饥饿和再投喂期间尼罗罗非鱼生长、血清生化指标和肝胰脏生长激素、类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ和胰岛素mRNA表达丰度的变化

在室内可控条件下,对尼罗罗非鱼[初始体质量(62.50±3.44)g]进行饥饿28d和随后再投喂21d的处理,于饥饿第0、7、14、21、28天和再投喂第14、21天进行采样分析,研究饥饿和再投喂期间尼罗罗非鱼生长、血清生化指标和肝胰脏生长激素(GH)、类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)和胰岛素(IN)mRNA表达丰度的变化。结果显示,与饥饿第0天相比,饥饿超过7d鱼体体质量显著降低(P<0.05),再投喂21d显著增加(P<0.05);肝体比随饥饿时间延长显著降低(P<0.05),恢复投喂后较饥饿时升高,但显著低于饥饿前水平(P<0.05)。在血清指标上,甘油三酯、血糖、碱性磷酸酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶均随饥饿时间延长而逐渐降低,恢复投喂后均有不同程度提高,但转氨酶活性显著低于饥饿前水平(P<0.05);饥饿和再投喂对血清总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇无显著影响(P>0.05)。在激素方面,与饥饿第0天相比,饥饿使血清GH含量及其肝胰脏mRNA表达丰度显著升高,血清IGF-Ⅰ及其肝胰脏mRNA表达丰度降低,恢复投喂后两者均显著升高(P<0.05);INmRNA表达丰度在饥饿7~21d显著升高(P<0.05),饥饿第28天时无显著差异(P>0.05),再投喂后显著降低(P<0.05)。     

不同循环饥饿投喂模式对许氏平鲉生长和体成分的影响

为探究不同循环饥饿投喂模式下许氏平鲉的补偿生长和体成分的变化，分别采用每日投喂(对照组)、饥饿2 d投喂1 d、饥饿2 d投喂2 d、饥饿2 d投喂3 d、饥饿2 d投喂4 d和饥饿2 d投喂5 d的循环饥饿投喂模式，对初始体长(10.25±0.74) cm、体质量(16.77±2.72) g的许氏平鲉幼鱼进行为期67 d的养殖试验。试验结果显示：饥饿2 d投喂5 d试验组的终末体质量、质量增加率、特定生长率均最高，表现为超补偿生长；饥饿2 d投喂4 d组的终末体质量、质量增加率和特定生长率与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),表现为完全补偿生长；饥饿2 d投喂1 d、饥饿2 d投喂2 d和饥饿2 d投喂3 d试验组的终末体质量、质量增加率和特定生长率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),表现为不能补偿生长。各组间的饲料效率、肝体指数和肥满度差异不显著(P>0.05),但对照组的脏体指数显著高于循环饥饿投喂组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比，循环饥饿投喂组(除饥饿2 d投喂5 d试验组外)的鱼体粗脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05),粗蛋白质和灰分含量各组间差异不显著...     

锦鲤幼鱼循环饥饿后的补偿生长和体成分变化

为研究体长(10.63±0.20)cm、体重(17.63±0.72)g锦鲤(Cryprinus carpiod)幼鱼循环饥饿后的补偿生长和体成分变化,试验设5个组,分别为正常投喂和4个循环饥饿投喂组,其中循环饥饿投喂组投喂方式分别为:饥饿1 d后投喂3 d、饥饿1 d后投喂5 d、饥饿2 d后投喂3 d、饥饿2 d后投喂5 d,试验水温为(27.0±1.0)℃,试验周期为40 d。试验结果表明:循环饥饿1 d后投喂的特定生长率、摄食率均显著高于正常投喂的(P0.05),但末均长、末均重、总摄食量、相对增重率和饲料利用率的差异均不显著(P0.05),表现为完全补偿生长,推测其补偿生长应是通过提高摄食率来实现的;循环饥饿2d后投喂的末均长、末均重、总摄食量、特定生长率、相对增重率均显著低于正常投喂的(P0.05),而摄食率、饲料利用率的差异均不显著(P0.05),表现为不能补偿生长,但是否对其生理机能造成伤害有待于进一步研究确定;4个循环饥饿投喂组的鱼体粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量较正常投喂组有所降低,而水分和灰分含量有所升高。因此,循环饥饿1 d后投喂3 d的实际投喂时间较短,且为完全补偿生长,是最佳的循环饥饿投喂模式。     

周期性“饥饿-再投喂”对大口黑鲈幼鱼补偿生长的影响

在水温(26.5±1.2)℃下,将体质量(45.70±0.56)g的大口黑鲈Micropterus salmoides幼鱼分为4组,饲养在采光大棚内的30m~2水泥池中,每池40尾,D0组每天饱食投喂2次,D1、D2、D3组分别投喂6d、5d、4d,饥饿1d、2d、3d,持续8周,每组3个重复池塘,研究周期性"饥饿-再投喂"对大口黑鲈幼鱼补偿生长的影响。结果发现,随着每周饥饿天数的增加,大口黑鲈的末体质量和增重率均不同程度下降,但D1组与D0组无显著差异(P0.05)。大口黑鲈的日摄食量随饥饿时间的增加而显著提高(P0.05),但各组间无显著差异(P0.05)。D1组的饲料利用效率和蛋白质效率与D0组无显著差异(P0.05);而D2和D3组显著低于D0组(P0.05)。试验结束时,鱼体粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量随饥饿时间增加而下降。D3组鱼的胃和肠道蛋白酶活性显著低于D0组(P0.05);D1组的胃和肠道脂肪酶活性较高;D1和D2组胃淀粉酶活性较高,肠道淀粉酶活性则随着饥饿时间增加显著上升(P0.05)。饥饿使大口黑鲈血清甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量降低,血清谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性增加。血清生长激素水平随着饥饿时间增加而上升,类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ水平则下降(P0.05)。结果表明:每周投喂6d饥饿1d的大口黑鲈饲料转化效率较高,实现了完全补偿生长,可供集约化养殖的科学投喂参考。     

饥饿及恢复投喂对菊黄东方鲀生长和血清生化的影响

为了解菊黄东方纯的补偿生长机制,发掘其生长潜力,在室内可控条件下,对体质量(128.23±16.67)g的菊黄东方纯进行饥饿0 d(对照)、5 d(F5)、10 d(F10)、15 d(F15)和随后恢复投喂25 d的处理,分别于饥饿开始前、饥饿结束及恢复投喂结束时进行采样,分析饥饿及恢复投喂对菊黄东方纯生长和血清生化的影响。结果显示:饥饿期间,F15组菊黄东方纯的体质量显著低于对照组和F5组(P0.05);F10和F15组的增重率和特定生长率均呈负增长,差异不显著(P0.05),但均显著低于F5组和对照组(P0.05)。恢复投喂后,F15组的增重率和特定生长率显著高于对照组(P0.05),各组试验鱼的平均体质量、总增重率和总特定生长率与对照组间均无显著差异(P0.05),但F5组总增重率和总特定生长率较对照组分别提高了36.68%和34.09%。随着饥饿时间的延长,试验鱼的成活率呈下降趋势。受饥饿胁迫,试验鱼体内血糖、总蛋白、胆固醇、甘油三酯的含量呈下降趋势,饥饿至15 d时达显著水平(P0.05);血清碱性磷酸酶和谷丙转氨酶无显著影响(P0.05)。恢复投喂后,除F15组的血清甘油三酯含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),F10组的血清胆固醇含量低于对照组(P0.05)外,各处理组的血清生化指标与对照组之间均无显著差异(P0.05)。研究结果表明,饥饿5 d的菊黄东方纯表现出超补偿生长能力.适当延长投饲间隔或减少投饲次数对提高养殖经济效益有积极作用。     

哲罗鱼继饥饿后的补偿生长及其机制

对平均初始体重为80 g的哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)进行了8周养殖实验,以检验其继饥饿后的补偿生长。实验共设5个处理组,4组鱼分别被饥饿1周、2周、3周、4周后再恢复正常投喂,1组正常投喂作为对照,分别用S1、S2、S3、S4、C表示。实验结果显示:饥饿过程中各饥饿组鱼体重随饥饿时间的延长而逐渐下降,饥饿结束时S2、S3、S4组鱼体重均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),恢复投喂结束时S1、S2、S3组鱼体重与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),S4组鱼体重与对照差异显著(P<0.05)。恢复投喂期间除S1组外其他饥饿组鱼的摄食率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在饥饿过程中,其耗氧率随着饥饿时间的延长逐渐下降,恢复投喂后逐渐上升,其中S1、S2、S3组在各自恢复投喂后5 d、9 d、12 d恢复到对照组水平,而S4组则在其恢复投喂后24 d恢复到对照组水平。饥饿导致鱼躯干脂肪含量下降,躯干水分和灰分含量升高,蛋白质含量变化不大。恢复投喂结束时各饥饿组鱼躯干水分、脂肪、蛋白质含量与对照无显著性差异(P>0.05);躯干灰分含量除S4组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)外,其余与对照差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验结果表明,人工养殖哲罗鱼饥饿1~3周表现出完全补偿生长,饥饿4周表现出部分补偿生长。恢复投喂期间各饥饿组鱼对食物的利用效率得到明显提高,表明哲罗鱼恢复生长中出现的补偿生长效应主要是通过提高摄食水平和食物转化率共同作用实现的。     

循环饥饿后异育银鲫幼鱼的补偿生长及部分生理生化指标的变化

在(28±1)℃水温条件下,以4种循环饥饿的投喂方式饲养初始体重为1.58 g的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)幼鱼,研究其补偿生长和部分生理生化指标的变化。实验分为四组,第一组每天投喂,为对照组,第二组投喂4 d后饥饿1 d,第三组投喂2 d后饥饿1 d,第四组投喂1 d后饥饿1 d,4种方式分别以C、R1/4、R1/2和R1/1表示,试验持续60 d。结果显示,3个试验组的实际摄食率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但饲料转化效率均显著低于对照组,导致3个试验组的特定生长率显著下降,体重未赶上对照组,而且饥饿时间越长,体重增长率越低。鱼体的蛋白质、灰分含量未受到投喂方式的显著影响,干物质、脂肪和能量含量随饥饿时间增加显著下降;肥满度、肝体比、ATP酶、SOD酶活性以及谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性也随饥饿时间的增加显著下降。     

饥饿后再投喂对哲罗鱼生长和体成分的影响

在14-18℃条件下,对平均初始体重（35.15±1.06）g的哲罗鱼（Hucho taimen）进行了不同时间的饥饿处理和再投喂的恢复生长实验。实验共设5个处理组,分别为S0组（对照组,持续投喂56d）、S1组（饥饿7天后再投喂49d）、S2组（饥饿14天后再投喂42d）、S3组（饥饿21天后再投喂35d）和S4组（饥饿28天后再投喂28天）,每组30尾鱼,研究再投喂后体重和体成分（粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分和灰分）的变化。实验结果显示：与持续投喂组相比,饥饿7d后哲罗鱼体重下降了11.52%;饥饿14d后体重下降了17.09%;饥饿21d和28d后体重分别下降了26.24%和36.07%。恢复投喂结束时饥饿7d组体重赶上了对照组,饥饿14d组体重超过了对照组,饥饿21d和28d组体重低于对照组。在饥饿和恢复投喂过程中其体成分呈规律性变化：在各试验组饥饿后,鱼体躯干脂肪含量下降,躯干水分和灰分含量升高,蛋白质含量略有下降。恢复投喂后各营养成分逐渐恢复。     

间歇性禁食对黄鳝生长、消化酶活性及血液生化指标的影响

为了研究不同强度的间歇性禁食对黄鳝生长、消化酶活性及血液生化指标的影响。在(25±1)℃水温条件下,以鲜活水蚯蚓为饵料设定5种投喂模式饲养黄鳝:第一种为连续投喂的对照组;第二种禁食1 d后再投喂1 d;第三种禁食2 d后再投喂2 d;第四种禁食4 d后再投喂4 d;第五种禁食8 d后再投喂8 d。5种方式分别以C、S1F1、S2F2、S4F4和S8F8表示,实验周期64 d。结果显示:(1)与对照组相比,遭受间歇性禁食的黄鳝的特定生长率(SGR)、相对增重率及终末体质量均显著性降低,但其实际摄食率(FR)却显著提升,且S1F1组的食物转换效率(FCE)显著高于其它各组。因而,不同强度的间歇性禁食均诱导出部分补偿生长效应,其中S1F1的部分补偿效应最强;(2)S1F1组胃组织的蛋白酶活性显著高于S2F2组,S1F1组和S2F2组胃组织的蛋白酶活性显著高于其它组;各实验组的胃、前肠、后肠和肝脏等组织的淀粉酶活性均与C组无显著差异;S1F1组肝脏组织和后肠组织的脂肪酶活性均显著高于C组、S4F4组和S8F8组;(3)各实验组血清的总蛋白含量和葡萄糖含量均无显著差异;C组与S1F1组之间的血清总胆固醇含量无显著差异,但却显著高于S2F2组、S4F4组和S8F8组;在S2F2组、S4F4组和S8F8组之间,其血清胆固醇含量随着间歇性禁食强度的增加而降低。实验结果表明,黄鳝在遭受间歇性禁食过程中,可通过相应消化酶活性的提升、食物利用率的改善以及消化生理机能的适应来获得生长补偿,且相对低强度的间歇性禁食(S1F1)可诱导出较强的补偿生长效应。     

不同循环投喂模式对半滑舌鳎的生长、体成分组成、代谢和能量收支的影响

研究了不同循环投喂模式对半滑舌鳎的生长、体成分组成、代谢和能量收支的影响。其中包括5个处理:C(对照组,实验过程中持续投喂);S2F4组(饥饿2 d,投喂4 d);S4F8组(饥饿4 d,投喂8 d);S8F16组(饥饿8 d,投喂16 d);S12F24组(饥饿12 d,投喂24 d),实验时间72 d。结果表明,对照组的特定生长率(SGR_w和SGR_e)显著高于循环投喂各组(P<0.05)。对照组和S2F4组半滑舌鳎幼鱼的末体重没有显著差异(P>0.05),并且均显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。对照组半滑舌鳎幼鱼的消化率显著低于其它各组(P<0.05),而能量消化率与S12F24组没有显著差异(P>0.05),但显著低于其它3个处理组(P<0.05)。S4F8组半滑舌鳎幼鱼饲料转化率显著低于S12F24组(P<0.05),对照组饲料转化率低于S2F4组和S12F24组但没有显著差异(P>0.05)。对照组半滑舌鳎幼鱼的摄食率显著低于其它各组(P<0.05)。体成分组成中,蛋白含量随饥饿、投喂周期的延长而下降,S2F4组和对照组半滑舌鳎的蛋白含量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。S2F4组的耗氧率和排氨率均较低。对照组的摄食能显著高于其它各组(P<0.05),S2F4组的呼吸能占摄食能的比例显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,半滑舌鳎幼鱼在循环投喂模式下,具有较强的补偿生长能力,S2F4组具有完全补偿生长能力;在较长的周期性饥饿条件下,半滑舌鳎幼鱼体内的蛋白质含量会受到显著影响。     

Effects of starvation and feeding on blood chemistry,fatty acid composition and expression of vitellogenin and fatty acid-binding protein genes in female swimming crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Portunus trituberculatus</Emphasis> broodstock

Portunus trituberculatus broodstock were stocked in plastic tanks to evaluate the effects of starvation and feeding on gonadal development, blood chemistry, fatty acid composition, and expression of vitellogenin (Vtg) and fatty acid-binding protein genes (FABP) in females. Two treatments (starved and fed) were randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 90 swimming crab broodstock (approximately 230 ± 45 g). In the starved treatment, crabs were starved for 30 days, whereas in the fed treatment crabs were fed once a day with clams. The gonadosomatic index decreased significantly in starved crabs (P < 0.05), as did the serum glucose and cholesterol concentrations; conversely, the total protein concentration in serum significantly increased (P < 0.05). In the ovary, there was a significant relative decline of 18:0, 16:1n-7 and 20:1n-9 fatty acids and relative increases of 20:4n-6, 22:6n-3, 18:1n-9 and 20:5n-3 in starved crabs compared to fed crabs (P < 0.05). Relative expression of Vtg in the ovary decreased significantly in starved crabs (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in hepatopancreas Vtg expression between starved and fed crabs (P > 0.05). Starvation suppressed gonadal development in female swimming crab broodstock.     

Compensatory Growth of Juvenile Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus L., and Changes in Proximate Composition and Body Condition Indexes during Fasting and after Refeeding in Summer Season

Compensatory growth of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus L., and changes in proximate composition and body condition indexes of fish during fasting and after refeeding were investigated during the summer season. Groups of 25 fish each (initial body weight of 16 g) were randomly distributed into fifteen 180‐L flow‐through tanks. Fish were fed the experimental diet containing crude protein 46.9% and crude lipid 8.0% with estimated energy level of 14.6 kJ/g diet for 6 d/wk. Five treatments in triplicate were prepared for this study: C, S1, S2, S3, and S4. Fish in the control group (C) were hand‐fed to apparent satiation twice daily. Fish in treatments S1, S2, S3, and S4 experienced 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk of starvation and were then hand‐fed to apparent satiation twice daily during the remaining 7, 6, 5, and 4 wk of the experiment, respectively. A group of starved fish in the similar size was stocked and fasted throughout the 8‐wk feeding trial for chemical and blood analysis. The feeding trial lasted for 8 wk. Weight of fish linearly decreased with week of starvation (P < 0.0001). Linear relationship between condition factor (CF) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) against week of starvation was observed in the starved group of fish. Survival was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by feeding strategy. However, weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of olive flounder in C, S1, and S2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of fish in S3 and S4. The poorest weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) were obtained in fish of S4. Feed consumption of olive flounder in C, S1, and S2 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of fish in S3 and S4. Feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and protein retention of olive flounder in C and S1 were not significantly (P > 0.05) different from those of fish in S2 but significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of fish in S3 and S4. Hematocrit, CF, and HSI of olive flounder were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by feeding strategy. Chemical composition of fish was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by feeding strategy. In considering these results, it can be concluded that juvenile olive flounder have the ability to fully compensate for 2‐wk feed deprivation during the summer season. Besides, feed efficiency in fish fed for 7 and 6 wk after 1‐ and 2‐wk feed deprivation was comparable to that in fish fed for 8 wk.     

Combined Effects of Cycled Starvation and Feeding Frequency on Growth and Oxygen Consumption of Gilthead Sea Bream,Sparus aurata

Triplicate groups of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata (10.4 g), were distributed among 27 tanks (12 fish per tank) and reared in flow‐through seawater. A factorial experiment (3 × 3) was designed to include a continuously fed control group and two cycled starvation groups: 1 + 3 (starved 1 d, fed 3 d), 1 + 5 (starved 1 d, fed 5 d). Each of the feeding groups was subjected to one of three feeding frequencies (2, 4, and 6 times per day) over the 60‐d experiment duration. The average final weight of fish in 1 + 3 and 1 + 5 groups were significantly lower than that of the control group. Partial compensation was observed in the starved groups subjected to any of the three feeding frequencies. Regardless of the feeding frequency, control fish consumed less feed than the starved groups. The highest body protein content was found in the control group. The rate of oxygen consumption significantly increased 30 min after the feeding and the magnitude of the effect increased with the feeding frequency. These results suggest that the present cycling starvation schedules did not invoke a full compensation in gilthead sea bream.     

Compensatory growth response of Sparus aurata following different starvation and refeeding protocols

A feeding trial evaluated the influences of different cycles of starvation and refeeding protocols for 7 weeks on growth and feed intake in 14‐g gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata. Following 7 weeks of alternated cycles, all the groups were fed to apparent satiation for a further 3 weeks. Three groups of fish were fasted for 2, 4 or 7 days (S2, S4 and S7, respectively) and then refed until their relative feed intake differed by less than 20% of fed controls until the end of the week 7, while a fourth group (S7/Rf14) experienced three cycles, each consisting of 1 week of food deprivation followed by 2 weeks of satiation feeding. Control (C) fish were fed to satiation throughout the trial. The fish were fed a sea bream diet (450 g kg^?1 crude protein) according to the protocols, twice a day for 7 weeks. Growth performance and feed intake in continuously fed control group were significantly higher than those of the deprived groups (S2, S4, S7 and S7/Rf14) (P < 0.05). Weight gain highly correlated with total feed intake (R² = 94), and feed efficiency was the highest in the control group than other deprived groups (P < 0.05). The juveniles of gilthead sea bream demonstrated only a partial compensation during the cycling period and even after being fed to satiation for another 3 weeks. The convergence of growth trajectories and subsequent hyperphagic responses of the groups fed according to protocols are discussed in terms of possible costs of compensatory growth.     

<Superscript>1</Superscript>H-NMR metabolite profiling of abalone digestive gland in response to short-term starvation

The effect of a short-term feeding and starvation experiment on juvenile abalone (Haliotis rubra × H. laevigata) was investigated (average length = 67 mm; average weight = 48 g). All aquaculture experiments were conducted at The University of Melbourne, Australia. Artificial feed was supplied ad libitum to the fed group, and no feed was supplied to the starved group. A modified metabolite extraction protocol using deuterated solvents was developed for ¹H-NMR-based metabolite profiling of digestive gland in response to the short-term feeding/starvation experiment, to avoid lyophilisation prior to biochemical analysis. PLS-DA revealed that fed and starved abalone are metabolically distinct from each other after 28 and 56 days. After 28 days, the fed group was defined by an increase in arginine, glucose, glutamate, glycine, inosine and uracil (P < 0.05), and the starved group was defined by an increase in N,N-dimethylglycine. After 56 days, the fed group still displayed increased glucose (P < 0.05), while N,N-dimethylglycine remained elevated in the starved group (P < 0.05). Arginine and glycogen were all higher at 28 days compared to 56 days, suggesting decreased anaerobic energy production at the later time point. Only glucose and N,N-dimethylglycine were significantly different between the fed and starved groups after 56 days, suggesting that abalone had not acclimatised to the starvation treatment after 28 days. These results infer N,N-dimethylglycine is a robust marker for short-term starvation in abalone. ¹H-NMR was also conducted on the artificial feed and starved abalone faecal matter, revealing the biochemical differences between them and digestive gland tissue. These methodology and results will facilitate a deeper understanding of the nutritional and physiological requirements of abalone in an aquaculture setting.     

Effect of cyclical feeding on compensatory growth,nitrogen and phosphorus budgets in juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

This study assessed the effect of cyclical feeding on compensatory growth, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) budgets of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. A 36‐day growth trial was performed with four different feeding protocols. The control group (S0) was fed to satiation twice every day during the whole experimental period; treatment groups S1, S2 and S3 were fed by the 9, 5 and 3 cycles of 1:3, 2:5 and 3:9 (fasting days:feeding days) respectively. Fasting in S1, S2 and S3 groups did not change the specific growth rate in wet weight (SGR_w), but the feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in comparison with control. The N and P consumed per unit wet weight gain of shrimp in S1, S2, S3 groups were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than control group by 15.39%, 15.96%, 19.33% for N, and 15.16%, 15.98%, 19.26% for P respectively. The total discharge of N and P (including N and P discharged by faeces (F_N/P), non‐faecal excretions (U_N/P) and exuviations (E_N/P); ) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the experiment groups by 19.91–22.07% for N and 18.68–26.37% for P respectively. Overall, the results suggest that the L. vannamei can reach completely compensatory growth, and the total discharge of N and P per unit wet weight gain of L. vannamei significantly decreased by cyclical feeding, which could have a positive effect on the reduced of environmental N and P loading due to the cultured of L. vannamei.     

Compensatory Growth of Olive Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus,Fed the Extruded Pellet with Different Feeding Regimes

This study was performed to determine compensatory growth of juvenile olive flounder fed the extruded pellet (EP) with different feeding regimes. Seven treatments with triplicates of different feeding regimes were prepared; α fish was daily fed for 6 d a week throughout 8 wk (8WF); α fish was starved for 1 wk and then fed for 3 wk twice [(1WS + 3WF) × 2]; β fish was starved for 2 wk and then fed for 6 wk (2WS + 6WF); χ fish was starved for 5 d and then fed for 9 d four times [(5DS + 9DF) × 4]; δ fish was starved for 10 d and then fed for 18 d twice [(10DS + 18DF) × 2]; δ fish was starved for 2 d, fed for 5 d, starved for 3 d, and then fed for 4 d four times [(2DS + 5DF + 3DS + 4DF) × 4]; and φ fish was starved for 4 d, fed for 10 d, starved for 6 d, and then fed for 8 d twice [(4DS + 10DF + 6DS + 8DF) × 2], respectively. Total feeding day was all same, 36 d except for control group (48 d). Weight gain of flounder in the 8WF treatment was higher than that of fish in other treatments. And weight gain of flounder in the 2WS + 6WF treatment was higher than that of fish in the (5DS + 9DF) × 4 and (4DS + 10DF + 6DS + 8DF) × 2 treatments. Feed consumption of flounder in the 8WF treatment was higher than that of fish experienced feed deprivation. Feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein retention (PR) were not significantly different among treatments. Chemical composition of the whole body of fish with and without liver, except for moisture content of liver, was not different among treatments. T₃ level of fish in the 8WF and 2WS + 6WF treatments was higher than that of fish in the (5DS + 9DF) × 4 treatment. It can be concluded that juvenile olive flounder achieved better compensatory growth at 6‐wk refeeding after 2‐wk feed deprivation compared with that of fish with different feeding regimes. And T₃ level of fish seemed to partially play an important role in achieving compensatory growth.     

Effect of feeding ratio on growth and body composition of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed extruded pellets during the summer season

The effect of feeding ratio on growth and body composition of juvenile olive flounder fed extruded pellets was determined during the summer season. Thirty juvenile olive flounder (initial body weight of 17 g) per tank were distributed into 21, 180-l flow-through tanks. Seven treatments that included triplicate groups of feeding ratio in 5% decrement were prepared for this study: 100% (satiation), 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75% and 70% of satiation. Fish in the control group were hand-fed to apparent satiation twice a day. Then feed allowance in the rest of the six groups was determined based on average feed consumption in the control group. The feeding trial lasted for 7 weeks. Survival was over 97% and was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by the feeding ratios. Weight gain and SGR of fish fed to 100% of satiation were not significantly different from those fed to 95% of satiation but significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of fish fed to 90%, 85%, 80%, 75% and 70% of satiation. Weight gain, SGR and feed consumption of flounder linearly (P < 0.001) decreased with a decrease in feeding ratio. However, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio and protein retention in fish body were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by the feeding ratio. The crude protein levels of the whole body without liver or liver were significantly affected by the feeding ratio. Hepatosomatic index and condition factor of fish were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by the feeding ratio. It can be concluded that optimum feeding ratio for growth of juvenile olive flounder could be lowered to 95% of satiation without growth suppression.     

Growth performance and biochemical composition of juvenile pearl oyster <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinctada martensii</Emphasis> fed on artificial diets

The effects of three artificial diets (S1, S2 and S3) on survival, growth and biochemical composition of one-year-old pearl oyster Pinctada martensii were investigated. Six experimental groups (EG1, EG2, EG3, EG4, EG5 and EG6) and one control group (CG) were set up. EG1, EG2 and EG3 were solely fed on S1, S2 and S3, respectively. EG4, EG5 and EG6 were fed on mixed diets, as follows: S1 and Platymonas subcordiformis; S2 and P. subcordiformis; and S3 and P. subcordiformis, respectively. CG was fed on only P. subcordiformis. All groups were continuously fed for 60 days. Survival, growth and biochemical composition of soft tissues were compared across the groups. Results showed that survival rate, the absolute growth rate (AGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) of shell length did not differ significantly across the groups (p > 0.05). The AGR and RGR of total weight differed significantly among the groups (p < 0.05). AGR and RGR of shell length and total weight were the highest in EG5 and the lowest in EG1. Gross fat content showed insignificant differences among the groups (p > 0.05). However, gross protein content and ash content showed significant differences across the groups (p < 0.05). The gross protein of the groups solely fed on artificial diets was lower than those of the groups fed on mixtures of artificial diets and microalgae or single microalgae. The contents of other amino acids, total amino acids (TAAs) and essential amino acids (EAAs) showed significant differences across the groups (p < 0.05). TAA, EAA and delicious amino acids of the groups fed solely on artificial diets were lower than those of the groups fed on mixtures of artificial diets and microalgae or single microalgae. Results indicated that the artificial diet (S2) can serve as substitutes of microalgal diets for P. martensii.     

Evaluation of mixed feeding schedules with respect to compensatory growth and body composition in African catfish Clarias gariepinus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted in a recycling water system at 28 ± 1 °C to investigate compensatory growth and body composition in African catfish Clarias gariepinus (13.05 ± 0.05 g). A fishmeal‐based diet containing 350 g kg^?1 protein and 17.5 kJ g^?1 gross energy was fed to triplicate groups of 20 fish (per 30‐L tank). Fish were fed the diet either to satiation or feed restricted in six feeding schedules as satiation 56 days; restricted 28 days + satiation 28 days; restricted 14 days + satiation 14 days; restricted 7 days +satiation 7 days; restricted 3 days + satiation 4 days; and restricted 2 days + satiation 2 days. The restricted regime was achieved by offering fish 1% (maintenance ration) of their body weight per day adjusted after fortnightly weighing. African catfish showed partial compensatory growth under alternating periods of feed restriction and satiation feeding with significantly different values (P < 0.05) from fish fed in satiation throughout. However, significantly indifferent (P > 0.05) values of feed, protein, lipid and energy utilization were found under alternating periods of feed restriction and satiation feeding. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) feed intake was observed in treatment with satiation throughout than those in other treatments. All the feeding schedules showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) on body composition, organ indices, eviscerated carcass composition, viscera lipid and liver lipid. These studies reveals that C. gariepinus showed partial compensatory growth responses at alternating periods of restricted and satiation feeding.