夹江花(鱼骨)的形态生物学

测量分析了夹江花(鱼骨)的外部形态特征和框架特征,为其形态种质标准和系统分类研究提供参考.可数性状方面:背鳍Ⅲ-7,尾鳍19,臀鳍Ⅲ-6,腹鳍I-8,胸鳍I-16～19,第一鳃弓鳃耙数6～10,围尾柄鳞18～20,侧线鳞46(6.5-7.5)/(4.5-V)49,下咽齿3行、1.3.5-5.3.1,脊椎骨4 42～44;可量性状方面:全长为体长的1.20倍,体长为体高4.38倍、为头长4.18倍、为尾柄长5.52倍、为肠长0.84倍,头长为吻长2.79倍、为眼径4.21倍、为眼间距3.47倍,体高为体宽1.50倍,尾柄长为尾柄高1.77倍.体重与体长相关式为W=0.0123L3.083,n=30,r=0.9983.肥满度系数为1.57.     

中国南海银鲈科鱼类——新记录

2008年11月在广西北海市侨港镇码头采获银鲈科Gerreidae、银鲈属Gerres鱼类标本两尾,经鉴定为大棘银鲈Gerres macracanthus Bleeker,1854,系我国南海鱼类一新记录。其主要特征为：体长卵圆形,侧扁,体长为体高的2.2～2.3倍;体背腹缘均呈弧状隆起,体高以背鳍起点处最高。口小,能活动,伸出时略向下倾斜。体被薄圆鳞,易脱落;侧线鳞41～43枚。背鳍鳍棘部与鳍条部相连;背鳍IX-10,第2鳍棘延长呈丝状,压倒时末端伸达尾柄;臀鳍Ⅲ-7,以第3鳍棘最长;胸鳍长,末端可达臀鳍起点上方;尾鳍叉形。新鲜标本体背部银灰色,腹部银白色,体侧有7～10条青灰色横带;背鳍灰白色,第2鳍棘黑色;臀鳍、胸鳍和腹鳍淡黄色;尾鳍灰黄色,上、下叶内缘暗色,下叶外缘白色。     

野生细鳞鱼的生物学特性及繁殖力

本文对采捕的野生细鳞鱼的生物学特性及繁殖力进行了测定,结果表明:细鳞鱼可量比例性状为:全长/体长1.13±0.02,体长/体高4.86±0.30,体长/头长4.41±0.19,体长/尾柄长6.94±0.72,体长/尾柄高12.53±0.59,尾柄长/尾柄高1.82±0.17,头长/吻长3.36±0.31,头长/眼径5.41±0.52,头长/眼间距2.89±0.26;可数性状为:背鳍鳍式:II,11～13,胸鳍鳍式:I,15～19,腹鳍鳍式:I,9～12,臀鳍鳍式:II,10～14,侧线鳞:108～163,侧线上鳞:24～37,侧线下鳞:23～36,第一鳃弓鳃耙数:15～29,脊椎骨:57～61,肋骨:28～31,幽门垂:70～121。绝对繁殖力2823.25±1237.01,相对繁殖力3.20±1.79。     

星突江鲽的形态特征及内部结构研究

通过观察、测量、解剖、数据的整理和分析，对120尾全长11-43cm，体质量0．02～2．49kg的养殖星突江鲽（Platichthys stellatus Pallas）外部形态、可量可比性状、可数性状和内部结构进行了研究。外部形态包括口、鼻、眼、鳍条、侧线和鳞片的特征；可量可比性状包括全长／体长（T1/S1）、体长／体高（S1/Bd）、体长／头长（S1/M1）、头长／吻长（H1/P1）、尾柄长／尾柄高（C1/Cd）、体长／尾柄长（S1/C1）、头长／眼间距（H1/Ei）、头长／眼径（H1/Ed）比值及其相关方程；可数性状包括背鳍鳍条、尾鳍鳍条、臀鳍鳍条、腹鳍鳍条、胸鳍鳍条、侧线鳞、侧线上鳞、侧线下鳞、牙齿、幽门盲囊、上鳃耙、脊椎骨；内部结构主要包括消化系统的组成和解剖位置。结果表明：（1）外部形态的明显特征在于：背鳍、臀鳍、尾鳍有黑色和黄色相间的条纹；多角星状鳞片，有刺状突起。（2）全长／体长变动范围最小，雌雄差异最小，其线性相关性最好，全长与体长相关方程为S1=0．8771 T1-0．1589（R^2=0．9822）；头长／吻长、头长／眼径不仅变动最大，而且其线性相关性最差，雌雄的差异也最大；星突江鲽体长与体质量关系为：W=0．0168S1^3.199，R^2=0．9797：雄性：W=0．0274S1^2.9721，R^2=0．993；雌性：W=0．0134S1^4.3008，R^2=0．9822（W代表体质量，kg：S1代表体长，cm）。（3）星突江鲽腹鳍鳍条与幽门盲囊最稳定；侧线鳞和牙齿变动最大。（4）牙尖锐，圆锥形；胃大，呈“I”型，肠粗短；1-2枚幽门盲囊。通过比较发现：星突江鲽的外部形态、可量可比性状和内部结构特征均与石鲽相近：星突江鲽与6种比目鱼相比，可数性状指标的数目多较少。     

我国引进的罗非鱼类

罗非鱼是热带鱼类,种类繁多。多数原产于非洲,后来传播到中美洲、南美洲和东亚、南亚的淡水和半咸淡水区域里,现已成为世界性的鱼类养殖对象。它体短、侧扁呈长椭圆形。身被圆鳞或栉鳞,侧线中断分成上下两段,通常有侧线鳞20—50。齿两列或多列,外列齿尖形。背鳍有硬棘7—25,分枝鳍条5—30;臀鳍硬棘3—15,分枝鳍条4—15。在非洲有悠久的养殖历史,我国本来不产这类鱼类,但是罗非鱼     

大银鱼的苗种繁育和移殖

１大银鱼的生物学特征１．１形态特征大银鱼身体呈长条形,前部扁平,后部侧扁,吻部尖细平扁,下颌长于上颌。颌骨有齿一列,左右口盖骨各有齿２列,下颌齿尖,２列,无犬齿,舌与腭骨上均有齿２列,腭骨齿稍扩大。活体腹面及两侧各有数行小黑点。体长为体高的８．２～１２．３倍,体长为头长的４．３～６．２倍,头长为吻长的２．１～２．７倍,尾柄长为尾柄高的１．６～２．７倍,背鳍条为２,１５～１７,臀鳍条为３,２７～３２,臀鳍起点在背鳍终点之后。胸鳍鳍条为２４～２７,有肌肉基,雄鱼上部数根鳍条延长,雌鱼不延长,呈扇形。腹鳍条为７根。胸鳍与臀…     

珠江水系鲿科(Bagridae)鱼类一新记录

鲇形目,鳞科的长须黄颡鱼Pelwobagrus eupogon在广西桂林漓江首次发现,为珠江水系新记录.采集标本1尾,全长254.78 mm,标准体长207.70 mm,背鳍Ⅱ-6,胸鳍Ⅱ-6,腹鳍i-5,臀鳍19,外部第·鳃弓鳃耙数16;标准体长为体高的9.32倍,为头长的6.46倍,头长为吻长的3.96倍,为眼径的4.21倍,眼间距的2.25倍,尾柄长为尾柄高的3.09倍.     

鲤鲫杂交(♀)×鲫(♂)回交子代的形态特征研究

利用雌性鲤鲫杂交与雄性鲫鱼回交,制备了鲤鲫杂交回交子代鱼,并对其1龄鱼的形态特征和内部器官结构进行了测定。其主要性状为：回交子代的背鳍条Ⅲ,15～18；臀鳍条Ⅲ,4～6；侧线鳞27～36；侧线上鳞和侧线下鳞同为5～6；鳃耙28～33；体长为体高的(2.35±0.11)倍,为头长的(3.33±0.13)倍,为尾柄长的(6.36±0.54)倍；头长为眼径的(4.54±0.20)倍；为眼间距的(1.74±0.07)倍；为尾柄高的(1.96±0.10)倍；尾柄长为尾柄高的(0.90±0.28)倍；体高为头高的(1.59±0.09)倍。结果表明,该回交子代鱼在可数和可量性状上都有个别性状产生变易,但大多数性状相对比较稳定。     

山女鳟的生物学特性及繁殖力

本文就山女鳟的生物学特性及繁殖力进行了测定 ,结果表明 :山女鳟可量比例性状为体长 /体高 4 2 0± 0 2 7,体长 /头长 3 99± 0 35 ,体长 /尾柄长 1 0 60± 1 5 5 ,体长 /尾柄高 1 2 1 4± 0 79,头长 /吻长 2 5 3± 0 63,头长 /眼径 6 84± 1 1 6,头长 /眼间距 3 0 9±0 33;可数性状为背鳍鳍式 :D 1 0～ 1 6,胸鳍鳍式 :A 8～ 1 3,腹鳍鳍式 :8～ 1 1 ,臀鳍鳍式 :1 1～ 1 5 ,侧线鳞 :1 1 2～ 1 40 ,侧线上鳞 :2 6～ 2 9,侧线下鳞 :2 5～ 35 ,第一鳃弓鳃耙数 :1 3～ 1 5 ,脊椎骨 63～ 65 ,幽门垂 2 0～ 5 7。绝对繁殖力 61 7 83± 2 5 2 70 ,相对繁殖力 2 0 9± 0 67。     

绿鳍马面鲀外部形态特征与染色体核型分析

该研究以黄海水域捕捞的131尾绿鳍马面鲀(Thamnaconus septentrionalis)为样本,在活鲜状态下,观察其外部形态特征并绘图;统计各鳍条数量,对可量比性状进行回归分析;采用热滴片法,制备染色体标本。结果发现:1)鱼体头部和背部在活体状态下呈深青灰色,腹部呈浅青绿色,趋于白色。死亡后,体色加深,转为墨绿色,鳍条保持蓝绿色为其外部形态的明显特征。2)体长为体高的1.5～3.3倍;体长为头长的3.1～4.9倍;头长为吻长的1.1～1.6倍。3)全长(T_l)/体长(S_l)相关性显著(R~2=0.96),雌雄无显著差异;尾柄长/尾柄高、体长/尾柄长、头长/眼径、头长/眼间距相关性不显著,雌雄差异大。4)鳍式为背鳍Ⅱ,36～39;臀鳍34～37;胸鳍14～15;尾鳍1+10+1;腹鳍退化为一个腹鳍棘。5)鳞片绒状鳞,由基板和骨质凸起组成;具有体侧线和框下线。6)绿鳍马面鲀二倍体染色体数目为2n=40,染色体核型为2n=40t,臂数NF=40,均为端着丝粒染色体,且无异型染色体。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).