurological signs, such as erratic swimming behaviour with the associated microscopic lesions of necrosis and vacuolation of the central nervous tissues and retina. Numerous roundshaped, unenveloped and 25-30 nm in diameter virus particles were found in the cytoplasm of affected retinal and nerve cells. Nodaviruses have a bipartite genome of positivesense RNA,with RNA1 encoding the RNAdependent RNA polymerase and RNA2 encoding the capsid protein. Both RNA are capped, but not polyadenylated. The family Nodaviridae comprises two genera: Alphanodavirus and Betanodavirus, members of which primarily infect insects and fish, respectively. Therefore, betanodavirus is also named piscine nodavirus. At present, piscine nodaviruses are divided into four genotypes based on partial sequences of the coat protein gene. ELISA and RT-PCR amplification have been developed as specific diagnostic methods for the d etection of the virus. Antibodies to striped jack (Pseudocaranx dentex) nervous necrosis (SJNNV) were found in 65% of plasma samples collected from wild and domestic brood stocks of striped jack, suggesting that the virus is very prevalent. Viral antigens were detected in eggs, larvae, and ovaries of hatcheryreared and wild spawner fish, suggesting both horizontal and vertical modes of transmission of the virus. Selection of nodavirusfree spawners using ELISA for detection of antigens and RT-PCR techniques have successfully reduced incidences of the virus infections in juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax),striped jack and barfin flounder (Verasper moseri). The SSN1 and GF cell lines have been successfully used in isolating piscinenodaviruses.Although there are many papers describing the molecular characteristics of betanodavirus, our knowledge of the genomic attributes of these viruses is still limited. Vaccination studies are being undertaken by a number of researchers and need to be fostered. In particular, the use of passive immunization of broodfish with homologous and heterologous, high titre antisera are worthy of investigation.     

斜带石斑鱼神经坏死病毒主衣壳蛋白抗体的制备

将含有斜带石斑鱼（Epinephelus coioides）神经坏死病毒（orange-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus，OGNNV）的主衣壳蛋白（main capsid protein，MCP）基因的重组质粒pET32a-MCP转入大肠杆菌BL21后，用异丙基硫代-β-半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导表达，用柱层析纯化表达的融合蛋白作为抗原免疫新西兰大白兔，制备抗MCP融合蛋白的血清。用ELISA方法检测抗血清的效价，用Western—blot检测抗血清的特异性。结果显示，获得的抗血清稀释1：22000倍时仍呈阳性，并能有效中和OGNNV，实验组的相对存活率达54．50％。这说明，本研究用纯化的MCP融合蛋白制备兔抗OGNNVMCP抗体是成功的，并证实了OGNNV主衣壳蛋白的免疫原性。本研究旨为重组表达主衣壳蛋白基因制备抗OGNNV疫苗提供科学依据，并为进一步研究提供重要的实验材料。     

赤点石斑鱼与鞍带石斑鱼杂交子一代肌肉营养成分分析与评价

为分析赤点石斑鱼与鞍带石斑鱼杂交子一代的营养组成,参照国家标准,测定了体质量(182.84±29.35) g杂交石斑鱼肌肉的常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成,并对肌肉营养价值进行了评定。试验结果显示,杂交石斑鱼肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分的含量分别为(74.07±0.71)%、(21.52±0.78)%、(4.03±0.15)%和(1.29±0.07)%。肌肉鲜样中测定了17种氨基酸,总量为(19.88±0.15)%;必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸总量分别为(8.64±0.13)%和(7.64±0.16)%,必需氨基酸指数为85.19,必需氨基酸组成符合联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织标准。肌肉鲜样中含有17种脂肪酸,饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸分别占肌肉脂肪酸总量的(27.63±1.15)%、(22.75±1.22)%和(32.59±1.90)%,其中二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸占肌肉脂肪酸总量的(19.27±1.27)%。研究表明,赤点石斑鱼与鞍带石斑鱼杂交子一代具有较高营养价值,可作为新品种进行开发。     

虎纹蛙病毒主要衣壳蛋白基因的克隆及其序列

从新分离感染虎纹蛙的病毒培养细胞中提取病毒DNA作模板，用分别对应于蛙病毒－3型（FV3）主要衣壳蛋白（Major Capsid Protein,MCP）基因读码框两侧的寡核苷酸片段作引物进行PCR扩增，得到预期大小基因片段，进一步将此基因片段插入到pGEM-T载体中，进行全长片段的序列测定和分析。结果表明，编码虎纹蛙病毒的MCP基因的读码框核苷酸数为1392bp，编码463个氨基酸；基因的核苷酸序列与其他脊椎动物虹彩病毒的MCP基因序列比较结果显示，该病毒与蛙病毒属的FV3的同源性（98％)明显高于囊肿病毒属的FLDV－1（52％），并且与虹彩病毒科其他成员的MCP基因序列均有所不同，说明该病毒株是虹彩病毒科蛙病毒属的新成员。     

Influence of feeding regime on fatty acid composition in young red-spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara

ABSTRACT:   Young red-spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara with an average total length of 3.4 cm were divided into five groups in floating net-cages, and reared under satiated conditions with different feeding frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 times per day) for 40 days. Total food intake increased with feeding frequency. Feeding four times per day resulted in the highest growth and food conversion efficiency. Total lipid accumulation in the muscle, liver and intraperitoneal fat body (IPF) increased with feeding frequency. Red-spotted grouper were found to contain a high proportion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the muscle. Fish fed 0.5 times per day were characterized as having a high proportion of DHA in triglycerides (TG) in muscle (80%), liver (69%) and IPF (18%). Increasing saturated fatty acids and a relative reduction of DHA were observed in the muscle TG as the feeding frequency increased. Frequent feeding accelerated the accumulation of eicosapentaenoic acid and saturated acids in the liver and IPF. Low saturated acids and a subsidiary proportional increase in DHA were the result of the low lipid reserves. A possible role for DHA and saturated acids are discussed with regard to lipid reserves.     

Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of a grouper iridovirus (GIV) isolated from yellow grouper, Epinephelus awoara (Temminck & Schlegel)

Molecular characterization was carried out on an iridovirus isolated from yellow grouper, Epinephelus awoara . The major capsid protein (MCP) gene was located, sequenced and compared with homologous genes from other iridoviruses. The nucleotide sequence is 1392 bases long and contains a single open reading frame beginning at an ATG codon from the 5' end and terminating at a TAA codon at the 3' end. The open reading frame encodes a protein of 463 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 50 272 Da. Pairwise amino acid alignments detected a high degree of sequence identity between grouper iridovirus (GIV) MCP and the homologous genes of other iridoviruses. The MCP gene of GIV was most similar to the MCP gene from frog virus 3 (FV3) with 70% nucleotide and 73% amino acid sequence identity. The predicted molecular weight of the protein of this gene is comparable with the apparent weight obtained by SDS–PAGE. Pathogenicity of the GIV was investigated in yellow grouper by intraperitoneal injection of 10⁷ and 10⁴ TCID₅₀ virus. Cumulative mortalities reached 100% within 11 and 25 days post-infection, respectively, while no grouper died in the control group. The molecular studies demonstrated that GIV is a member of the genus Ranavirus .     

Complete sequencing of Tunisian redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus betanodavirus capsid gene and RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase gene

Finfish nodaviruses (betanodaviruses) can cause highly destructive infections in numerous species of farmed marine fish larvae and juveniles worldwide. The betanodavirus genome consists of two single‐stranded positive‐sense RNA molecules (RNA1 and RNA2). The virus can be classified into four genotypes based on the partial sequences of the coat protein (CP) gene (T2 and T4 regions). Currently, genomic sequence information for RNA1 regions of RNA2 outside of T2 and T4 is less well documented. This study reports on the characterization of the full RNA2 sequence of a Tunisian betanodavirus with a length of 1433 nt, containing a 339 amino acid open‐reading frame encoding the CP, and typing to the redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus Ia genotype following phylogenetic analysis. The homology of the capsid protein to other betanodaviruses or alphanodaviruses was compared. In addition, a full length RNA1 sequence of 3104 nt encoding a 982 amino acid RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase was obtained.     

Production of recombinant capsid protein of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (r‐MCP43) of giant freshwater prawn,M. rosenbergii (de Man) for immunological diagnostic methods

White tail disease (WTD) caused by Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV) is a serious problem in prawn hatcheries. The gene for capsid protein of MrNV (MCP43) was cloned into pRSET B expression vector. The MCP43 protein was expressed as a protein with a 6‐histidine tag in Escherichia coli GJ1158 with NaCl induction. This recombinant protein, which was used to raise the antiserum in rabbits, recognized capsid protein in different WTD‐infected post‐larvae and adult prawn. Various immunological methods such as Western blot, dot blot and ELISA techniques were employed to detect MrNV in infected samples using the antiserum raised against recombinant MCP43 of MrNV. The dot blot assay using anti‐rMCP43 was found to be capable of detecting MrNV in WTD‐infected post‐larvae as early as at 24 h post‐infection. The antiserum raised against r‐MCP43 could detect the MrNV in the infected samples at the level of 100 pg of total protein. The capsid protein of MrNV estimated by ELISA using anti‐rMCP43 and pure r‐MCP43 as a standard was found to increase gradually during the course of infection from 24 h p.i. to moribund stage. The results of immunological diagnostic methods employed in this study were compared with that of RT‐PCR to test the efficiency of antiserum raised against r‐MCP43 for the detection of MrNV. The Western blot, dot blot and ELISA detected all MrNV‐positive coded samples as detected by RT‐PCR.     

Identification and characterization of a novel lymphocystis disease virus isolate from cultured grouper in China

Grouper Epinephelus spp. is one of the most important mariculture fish species in China and South-East Asian countries. The emerging viral diseases, evoked by iridovirus which belongs to genus Megalocytivirus and Ranavirus, have been well characterized in recent years. To date, few data on lymphocystis disease in grouper which caused by lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) were described. Here, a novel LCDV isolate was identified and characterized. Based on the sequence of LCDV major capsid protein (MCP) and DNA polymerase gene, we found that the causative agents from different species of diseased groupers were the same one and herein were uniformly defined as grouper LCDV (GLCDV). Furthermore, H&E staining revealed that the nodules on the skin were composed of giant cells that contained inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm. Numerous virus particles with >210 nm in diameter and with hexagonal profiles were observed in the cytoplasm. In addition, phylogenetic analysis based on four iridovirus core genes, MCP, DNA polymerase, myristoylated membrane protein (MMP) and ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), consistently showed that GLCDV was mostly related to LCDV-C, followed by LCDV-1. Taken together, our data firstly provided the molecular evidence that GLCDV was a novel emerging iridovirus pathogen in grouper culture.     

大鲵虹彩病毒MCP蛋白在杆状病毒表达系统中的表达与纯化

为研制基于杆状病毒表达系统的大鲵虹彩病毒(Chinese giant salamander iridovirus,CGSIV)新型亚单位疫苗,将CGSIV主要衣壳蛋白(major capsid protein,MCP)基因克隆至杆状病毒穿梭载体p Fast Bac1质粒中,构建了重组质粒p Fast Bac-MCP。转化E.coli DH10Bac感受态细胞,经PCR筛选和测序获得了阳性重组杆粒r Bacmid-MCP,在昆虫细胞转染试剂介导下将该重组杆粒转染Sf9细胞,获得重组杆状病毒。重组杆状病毒感染的Sf9昆虫细胞,经超薄切片电镜观察,可见大量重组杆状病毒存在于细胞中。按不同感染复数(MOI=2、5、10)将重组杆状病毒感染Sf9细胞进行CGSIV MCP的表达。SDS-PAGE检测结果表明,在MOI=10时,目的蛋白的表达量最高;间接免疫荧光观察结果显示,目的蛋白在感染细胞中得到表达,且分布在细胞表面。以抗CGSIV MCP单抗为抗体制备的免疫磁珠纯化目的蛋白并利用兔抗CGSIV MCP多抗血清检测目的蛋白的生物学活性。SDS-PAGE和Western blot结果显示,纯化的目的蛋白纯度很高,而且具有抗原活性,能够被兔抗大鲵虹彩病毒MCP多抗血清识别。利用杆状病毒表达系统成功进行了CGSIV MCP的表达,并应用免疫磁珠法进行了目的蛋白的纯化,为CGSIV新型亚单位疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

Cloning,expression and sequence analysis of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus genes: Indian isolate

RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), B2 and capsid genes of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) of Indian isolate were polymerase chain reaction amplified, cloned and sequenced. Expression of the MrNV fusion recombinant proteins of RdRp (44.5 kDa), B2 (32.2 kDa) and capsid (58.4 kDa) was confirmed by Western blot analysis using anti‐His mouse monoclonal antibodies. Polyclonal antibodies specific to purified recombinant MrNV capsid protein showed specificity against the capsid protein by Western blot. The protein sequence analysis of the partial RdRp gene of MrNV revealed the signature sequence along with the conserved core residues of the catalytic domain and indicated the presence of active sites, metal ion‐binding site and nucleic acid‐binding site residues. The Indian isolate of MrNV showed high RdRp and capsid gene sequence homology with the other MrNV geographical isolates. However, the Belize isolate was found to be the most distinct among the different geographical prawn nodavirus isolates due to the host specificity. Secondary structure prediction analysis of the MrNV capsid predicted it to be a DNA‐binding protein consisting of α helix (22.91%), extended strand (24.80%), β turn (5.39%) and random coil (46.90%) regions.