Analyzing Production Feasibility and Market Potential For Florida Aquaculture Catfish Products

A spatiotemporal linear programming model (GAMS) was constructed to simulate the catfish production and marketing system in the U.S. in order to study the economic feasibility of Florida entering the aquaculture catfish industry. Evaluation of base model results and sensitivity analysis were used to identify constraints to the potential expansion of the catfish industry in Florida. Results indicated production and processing costs were more important in determining the locus of production and processing than were processing capacity, storage costs and capacity, and transportation costs. Thus, existing industry geographic concentration is likely to continue, but small new processing plants could develop proximate markets for fresh product.     

Aquaculture pond temperature modeling

The prediction of aquaculture pond temperatures throughout the year is essential to the design and evaluation of potential aquaculture sites. A site may obtain the necessary heat inputs from the sun, geothermal wells or industrial and power plant waste heat. The amount of heat addition necessary is dependent upon climatic and environmental factors at the site.The MAPT (Maintenance of Aquaculture Pond Temperatures) model was developed to determine the potential for warm water aquaculture at any site in the world. Hot water sources and solar radiation provided the heat inputs to the model while the heats of evaporation, convection and radiation were responsible for the heat losses.The model was used to consider a variety of heat loss reduction methods, heat transfer methods and projected the pond temperatures and animal production rates. It has been applied to several sites around the world and provides an inexpensive means for evaluation of production potential without extensive site data collection.     

中国海带养殖向离岸深水区发展的初步探讨

海带(Saccharina japonica)是我国重要的经济海藻之一,我国海带养殖业已形成了完整的技术链条和产业链条。近年来,在内外因素双重驱动下,我国海带养殖业呈现出向离岸深水区发展的趋势。本文围绕海带离岸养殖,介绍海带近岸养殖和离岸养殖的概念,对比分析海带近岸养殖和离岸养殖的优劣势,探讨海带离岸养殖发展的动因,总结海带离岸养殖发展的现状与问题,为海带离岸养殖发展提出建议和对策,以期为海带养殖产业的健康、可持续发展提供新思路、新理念。     

池塘循环水生态养殖效果分析

用多种生物修复技术结合池塘工程改造手段,构建封闭型池塘循环水生态养殖系统。养殖水体的水质指标监测结果表明,该循环系统对TN、TP、NH4+-N及CODMn的平均去除率分别达62.89%、60.24%、56.52%、47.81%,具有很好的净化效果,能够满足养殖用水的要求,在整个养殖过程中实现了养殖尾水零排放。该循环水养殖模式符合当前太湖保护的规划要求。     

East Meets West: An Eastern Perspective of Aquaculture 1

The East or perhaps a better term, Asia, is both a major producer and consumer of aquacultural products. Yet with a long history in the field of aquaculture, most countries have made little or no progress in the techniques and methods applied in this field. The Asian needs for aquaculture are also more basic in that aquaculture provides a cheap source of protein for the malnourished and undernourished populations. Development may be significantly affected by the wide income gap existing in these countries, by inequalities in educational quality and opportunity, and by social factors such as religion, taboos, or tradition. But on the whole, a better life for many of Asia's people may possibly be found in the development of its aquaculture potential.     

Aquaculture Techniques for Crappie,Pomoxis spp., Culture

Extensive crappie, Pomoxis spp., culture has been practiced for decades, however, knowledge of crappie aquaculture methods is limited. The following review synthesizes existing research on crappie aquaculture and identifies knowledge gaps where further research is needed. Topics such as life history, tank culture, feeding, reproduction and spawning, larval rearing, transport and harvest, triploidy, hybridization, and out‐of‐season spawning were reviewed. The outcome is a better understanding of hindrances preventing crappie aquaculture development in the past, particularly tank culture and induced spawning techniques, and specific research objectives with potential to enhance recreational and commercial production.     

基于环境容纳量的区域性养殖容量评估

针对淡水养殖池塘养殖水体及周边水域水质日趋恶化的现状,为了保证水产养殖业的可持续发展,亟需开展养殖容量相关方面的研究,将主要养殖品种面积和密度控制在最佳的范围内。以浙江南浔区为研究区域,通过调查该区域水环境现状和6种主要养殖模式养殖特点,计算了该区域水体总磷的环境容纳量,再根据单位养殖模式排污量初步评估了该区域主要养殖品种的养殖容量。结果显示:(1)南浔区水环境的磷为限制因子;(2)常规鱼、大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)、乌鳢(Ophiocephalus argus)、翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)、中华鳖(Trionyx Sinensis)和青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)单位产磷量分别为0.26、0.70、0.73、0.17、0.33和0.22 g/kg;(3)在II类水质前提下,常规鱼、大口黑鲈、乌鳢、翘嘴鲌、中华鳖、青鱼养殖塘可接受的最大磷负荷为7.38、5.79、2.36、1.82、1.51、2.52 t,其对应养殖容量分别为28 370、8 271、3 236、10 698、11 648、9 685 t;(4)养殖容量模型参数敏感性分析表明,磷滞留系数、换水系数和外河磷浓度敏感度系数分别为0.365、0.364和-0.271;区域养殖容量的合理评估可为生态渔业的发展提供科学依据。     

水产养殖病原微生物的分子检测

随着水产养殖集约化程度的提高,虾类、贝类和鱼类养殖业受到病原微生物的严重影响。因此如何快速准确预测和诊断水产动植物疾病,就成为当前水产养殖业十分重要而突出的问题。随着分子生物学技术的发展,以核酸杂交、PCR、DNA指纹和16SrRNA检测等为代表的分子生物学技术在水产养殖病原体检测中已有大量应用并显示出巨大的应用前景。     

THE FUTURE OF U.S. SEAFOOD SUPPLY

The United States today imports most of the seafood it consumes. Half of these imports are from aquaculture. Domestic wild capture production is limited and U.S. aquaculture production has declined in recent years. Policy, socioeconomic, and regulatory obstacles stand in the way of expanded U.S. aquaculture production. In this article, we examine the implications of two future paths for seafood supply: an increasing reliance on imports, and a shift toward increased domestic aquaculture production. We examine global trends, likely future developments in U.S. seafood demand and supply, and implications of the path of U.S. aquaculture development for U.S. seafood supply and prices, employment, ecological footprint, and seafood supply security and safety. We conclude with recommendations for a path forward that serves the interests of the nation and the global community in the search for economically sound and sustainable ways to feed a growing population.     

Aquaculture and international trade

Abstract

In contrast to the stabilization or decline of wild fishery harvests, aquaculture's contribution to the world fish supply is steadily increasing. Aquaculture has begun to have a major influence on the trade of export‐orientated species such as salmon and shrimp. This paper reviews the role of aquaculture in international trade and the research which has been conducted to examine its influence. Despite the growing significance of aquaculture on international trade, especially for shrimp and salmon, formal analysis of the shrimp trade is sparse, only moderate for salmon, and essentially nonexistent for other species. This paper also presents specific examples of how aquaculture has played an important role in international trade. These include an examination of: (1) the influence of shrimp aquaculture and trade on the development of a shrimp futures contract; and (2) the countervailing duty and antidumping case against the Norwegian farmed salmon industry.     

池塘养殖水体中土著反硝化细菌的分离与初步鉴定

池塘养殖水体水质恶化问题日益突出,尽管已有各种商品化微生态制剂,但水质净化修复效果始终未得到有效提高。通过采用定向分离、筛选、扩繁来自原生境的土著有益菌的方法进行生物修复,从而提高养殖废水的净化修复效果;该方法具有针对性强、效果佳、安全性高、成本低以及持续活性时间长、无二次污染等优点。2016年9月,从山西省运城黄河滩涂水产养殖主产区养殖中后期的池塘水体中定向分离筛选得到1株土著反硝化细菌,命名为YJ-1,使用奈氏试剂和格利斯试剂对其反硝化能力进行检测。结果显示,奈氏试剂显示黄色,格利斯试剂显示绛红色,说明在细菌培养24h后发酵液中产生了少部分的铵离子和较多的亚硝酸盐,菌落具有反硝化功能。经16SrDNA序列扩增与测定,片段长度为1 441bp。无根系统发育树分析显示,YJ-1与产酸克雷伯氏杆菌(Klebsiella oxytoca)的同源性最高,YJ-1的分离打破了现有微生态制剂成分大多数为各种商品菌的局势;在水产微生态制剂制备过程中定向加入土著反硝化细菌,可有效降低养殖水体中氨氮与亚硝酸盐含量、减少鱼体发病率;反硝化细菌在水产养殖水质净化、城市污水处理中具有较大的应用前景,本研究为其他土著有益菌的分离、筛选、鉴定及应用提供了可借鉴的思路。     

Aquaculture and its role in Integrated Coastal Zone Management

The workshop, Aquaculture and its role inIntegrated Coastal Zone Management held inOstende, Belgium in April 2001, aimed to provideinformation to help develop recommendations forwise management of aquaculture in coastal andmarine environments. This paper focuses on thetwo main objectives of the workshop, 1) to aidthe development of stronger interdisciplinarycommunication between the natural and socialsciences and to improve the utility ofavailable scientific information and knowledge;and 2) to promote new perspectives on thesustainable use of coastal areas and naturalresources. The paper also summarizes thedebates following each of the three workshopthematic sessions: aquaculture and ICZM;socio-economic and political dimensions;developing sustainable production systems; andidentifies the key recommendations that may beapplied to the formulation of policy onintegrated aquaculture management in coastaland marine environments.     

臭氧处理技术在工厂化水产养殖中的应用研究

臭氧消毒是工厂化水产养殖中水处理的关键技术之一。本文详细介绍了臭氧的物理、化学性质,论述了臭氧制造、水中溶解及水中溶解浓度的检测方法。结合国内外有关水产养殖水处理技术的研究成果与发展趋势,分析了臭氧在工厂化水产养殖水处理中的一些作用和应用特性。介绍了臭氧在工厂化水产养殖中消毒杀菌、氧化有机物、凝聚悬浮物、除臭与除色方面的作用,阐明了臭氧在工厂化水产养殖中的应用前景。     

COMPETITIVENESS OF U.S. AQUACULTURE WITHIN THE CURRENT U.S. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

Increased attention has been paid in recent years to both positive and negative effects of increasing numbers of regulations on businesses in the United States. The decline in U.S. aquaculture has been attributed in part to increasing volumes of imports and high feed prices. However, there is increasing concern that the U.S. regulatory environment, as compared to that of international competitors, may also have contributed to this decline. More than 1,300 laws apply to U.S. aquaculture and even though the majority has been issued by individual states and apply only to specific types of aquaculture businesses in that state, the cumulative regulatory burden has increased over time. Major compliance categories include: 1) environmental management; 2) food safety; 3) legal and labor standards; 4) interstate transport of aquatic products; 5) fish health; and 6) culture of commercially harvested species. A substantial portion of the regulatory burden is the managerial and labor time spent on compliance in addition to the direct cost increases. The streamlined one-stop process adopted in Norway appears to have allowed growth of aquaculture within a comprehensive regulatory framework, yet the lack of such a streamlined approach in the United States appears to have contributed to the decline of existing industries and to serve as a deterrent to investment in newly emerging technologies. Favorable regulatory environments in countries that export to the U.S. contrast sharply with the increasingly inefficient, cumbersome and/or restrictive U.S. environment. Such disparities have created competitive disadvantages for U.S. producers. Attention is needed by policy makers to search for streamlining mechanisms and by the scientific community to address the growing competitive disadvantage to U.S. aquaculture to respond to increased global demand for farmed seafood.     

Potential of New Strains of Marine and Inland Saline-Adapted Microalgae for Aquaculture

Several problems currently limit the reliability of algal cultivation systems for the production of aquaculture feeds. Many of these problems may be eventually solved through research in culture system design and operation. However, research into the isolation and development of new strains of microalgae may also directly lead to improved system performance.
Through a collection and screening program aimed at isolating microalgae tolerant to high light, high salinity, and high temperatures, we have been able to isolate several new strains with enhanced production potential (30-35 g/m²/d). The overall range of environmental tolerance exhibited by these strains may result in enhanced culture stability, leading to the high production rates.
The estimated costs of producing strains with these high production rates range from $1.18 to S1.71 per kg (unharvested), depending on the size of the production system. Total production costs for harvested algae (15% solids algal cell paste) range from $1.63 to $2.45 per kg. The major costs for producing harvested algae include the cost of CO₂, as well as capital and operating costs for the harvesting systems.     

The ecological role of bivalve shellfish aquaculture in the estuarine environment: A review with application to oyster and clam culture in West Coast (USA) estuaries

Aquaculture is viewed as a potential mechanism to meet the growing demand for seafood around the world. The future of bivalve shellfish aquaculture in the U.S. hinges on sustainable practices on the part of industry and a more consistent regulatory regime. Bivalve shellfish aquaculture is a recent practice relative to its history in other countries, beginning in the late 1800s along the U.S. West Coast where it is now well established with farm raised product utilizing land-based hatcheries and grow-out directly in numerous estuaries. Bivalve shellfish aquaculture can be viewed as a disturbance which modifies the estuarine system in three ways: 1) changes in material processes — bivalves process food and produce wastes; 2) addition of physical structure — aquaculture introduces the cultured organisms and in some cases a physical anchoring structure; and 3) pulse disturbances like harvest and bed maintenance disturb sediments, remove species in addition to the cultured organisms themselves, and change resource or habitat availability. In U.S. West Coast estuaries, water column and sediment nutrient concentrations are relatively high and influenced by large tidal exchange and proximity to deeper nearshore ocean waters where upwelling controls production during summer months. Bivalves are unlikely to influence material processes except at local bed scales in these systems, although estuary-wide effects could appear as the fraction of cultured area rises or in poorly flushed bays. Bivalve culture clearly modifies estuarine habitat at local community and at landscape scales and effects are most often evaluated against existing structured habitat in the form of submerged aquatic vegetation. Individual activities act as pulse disturbances and the recovery of eelgrass (Zostera marina) to pre-disturbance levels is variable (< 2 to > 5 years). The extent of disturbance depends on the aquaculture practice and the distribution of eelgrass reflects a balance of space competition, pulse disturbance and recovery, and is therefore at dynamic equilibrium on aquaculture beds. Structure provided by aquaculture appears functionally similar to eelgrass for small benthic infauna and mobile epibenthic fauna while use of aquaculture as habitat by larger more mobile invertebrates and fish depends on mobility and varies with life-history stage and taxon being evaluated. Scale seems a very important management consideration and further research at estuarine landscape scales, especially for habitat use by important invertebrates and fish, may prove useful in designing and implementing best management practices. Though local and short term effects from aquaculture are clearly evident in U.S. West Coast estuaries, bivalve aquaculture does not remove area from the estuary or degrade water quality like other anthropogenic influences, and thus has not been implicated in shifts to alternate states or reduced adaptive capacity of the larger ecological system.     

Assessing Potential for Aquaculture Development with a Geographic Information System

Comprehensive analyses of aquaculture potential are required for policy formulation and planning for aquaculture development. A computer-automated geographical information system (CIS) was assessed as a tool to analyze the complex spatial and attribute data sets needed to locate aquaculture potential. The state of Louisiana, USA, was the study area. Areas for the further development of catfish and crawfish culture and crawfish-rice and crawfish-grain sorghum double cropping were identified. The CIS showed that there were ample opportunities for the expansion of catfish farming on flatlands based on soil suitability and length of the growing season. Parishes in which crawfish are already raised occupy most of the best suited soils and include those with the longest growing seasons. The potential to further integrate crawfish with rice and with grain sorghum in double cropping systems was good. The results demonstrated that a GIS can be used to aid large-area aquacultural development planning.     

工厂化水产养殖中的水体参数监测和控制

在工厂化水产养殖中,有许多水体参数需要检测和控制。本文对使用物理手段准确控制的参数,即温度,溶解氧,pH值进行研究,说明控制的意义,提出控制方法,并建立组态工程,方便对重要参数进行在线监测和控制。     

《养殖水环境化学实验》的教学改革探讨

《养殖水环境化学实验》是水产养殖学专业的重要基础课程,具有比较强的应用性与实践性,为了增强学生学习的积极性、主动性和学习效果,拟对其进行教学改革。我们设计化学物质对水生生物毒性评估、水质调查与评估、养殖水体的水质调控以及水环境化学实验技能的灵活应用四个专题。在实验过程中培养学生的科学思维,锻炼动手操作、科研分析和解决问题的能力,为毕业后进一步深造或从事水产养殖工作奠定基础。     

工厂化水产养殖中的增氧技术

工厂化水产养殖密度大、水和土地资源利用率高、水质可净化而污染少,是应用工业化方式进行水产养殖的生产模式。高效合理的增氧方式可有效增加工厂化养殖中设施与设备的效能,提高生产效率,是工厂化水产养殖的关键技术之一。本文针对水产养殖发展的新变化、新特点,论述了国内外增氧装备的结构特点、增氧方式和效果,分析了增氧技术在发展过程中存在的问题,探讨了增氧技术在工厂化水产养殖中的应用方法和创新技术的发展趋势,为进一步提高增氧技术提供参考。