阿根廷滑柔鱼夏季产卵种群繁殖力及其卵母细胞的生长模式

根据2012年12月~2013年3月渔汛期间我国鱿钓渔船在西南大西洋公海海域作业时采集的阿根廷滑柔鱼(Illex argentinus)夏季产卵种群样本,选取19 ind胴长180~266 mm、体质量90~283 g样本的卵巢和输卵管,进行繁殖力及其卵母细胞生长模式的分析研究。结果表明,阿根廷滑柔鱼夏季产卵种群潜在繁殖力为25.38×103~134.77×103cell卵母细胞,生理性发育期和性腺成熟期个体潜在繁殖力大小基本一致。输卵管载卵量性腺成熟期时为潜在繁殖力的4.04%~24.75%,产卵繁殖期时为潜在繁殖力的3.27%~30.10%。潜在繁殖力与胴长呈幂函数关系,相对繁殖力和潜在繁殖投入指数与胴长没有显著的相关关系。卵巢卵母细胞长径0.08~1.81 mm,输卵管成熟卵子长径0.94~1.68 mm。生理性发育期和性腺成熟期,卵巢卵母细胞呈双峰值区间分布,峰值区间分别为0.45~0.65 mm和0.95~1.35 mm(或0.55~0.75 mm和1.15~1.45 mm)。产卵繁殖期,卵巢卵母细胞呈单峰值区间分布,峰值区间为0.45~0.65 mm。研究表明,阿根廷滑柔鱼夏季产卵种群卵巢卵母细胞发育为批次同步成熟模式,每次排卵后潜在繁殖力及其排卵量逐渐减少。     

西南大西洋公海阿根廷滑柔鱼渔业生物学初探

根据2012年1-4月西南大西洋公海鱿钓渔船随机采集的666尾阿根廷滑柔鱼样本,对其鱿钓渔获的群体组成、形态特征、雌雄性比、缠卵腺及性腺发育等渔业生物学进行分析。结果显示：调查期间鱿钓渔业阿根廷滑柔鱼渔获群体胴长为91～351 mm,呈双峰分布,雌、雄性平均胴长分别为243.6 mm 和214.5 mm,雌性个体显著大于雄性;雌雄性比为1.26：1,以雌性个体为主;雌性群体性成熟以Ⅱ期为主（57.9%）,Ⅲ期以上个体为42.1%;雌性性成熟度、缠卵腺发育程度与个体大小密切相关,进一步研究认为缠卵腺长与其重量存在幂函数关系,且雌性性成熟个体缠卵腺指数明显大于未成熟个体;雄性个体性腺随着个体生长逐步发育。根据个体大小和性成熟状况推测,调查期间捕获的阿根廷滑柔鱼群体以南巴塔哥尼亚种群（ SPS）为主,混有少量的夏季产卵（ SSS）群体。     

东太平洋赤道海域茎柔鱼体征生长及生殖投入

现生头足类的性腺发育滞后于个体生长,研究其生殖投入方式对于掌握它们的生长发育过程有着重要的意义。为此,本实验利用形态学和残差指标分析方法,对东太平洋赤道海域茎柔鱼的体征生长及其生殖投入进行了分析。结果显示,雌、雄个体均为匀速生长,雌性个体性腺成熟的最小胴长和最小体质量分别为270 mm和766 g,雄性个体性腺成熟的最小胴长和最小体质量分别为270 mm和479 g。雌、雄个体的空胃率低,摄食等级以1～2级为主;随着月份推移,个体的体征质量逐步趋好,在性腺发育阶段最差。雌性成熟个体的性腺指数平均值为2.26%±1.33%,缠卵腺指数平均值为34.34%±18.62%;雄性成熟个体的性腺指数平均值为1.31%±0.35%。雌、雄个体二者的体征指标与生殖投入指标均呈显著的正相关关系;随着性腺发育,体征指标和生殖投入指标呈下降趋势;随着胃饱满度等级增加,体征指标呈下降趋势,生殖投入指标则呈上升趋势。研究表明,茎柔鱼在性腺发育过程中持续摄食生长,生殖投入倾向于外源性,肌肉组织存储能量部分转化以满足生殖发育所需。     

阿根廷滑柔鱼生长发育和生殖投入的研究现状与展望

为系统地了解阿根廷滑柔鱼(Illex argentinus)的生活史策略,对其生长发育及生殖投入策略进行概述。阿根廷滑柔鱼生命周期短,其中70%左右的时间处于生长期。雄性个体性腺发育早于雌性,雌性和雄性个体的性腺发育及繁殖产卵时间占生命周期的10%～20%。雌性配子发生的主要特征为滤泡向内折入卵母细胞和卵黄物质积累,卵母细胞批次成熟、批次排入输卵管,产卵策略为间歇性终端产卵型。雄性配子发生的主要特征为精荚腺组装精荚,成熟精荚存储于尼氏囊中。肌肉组织是最大的能量积累器官;性腺组织在生理性发育开始后迅速积累能量,在功能性成熟时达到能量积累最大值。生殖投入策略为收入-资本混合型,能量投入来源以性腺发育过程中现场的食物摄食转化为主,在生理性发育期和繁殖产卵期转化部分肌肉组织存储能量为辅。海水温度和叶绿素浓度是影响能量积累和生殖投入的重要环境因子。生态学、生物气候学和生物地球化学等多学科的交叉融合,有利于深入开展阿根廷滑柔鱼生长发育和生殖投入策略的研究,研究结果可为促进阿根廷滑柔鱼资源开发利用的可持续发展提供参考。     

东太平洋赤道海域茎柔鱼主要生物学特性比较研究

根据中国远洋鱿钓船于2018年2—4月在东太平洋赤道(110°W～114°W、2°40'S～2°N)作业期间现场取样的1200尾茎柔鱼(Dosidicusgigas)样本进行研究,利用频率分布法分析了2—4月胴长、体重、性腺成熟度和摄食等级的分布,并通过拟合求出了胴长-体重的关系和初次性成熟胴长。根据采样海域的遥感温度,讨论了茎柔鱼不同月份雌雄个体生长的差异。结果显示, 2—4月雄性茎柔鱼优势胴长依次为26～28 cm (19.33%)、30～32 cm (26.46%)、28～30 cm (31.82%),雌性分别为24～26 cm (16.8%)、28～30 cm (24.95%)、26～28 cm (21.79%); 2—4月雌雄茎柔鱼优势体重均依次为400～600 g (28%、20.67%)、600～800 g (29.14%、28.25%)、600～800 g (25.64%、31.82%)。协方差表明3月雌性茎柔鱼与同月雄性茎柔鱼以及2月、4月的雌性茎柔鱼生长模式均存在显著性差异(P_30.01, P_(2-3)0.01,P_(3-4)0.05)。2—4月雌、雄性茎柔鱼摄食等级均以1～2级为主,高摄食等级占比逐月降低。雄性茎柔鱼性腺发育均以Ⅱ期为主,性成熟比例逐月升高,初次性成熟胴长为32.72cm;雌性性腺发育缓慢,各月发育均以Ⅰ期为主,未成熟比例占97%以上,茎柔鱼胴长和体重随性腺等级的提高呈逐级增长状态。综合判断雄性茎柔鱼性成熟比雌性早,性成熟雄性个体或因交配正在离开赤道海域开始向美洲沿岸洄游。     

西南大西洋巴塔哥尼亚枪乌贼的繁殖生物学特性

作为栖息水域最冷的枪乌贼科头足类,巴塔哥尼亚枪乌贼在西南大西洋生态系统中有着重要的生态作用,但迄今为止,关于该物种的繁殖生物学信息仍较有限。为此,本研究对巴塔哥尼亚枪乌贼的雌雄组成结构、性腺发育及其生殖投入等繁殖生物学特性进行了分析。结果显示,巴塔哥尼亚枪乌贼雌雄比例约为1.79∶1,基本接近雌雄比例1∶1假设。雌雄个体大小以单一峰值区间分布个体为主,雌雄个体之间的生长不存在显著性差异。雌性个体性腺指数为0.11~6.44,缠卵腺指数为10.74~36.51,二者密切相关;雄性个体性腺指数为0.29~5.75,精荚复合体指数为0.06~1.21,二者不存在统计学相关性。随着性腺发育,雌性个体的体征指标呈下降趋势,生殖投入指标呈上升趋势;雄性个体的体征指标随着性腺发育略呈上升趋势,生殖投入指标则下降并处于较差状态。雌雄个体的体征指标与生殖投入指标均呈负相关关系,但是均不存在显著的相关性。研究表明巴塔哥尼亚枪乌贼生殖能量投入以外源性为主,繁殖策略倾向于间歇性产卵。     

阿根廷滑柔鱼雄性成熟个体的体征和生殖投入

为深入全面地认识阿根廷滑柔鱼(Illex argentinus)的繁殖策略,本研究选取2018—2021年西南大西洋公海海域收集的阿根廷滑柔鱼雄性成熟个体样本,利用残差指标分析法计算体质量–胴长标准差作为个体的体征指标,并利用混合效应模型分析体征和性腺指数与栖息海域主要环境因子之间的关系。结果显示,阿根廷滑柔鱼雄性成熟个体的胴长为143~291 mm,体质量为89~559 g,体型以2020年的最大,2018年的最小。2018年和2020年成熟个体的体质量–胴长幂函数关系b值与匀速生长(b=3)存在显著性差异。体征以2020年的体征最好,2018年和2021年的体征较差;性腺指数则以2020年的最低, 2018年和2021年次之。体征与海表温度和叶绿素a质量浓度存在显著的相关关系,在海表温度为9.0~12.5 ℃时,体征随海表温度的增加呈下降趋势;在叶绿素a质量浓度为1 mg/m3左右,体征处于较佳状态。性腺指数仅与海表温度存在显著的相关关系,在海表温度为15 ℃左右处于较大值。以上结果表明,阿根廷滑柔鱼雄性成熟个体的体征与生殖投入存在权衡,海表温度对体征和生殖投入均有显著影响,且叶绿素a质量浓度也对体征产生显著影响。     

利用耳石微结构研究西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼的日龄、生长与种群结构

根据我国鱿钓船2007、2008和2010年在西南大西洋作业期间采集的3 462尾阿根廷滑柔鱼样本(其中2007年308尾、2008年262尾、2010年2 892尾),利用耳石微结构研究了西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼的日龄、生长和种群结构。结果表明,阿根廷滑柔鱼生命周期大约为1年,渔获物主要由冬生群(6—7月)和秋生群(3—5月)组成,不同年份捕捞群体有差异。不同产卵群体、不同性别的阿根廷滑柔鱼胴长和体质量生长均存在显著性差异。冬生群,雌、雄个体胴长的生长方程分别用指数和线性函数来拟合为最适,体质量生长方程则分别用幂函数和指数函数来拟合最适;秋生群,雌、雄个体的胴长生长方程分别用指数和对数函数拟合为最适,体质量生长方程分别用指数和对数函数拟合为最适。随着日龄增加,阿根廷滑柔鱼胴长和体质量相对生长呈现下降趋势,绝对生长率则呈增加趋势,同一日龄段内,雌性个体的胴长与体质量生长率都稍大于雄性个体生长率。     

南海鸢乌贼微型群雌性个体繁殖力研究

根据2017年灯光罩网船在南海海域采集的鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)微型群雌性样本，进行繁殖力特性的测定分析。结果显示，南海鸢乌贼微型群雌性个体潜在繁殖力为1218~32843 cell，卵巢卵母细胞数为1178~30397 cell，输卵管成熟卵子数为113~2904 cell。相对繁殖力为48.93~842.12 cell/g，总体潜在繁殖投入指数为0.005~0.213。潜在繁殖力与胴长呈幂函数关系，与体重呈线性相关关系。相对繁殖力与胴长呈指数函数关系，与体重呈线性相关关系。潜在繁殖投入指数与胴长和体重均呈线性相关关系。产卵繁殖期，雌性个体的分批繁殖力为1895~2904 cell，产卵批次为6~15，平均值为9.87±4.36。卵巢卵母细胞的卵径范围为0.17~0.99 mm，均值为(0.51±0.14) mm，不同性腺成熟度之间的卵径存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。Ⅲ~Ⅵ期的卵巢卵母细胞卵径大小均呈单峰值区间分布，随性腺发育峰值区间呈前移趋势，Ⅲ~Ⅳ期时峰值区间为0.35~0.60 mm，Ⅴ~Ⅵ期为0.40~0.75 mm。输卵管成熟卵子的卵径为0.50~ 1.08 mm。研究表明，南海鸢乌贼微型群雌性个体繁殖力随个体生长发育呈增长趋势，卵巢卵母细胞为批次发育成熟，产卵活动为分批次产卵。     

阿根廷滑柔鱼雌性个体肌肉和性腺组织能量积累及其生殖投入

利用组织能量密度测定技术和残差指标分析方法,分析了阿根廷滑柔鱼雌性个体肌肉组织和性腺组织的能量积累及其分配规律。结果显示,足腕、胴体、卵巢、缠卵腺和输卵管复合体等组织的能量密度平均值分别为(22.75±0.60)、(23.42±0.68)、(25.15±2.08)、(21.49±1.46)和(25.12±3.02)k J/g。不同性腺成熟度等级,足腕、胴体和缠卵腺等组织的能量密度均不存在显著性差异,卵巢和输卵管复合体等组织的能量密度则差异显著。足腕、胴体等肌肉组织能量在性腺成熟度III期时达到最大值,卵巢、缠卵腺和输卵管复合体等性腺组织在I~III期时的能量积累缓慢,随后能量积累增长迅速,在生理性成熟后期(V期)或功能性成熟期(VI期)时达到最大值。随着性腺生长发育,肌肉组织能量占比逐渐下降,性腺组织能量占比逐渐增加。在性腺成熟度III~V期时,雌性个体肌肉组织能量部分转化用于性腺组织的生长发育,但这种生殖投入方式不影响肌肉组织的完整性。研究表明,阿根廷滑柔鱼生殖投入以外源性为主,但发育过程中肌肉组织存储能量部分转化以满足性腺发育对能量的需求。     

Reproductive biology of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sillago aeolus</Emphasis> in Okinawa Island,Japan

ABSTRACT:   A total of 414 fish (female, 59.3–275.0 mm and male, 61.0–220.0 mm standard length) were collected from December 2000 to March 2002 around Okinawa Island, Japan, for the determination of sex, spawning season, maturity and fecundity. Monthly changes in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) exhibited similar trends for both sexes and the mean GSI maintained a high level between February and May. Furthermore, the percentage frequency of hydrated oocytes and the spermatozoic activity suggested that main spawning occurred between February and May. Some hydrated oocytes were found throughout the year, with a GSI value greater than 1.0, suggesting that sporadic spawning occurred. Length at first maturity was determined for females and males as 120 and 113 mm standard length, respectively. Almost 50% and 100% males were matured at the end of their 0 and 1 year of age group, respectively. In contrast, no females were found to be mature at 0+ age group, and almost 60% of females were mature at 1+ age group. At ages over 2 years, all males and females were found to be mature. Batch fecundity (BF) of 33 females was related to standard length, and the relationship between standard length and BF was expressed by the exponential equation: BF = 269.5e^0.020954SL.     

Reproductive biology of common silver biddy Gerres oyena in Okinawa Island of southern Japan

ABSTRACT:   Common silver biddy Gerres oyena were collected monthly between November 2002 and November 2005 in Okinawa Island of southern Japan. The seasonal reproductive cycle of this species was investigated using the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and through histological observation of gonads. Temporal variation in the GSI reflected gonadal development from histological observations; ovary development occurred from March to September and testes development occurred between March and August. Maximal development was observed in April and May in both sexes. While mean values for hepatosomatic and lipidosomatic indices decreased markedly in females relative to males during gonadal development, mean condition factors decreased with gonadal recrudescence in both sexes. The minimum standard length (SL) at sexual maturity was 89.7 mm for females and 81.4 mm for males and the size at which 50% of individuals were sexually mature was 104 and 92 mm SL in females and males, respectively. The power relationships of batch fecundity (BF) versus standard length (SL, mm) and body weight (BW, g) of females can be expressed as BF  = 46.7 × e^{1.64 SL} and BF  = 19 697 × e^{0.49 BW} , respectively.     

Seasonal distribution, age, growth, and reproductive biology of marbled sole Pleuronectes yokohamae in Tokyo Bay, Japan

ABSTRACT:   The seasonal distribution, age, growth and reproductive biology of marbled sole Pleuronectes yokohamae (Günther) from Tokyo Bay, Japan were studied. A clear seasonal distribution trend was observed, with P. yokohamae limited to the south of the bay in summer and expanding almost throughout the bay in other seasons. The formation and dynamics of hypoxic areas in the bay limited the northward distribution of P. yokohamae in summer. Age was determined by counting growth rings on otoliths; maximum ages were found to be 5 years for males and 6 years for females. The mean back-calculated length for females at each estimated age was greater than that for males. Growth of males and females was shown by the von Bertalanffy growth equations. Reproductive biology was studied on the basis of gonadosomatic indices and histological sections of gonads. The spawning season lasted from November to March, peaking in December and January. Sixty per cent of males at 1 year and all males ≥ 2 years had mature testes, whereas 6.7% of females at 1 year, 58.3% of females at 2 years, and all females ≥ 3 years had attained maturity.     

个体差异对西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼角质颚外部形态变化的影响

角质颚是头足类重要的硬组织,广泛用于头足类分类及资源量估算等研究中。根据2010年中国鱿钓船在西南大西洋海域采集的2 916对阿根廷滑柔鱼角质颚样本,对角质颚12项外部形态参数进行测量,根据主成分分析结果,以角质颚的上头盖长(UHL)、上脊突长(UCL)、上翼长(UWL)、下头盖长(LHL)、下脊突长(LCL)和下翼长(LWL)作为角质颚各区外部形态变化的特征指标,以头盖长和脊突长之比(HL/CL)、喙长和脊突长之比(RL/CL)、喙宽与脊突长之比(RW/CL)、侧壁长和脊突长之比(LWL/CL)、翼长和脊突长之比(WL/CL)分别作为角质颚各区外形变化的指标,利用方差分析(ANOVA)和最小显著差多重比较法(LSD)研究不同性别、性腺成熟度和胴长范围对角质颚各区生长和外形变化的影响。结果表明,不同性别间UHL、UCL、UWL、LHL、LCL和LWL的变化存在显著性差异,相同性别不同性腺成熟度、不同胴长范围内的UHL、UCL、UWL、LHL、LCL和LWL的变化均存在显著性差异,而不同性别、不同性腺成熟度和不同胴长范围间上、下颚的HL/CL、RL/CL、RW/CL、LWL/CL、WL/CL的变化不存在显著性差异,并且其值基本恒定,上、下颚分别为78.04%、22.46%、17.28%、81.41%、23.07%和50.69%、43.31%、41.13%、144.98%、93.68%。研究表明,不同个体对阿根廷滑柔鱼角质颚外部形态变化有显著的影响。     

Gametogenetic cycle and reproductive effort assessed by two methods in 3 age classes of Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, reared in Normandy

Two methods were used to estimate the reproductive output of female Pacific oysters reared in Normandy: histology with image analysis and ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) which allowed the quantification of egg protein. Condition indices, gonad area and gametogenetic stages of the oysters were determined in the entire population (males and females) between May and October 2005. All investigations were performed in 3 age classes: oysters in their first, second or third years (corresponding to spat, half-grown and market-sized oysters, respectively). Both quantitative histology and ELISA provided similar results in terms of reproductive effort (illustrated by the gonado-somatic index, GSI) except during the GSI drop, corresponding to spawning, which was less marked with the ELISA method. Growth depended on oyster age, the sex ratio was well balanced and the reproductive cycle was synchronized in all age classes. In the 3 age classes, most of the oysters were ripe and ready to spawn on August 8, and ten days after the post-spawning stage was observed in 40% of spat oysters and 70% of half-grown and market-sized bivalves. The major difference between age classes was observed in the reproductive investment, with spat having a lower reproductive output. For example, in males and females, the gonad area reached 78–79% in the median animal section at full maturity (August 8) in half-grown and marketable oysters while it attained only 59% in spat. At the same time, GSI in females was, respectively in spat and the 2 oldest age classes, 33% (quantitative histology)–36% (ELISA) and 55% (quantitative histology)–60% (ELISA). The mean assessed gonad weight and fecundities increased with the age of the oysters: 1.3 g and 12 million eggs, 7.8 g and 135 million eggs, and 11.5 g and 146 million eggs in spat, half-grown and market-sized oysters, respectively. Marked differences thus appear between 2 and 3-year-old oysters and spat. As early as their first reproductive cycle, the young oysters not only showed the reproductive features of the species in Normandy, but also a pronounced lower reproductive effort. This lower energy demand could explain their higher survival rate.     

Reproductive biology of ridgeback shrimp Solenocera choprai (Decapoda, Penaeoidea, Solenoceridae) off Mangalore coast, south India

Abstract:   The ridgeback shrimp Solenocera choprai has emerged as one of the important commercial species in 60–100 m depth zone off Karnataka coast, India, since 1993. Studies were conducted on S. choprai to understand its reproductive biology which can help in formulating policies for management of the species. The diagnostic features of reproductive morphology of the species were studied and illustrated in detail. Based on the coloration and size of the ovary and ova diameter variations, five stages of maturity in female S. choprai were identified. The mature ova are fully yolked with diameters between 0.24 and 0.35 mm. Size at maturity (50%) has been estimated at 54.5 and 66.5 mm total length (TL) in males and females, respectively. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) showed an increasing trend according to the advancement of maturity of the ovary, and monthly mean GSI showed a positive correlation with monthly percentage of spawners. Solenocera choprai was found to be a continuous breeder with two peaks: a major peak in November and another extended peak during January–February. The estimated numbers of ova in the mature ovary were 38 532 and 133 689 in shrimps measuring 80 and 110 mm TL, respectively. A sigmoidal increase in the female-to-male sex ratio with increase in size was noticed in the species. A χ ²-test showed that the annual distribution of females and males is not significantly different from a 1:1 ratio at the 1% level.