Effect of dietary protein levels and feeding rates on growth performance, production traits and body composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) cultured in concrete tanks

A 28‐week feeding trial was conducted in concrete tanks with Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) with an average initial weight and length of 61.9±6.03 (g fish^?1) and 17.6±0.45 (cm fish^?1), respectively, to examine the effect of two protein levels and three feeding levels (% body weight (BW) day^?1) on growth performance, production traits and body composition. Twelve 4‐m³ concrete tanks (2 × 2 × 1.25 m, long, width and height) were each stocked with 100 fish and fed diets containing either 25% or 30% crude protein at rates of 1%, 2% and 3% BW daily (2 × 3 factorial experiment). The results revealed that there was no significant increase in growth rate with increasing dietary protein levels, whereas there was significant increase in growth rate with increasing feeding levels (P≤0.05). The same trend was also observed for mean BW (g), mean body length (cm), production rate (kg m^?3), specific growth rate (SGR % day^?1), feed conversion ratio (FCR), condition factor (K) and survival rate (%). The best final mean BW (g), final mean body length (cm), SGR (% day^?1), FCR, K, production rate (kg m^?3) and survival rate (%) were recorded in groups of fish fed with 25% dietary protein at the 2% feeding level. Whole fish fat and energy contents were not significantly influenced (P>0.05) by protein levels and feeding levels. Protein and ash contents were significantly (P≤0.05) influenced by feeding level, but not by dietary protein level. Economic evaluation indicated that dietary protein 25% (diet A) at the 2% BW day^?1 feeding level was the most cost‐effective and affordable feed strategy for farmers. We conclude that a 25% protein diet fed at 2% BW day^?1 is recommended for adult Nile tilapia reared in concrete tanks.     

Evaluation of growth, feed utilization, and economics of hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus, fed diets containing different protein sources in combination with distillers dried grains with solubles

A feeding trial was conducted in aquaria with juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus) to evaluate the use of different protein sources in combination with distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Twelve 110‐L glass aquaria were stocked with 28 juvenile (2.7±0.5‐g) hybrid tilapia per aquarium. Three replicate aquaria were randomly assigned to each of the four dietary treatments. Diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The control diet contained 12% fish meal and 41% soybean meal as the primary protein sources (Diet 1). Each experimental diet contained 30% DDGS by weight, in combination with 8% fish meal and 34% soybean meal (Diet 2), 26% meat and bone meal (MBM), and 16% soybean meal (Diet 3), or 46% soybean meal alone (Diet 4). Fish were fed to apparent satiation twice a day for 10 weeks. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in average weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) among tilapia fed Diets 1, 2, and 3. Fish fed Diet 4 had significantly lower (P<0.05) average weight gain, SGR, and PER than fish fed Diets 1 and 3. Relative cost per unit weight gain for Diets 1, 2, and 3 were statistically similar (P>0.05), while cost per unit weight gain for Diet 4 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than other diets. Diet 3 represented approximately a 20% cost savings compared with the control diet, with no reduction in growth. This study indicates that diets without fish meal containing 30% DDGS in combination with MBM and soybean meal provide good growth in tilapia. A diet without animal protein did not support acceptable growth.     

Effects of the partial substitution of dietary fish meal by two types of soybean meals on the growth performance of juvenile Japanese seabass,Lateolabrax japonicus (Cuvier 1828)

The effect of partial substitution of dietary fish meal with a high‐value soybean meal (HVS) and a commercial soybean meal (CSM) on the growth performance in juvenile Japanese seabass (8.3±0.2 g body weight) was determined. Nine isonitrogenous (crude protein 44%) and isoenergetic (20 kJ g^?1) practical diets replacing 0 (the control), 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% fish meal protein by soybean meal protein (HVS or CSM) were formulated. Each diet was randomly assigned to four replicate cages (1.5 × 1.5 × 2.0 m). Fish were fed twice daily for 10 weeks. Growth was significantly reduced with increased soybean inclusion in fish fed both the soybean sources. Independent of the soybean source used, increased inclusion of soybean meal decreased the growth performance. When the substitution level was 45% or more in CSM and 60% in HVS, the specific growth rate (SGR) and the feed efficiency ratio (FER) were significantly lower compared with the control. These results indicated that CSM protein could substitute for 30% fish meal protein, while the substitution level of HVS protein could be 45%, which did not influence the growth of juvenile Japanese seabass. The higher substitution level for HVS compared with CSM was probably due to better nutritional values.     

Effect of Dietary Lipid Level and Feeding Frequency on the Growth,Feed Utilization,and Body Composition of Juvenile Spotted Seabass,Lateolabrax maculatus

A 6‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different dietary lipid levels and feeding frequencies on the growth performance, feed utilization, and body composition of juvenile spotted seabass, Lateolabrax maculatus. Two experimental diets were prepared with two different dietary lipid contents, low lipid (7%; LL) and high lipid (14%; HL). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish (5.5 ± 0.01 g) to apparent satiation at three meals per day, two meals per day, one meal per day, and one meal every 2 d, respectively, for 6 wk. Fish growth performance in terms of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly affected by frequency of feeding, with increasing values as feeding frequency increased up to twice daily, regardless of dietary lipid content. In addition, fish fed the diet with the HL level (14%) showed significantly higher WG and SGR than those fed the LL diet (7%) at all the feeding frequencies tested. Feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were affected by both dietary lipid level and feeding frequency. FE and PER values were significantly higher in fish fed the HL diet and/or when fish were fed twice or thrice a day. However, daily feed intake and daily energy intake were significantly affected only by feeding frequency and were significantly reduced when the fish were fed only once every 2 d compared with those fed more frequently. Whole‐body moisture content of fish tended to decrease with increasing dietary lipid level and frequency of feeding. In contrast, whole‐body lipid content increased in fish as dietary lipid level and feeding frequency increased. Consequently, we can conclude that feeding spotted seabass twice daily to apparent satiation is acceptable and sufficient to achieve good growth and FE, as fish performance was not significantly enhanced when feeding was increased from two to three times daily.     

Effects of Feeding Rate and Feeding Frequency on Survival, Growth, and Body Composition of Ayu Post-Larvae Plecoglossus altivelis

The effects of feeding rate and feeding frequency on survival, growth and body composition of ayu post‐larvae (0.15 g in body weight and 3.5 cm in total length) were investigated in this study. A factorial experimental design of two feeding rates (3 and 6% of body weight of fish per meal) five feeding frequencies (one meal in 2 d, one meal a day, two meals a day, four meals a day, and six meals a day) with three replicates was used. Survival of ayu post‐larvae was significantly (P 0.05) affected by feeding frequency but not by feeding rate. Survival of ayu improved linearly with feeding frequency at both feeding rates. Weight and length gains and specific growth rate (SGR) of ayu was significantly (P 0.05) affected by feeding frequency but not by feeding rate, with weight and length gains and SGR linearly elevated with increasing feeding frequency at both feeding rates. The greatest weight and length gains were observed in fish receiving six meals daily at both feeding rates; however, no significant difference in weight gain was observed among two, four, and six meals a day, or in length gain between four and six meals a day. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) was significantly (P 0.05) affected by both feeding rate and feeding frequency. FER linearly decreased with feeding frequency at both feeding rates or feeding rate in the same feeding frequency. When the total daily amount of feed supply was constant with various feeding frequencies at different feeding rates (one meal a day at 3% feeding rate and one meal in 2 d at 6% feeding rate, two meals a day at 3% feeding rate and one meal a day at 6% feeding rate, or four meals a day at 3% feeding rate and two meals a day at 6% feeding rate), improvement in survival, weight and length gains, and SGR was observed in fish with higher feeding frequency at lower feeding rate. Moisture, protein, and lipid content of fish were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by either feeding rate or feeding frequency. However, lipid content of ayu linearly increased with feeding frequency at 6% feeding rate. The highest body lipid content was observed in fish receiving six meals daily at both feeding rates. Ash content of fish was significantly (P 0.05) affected by feeding frequency but not by feeding rate. Based on performance of ayu, it can be concluded that optimum feeding rate and feeding frequency for ayu post‐larvae (an initial weight of 0.15 g) were 3% per meal and four meals a day, respectively, under these experimental conditions.     

Growth performance and feed utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and tilapia galilae Sarotherodon galilaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) fingerlings fed plant protein-based diets

This study was designed to determine the effect of complete substitution of fish meal (FM) by three plant protein sources including extruded soybean meal (SBM), extruded full‐fat soybean (FFSB) and corn gluten meal (CGM) on growth and feed utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and tilapia galilae Sarothrodon galilaeus. Four isonitrogenous of crude protein (ca. 28.0%) and isocaloric (ca. 19 MJ kg⁻¹) experimental diets were formulated. The control diet (diet 1) was prepared with FM as the main protein sources. Diets 2–4, each FM control diet, were completely substituted with SBM (diet 2), FFSB (diet 3) and CGM (diet 4). l ‐lysine and dl ‐methionine were added to plant protein diets to cover the nutritional requirements of tilapia. Each treatment was allocated to three net pens and fed for 17 weeks. Nile tilapia fed the control diet showed significantly higher (P≤0.05) values for final body weight (FBW), feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR), whereas fish fed the diet with CGM achieved the lowest values. Tilapia galilae fed SBM diet recorded the highest (P≤0.05) values for growth performance. Better feed conversion ratio (FCR) for both Oreochromis niloticus and Sarothrodon galilaeus was observed when fish were fed SBM diet, whereas the worse FCR was recorded for FFSB diet. Feed utilization parameters including protein productive value (PPV), fat retention (FR) and energy retention (ER) showed significant differences (P≤0.05) for both the species fed different dietary protein sources. The present results suggest that, for Nile tilapia, both SBM and FFSB supplemented with dl ‐methionine and l ‐lysine can completely replace dietary FM. Meanwhile, S. galilaeus fed SBM diet exhibited comparable growth and feed utilization with those fish fed a fish‐meal‐based diet.     

不同投喂频率下草鱼对5种非粮蛋白源利用效率的比较

采用双因素正交试验(3ｘ5)评估了草鱼在3种投喂频率下对豆粕(美国)、乙醇梭菌蛋白、黄粉虫、小球藻、棉籽蛋白粉的利用效率。以5种原料为单一蛋白源配制5种等氮等能饲料,在池塘网箱(1mｘ1.5mｘ1.5m)中,分别以投喂频率(2次/d、3次/d和4次/d)投喂初始体质量~80g的草鱼8周,考察草鱼的生长性能,全鱼和肌肉营养成分以及血清生化指标。研究结果表明：黄粉虫试验组(2次/d)草鱼表现出最低的生长性能;豆粕(4次/d)和乙醇梭菌蛋白(3次/d和4次/d)试验组草鱼表现出最高的生长性能;投喂频率与蛋白源对草鱼的末重,饲料系数,蛋白质效率和增重率有交互作用(P＜0.05)。除小球藻试验组,各试验组草鱼的终末体质量和蛋白质效率随着投喂频率的增加而增加。不考虑蛋白源,投喂频率为4次/d的草鱼生长性能显著高于2次/d。 不考虑投喂频率,黄粉虫和棉籽浓缩蛋白组的增重率和蛋白质效率显著低于豆粕、乙醇梭菌蛋白和小球藻三组(P＜0.05),饲料系数则表现出相反的趋势(P＜0.05)。不同的投喂频率下,五种蛋白源对草鱼的形体指标(肝体比、脏体比、肥满度)和全鱼和肌肉的基础营养成分均无显著影响(P＞0.05)。投喂频率对草鱼血清的碱性磷酸酶和葡萄糖有显著影响(P＜0.05),投喂2次/d的碱性磷酸酶的活性显著高于投喂3次/d和投喂4次/d(P＜0.05),投喂4次/d试验鱼的葡萄糖含量显著高于投喂2次/d和3次/d(P＜0.05)。黄粉虫试验组草鱼血清中的谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性显著高于豆粕组和小球藻组(P＜0.05)。本试验条件下,以生长性能为评价指标,草鱼适宜的投喂频率为3~4次/d,草鱼对五种蛋白源饲料的利用能力为：乙醇梭菌蛋白=豆粕=小球藻>棉籽浓缩蛋白>黄粉虫。     

Effect of totally or partially replacing fish meal by alternative protein sources on growth of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) reared in concrete tanks

A 12‐week feeding trial was carried out in concrete tanks to examine complete and partial replacement (75%) of fish meal (FM) with poultry by‐product meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM) and soybean meal (SBM) in practical feeds for African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight ranged from 90.33 to 93.93 g fish⁻¹) were fed seven isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets of 20% digestible protein and 300 kcal 100 g⁻¹ of digestible energy. The control contained 25% herring meal, whereas in the other six diets, PBM, MBM and SBM replaced 75% or 100% of the FM. Final body weight (FBW) and specific growth rate (SGR) of the fish fed diets containing PBM (75% and 100%), SBM (75% and 100%) and MBM (75%) were all higher, but not significantly different than those for fish fed the control diet. Replacing 100% of the FM by MBM significantly lowered FBW and SGR. Concerning whole body composition, there were no significant differences in ash and gross energy content of whole‐body among fish; fish fed diets containing PBM‐100% recorded significantly lower protein content compared with the control diet, while fish fed diet SBM‐100% recorded significantly lower moisture content compared with the control diet. Also fish fed diets SBM‐100% and PBM‐75% recorded higher lipid and gross energy contents compared with the control diet. The study revealed that satisfactory growth and feed utilization responses could be achieved through the replacement of FM by PBM, SBM and MBM in the diet of African catfish.     

Effect of replacing fishmeal and oil with simple or complex mixtures of vegetable ingredients in diets fed to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The effect of replacing fishmeal with simple or complex mixtures of plant proteins in tilapia diets was examined. Diet formulations were arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial design with two types of plant protein mixtures used to replace fishmeal (simple: soybean meal and maize gluten meal or complex: soybean meal, maize gluten meal, dehulled flax, pea protein concentrate and canola protein concentrate) and four levels of protein originating from fishmeal (1000 g kg^?1, 670 g kg^?1, 330 g kg^?1 and 0 g kg^?1). Diets contained equal digestible protein (380 g kg^?1) and digestible energy (17.6 MJ kg^?1). The average daily gains, specific growth rates and feed efficiencies of fish fed diets with 0 g kg^?1 fishmeal were significantly lower than fish fed diets with the 330 g kg^?1, 670 g kg^?1 or 1000 g kg^?1 fishmeal levels. Fish fed the complex diets had significantly higher average daily gains, specific growth rates, feed : gain ratios and protein efficiency ratios than those fed the simple diets. Intestinal villus length decreased with decreasing levels of fishmeal and increased with increased diet complexity but the effects were not significant. Replacement of fishmeal with a complex mixture of plant ingredients may allow a greater replacement of fishmeal in diets fed to Nile tilapia.     

Use of ideal protein concept for precision formulation of amino acid levels in fish-meal-free diets for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)

This study was undertaken in a closed system with Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to examine the effects of total replacement of fish meal (FM) by soybean meal. Nile tilapia fingerlings with an average weight of 5.34±0.08 g were hand‐fed one of the five isoenergetic (≈13.5 MJ digestible energy kg^?1) and isoproteic (≈31% of digestible protein) experimental diets to satiation, six times a day during 85 days in eight replicate fibreglass tanks (six fish per tank). The control diet containing FM was substituted by soybean meal, with and without essential amino acids (lysine, methionine and threonine) or dicalcium phosphate supplementation. The supplemental amino acids were added at levels to simulate the reference amino acid profile of Nile tilapia carcass protein, based on the ideal protein concept. The results showed that soybean meal diet supplemented only with dicalcium phosphate was inferior to the control diet with FM and soybean meal diets supplemented with dicalcium phosphate and essential amino acids. Multiple essential amino acids and dicalcium phosphate incorporation in soybean meal diets was associated with performance, whole‐body composition and carcass yield equal to that of the fish fed with the control diet containing FM. These data suggest that a diet with all plant protein source, supplemented with essential amino acids, based on tissue amino acid profile, can totally replace FM in a diet for Nile tilapia, without adverse effects on the growth performance, carcass yield and composition.     

Comparative study of growth performance of three strains of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, L. at two stocking densities

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of stocking density (125 or 200 fish m^?3) on the growth performance of three strains of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: the non‐improved strain (NS), the genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) and the Freshwater Aquaculture Center selected tilapia known as the FaST selected line (SL). Each strain and density combination was triplicated in 0.42 m³ fibreglass tanks within a re‐circulating water system. Water temperature was maintained at 29.0±1.0°C. Large Nile tilapia having a mean body weight of 100–110 g were stocked in each tank and hand‐fed four times daily with commercial tilapia pellets (35% protein) for 104 days. Results showed that at the two stocking densities, the GIFT and SL strains showed a significantly higher (P<0.05) mean weight (MWT), daily growth rate (DGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and gross yield (GY) than the NS. In all three strains, growth performance was negatively affected by stocking density. The lower density (125 fish m^?3) treatments had significantly higher MWT, DGR and SGR than the higher density one (200 fish m^?3). However, higher FCR and GY were observed at the higher density. Survival rates were high in all treatments and were not affected by strain or density. In general, the SL strain had better growth parameters than the GIFT strain. The findings of this study demonstrated the superior growth performance of the improved strains at both densities compared with the NS. The higher density (200 fish m^?3) could be more profitable for the tilapia farms in Kuwait than the lower density of (125 fish m^?3) in terms of reduced land cost and facilities, demand on the limited low‐salinity underground water and manpower.     

The effects of feeding frequency on growth of juvenile Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding frequency on growth of juvenile Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L. Fish (22–75 g) fed three (3 ×) or five times per day (5 × day^?1) under constant light and temperature (13±1°C) consumed significantly more feed than fish fed 1 × day^?1 but by the end of the experiment only fish fed 5 × day^?1 were heavier and had greater specific growth rates (SGR). Under simulated winter conditions (9L:15D, 5±1°C), halibut (～300 g) fed every other day consumed more feed, had a greater SGR and final weight compared with fish fed every third day. Feed conversion ratios were not different among treatment groups in any of the experiments. These results suggest that growth rates may be improved by feeding juvenile halibut more than 1 × day^?1.     

Soybean meal as a protein source in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) diets: effects on growth and nutrient utilization

The value of defatted soybean meal as a protein source for sea bream fingerlings (15.2±4.4 g on average) growing to market size (300–350 g) was evaluated by feeding extruded isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (46% protein and 22 MJ kg⁻¹) containing 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% soybean meal considering two phases. On day 87, the fish weight ranged between 66 and 81 g. The specific growth rate (SGR) of sea bream fed 50% soybean was lower (1.73% day⁻¹) than that of fish fed 20% (1.87% day⁻¹) and 30% (1.93% day⁻¹), but the food conversion ratio (FCR) was not significantly affected, and a quadratic significant trend was observed for the feed intake (FI) in relation to the dietary soybean level. At the end of the second phase on day 309, fish weight was between 303 and 349 g, but SGR and FCR were similar for all diets, and ranged between 0.64 and 0.69% day⁻¹, and 1.95 and 2.10% day⁻¹ respectively. The final biometric parameters were not affected by the diets, although the levels of some free amino acids in the muscle were affected. Sensory differences were detected by panellists in fish fed diet 20% as compared those fed diet 50%, which had a less marine flavour and was less juicy. The global growth results suggest the possibility of feeding sea bream weighing less than 80 g with 30% soybean meal, and for fish weighing more than 80 g, a 50% dietary soybean meal can be used until the fish reach commercial weight, with no negative effects on growth or feed efficiency. Nevertheless, when sensory analysis and economic aspects are considered, the maximum inclusion level of soybean was 20–22%.     

Fishmeal can be completely replaced by soy protein concentrate by increasing feeding frequency in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus GIFT strain) less than 2 g

An 8‐week growth trial was conducted to determine the effects of complete replacement of fishmeal protein by soy protein concentrate (SPC) on growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus GIFT strain) fry (initial body weight 1.6 ± 0.0 g). In control diet, 135 g kg^‐1 fishmeal was used, and in the other two diets, 100% of fishmeal was replaced by SPC supplemented with or without methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA) according to the content in FM diet. Fish of FM group were fed twice daily. Fish of SPC6 group were fed SPC diet six times daily. Fish of SPCM group were fed twice (SPCM2) or six times (SPCM6) daily. The results showed that complete replacement of fishmeal with SPC did not affect survival, condition factor, visceralsomatic index of Nile tilapia. Feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of fish in SPCM2 and SPC6 groups were higher than those in FM and SPCM6 groups. Specific growth rate (SGR) of fish in SPCM6 group was highest among four treatments. Productive protein value (PPV) of SPCM2 and SPC6 groups were significantly lower than that of FM group. Fishmeal could be completely replaced by SPC without negative effect on growth by MHA supplementation and increasing feeding frequency.     

Enhancement of Monosex Hybrid Red Tilapia,Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticusProduction in Portable Canvas Tanks Through Mixed-Feeding Strategies

Abstract

The viability of mixed-feeding schedules utilizing low-and high-protein diets for the production of monosex hybrid red tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticuswas evaluated. Male red tilapia juveniles (mean initial weight 16.8±0.08 g) stocked at a rate of 159 fish/m³ in canvas tanks (3.05m × 0.92m × 1.22m) were grown under five different feeding schedules for 24 weeks. Two schedules, using low (25%, A) and high (35%, B) dietary protein were designated as control. Three mixed-feeding schedules tested were: the feeding of 1 day of low protein diet followed by 3 days of high-protein diet (1A/3B); 2 days of low-protein diet followed by 3 days of high-protein diet (2A/3B); and 3 days of low-protein diet followed by 3 days of high-protein diet (3A/ 3B). Results showed that growth performance parameters, such as specific growth rate (% SGR), percent gain, and weight gain were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for fish maintained on the feeding schedule of 3A/3B. Similarly, the feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and protein retention values were also significantly better for fish grown under this schedule. In terms of production, the 3A/3B feeding schedule also resulted in the highest total yield (kg/m³) and yield above 250 g. The 3A/3B feeding schedule resulted in a 10.1% protein saving relative to Diet B. These results suggest that a 3A/3B feeding schedule be adopted for the best biological and economical performance of red tilapia.     

饲料蛋白质水平与投喂频率对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长及部分生理生化指标的影响

为探讨饲料蛋白质水平与投喂频率对罗非鱼生长及生理健康的影响,采用2×3双因子实验,研究饲料蛋白质水平(36.27%和26.02%)与投喂频率(1、2和3次/d)对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长、体成分、血清指标和肝胰脏结构的影响。养殖周期为42 d,结果表明:随饲料蛋白质水平的增加,实验鱼的末体质量(FW)、增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率(FE)、肥满度(CF)、去内脏全鱼灰分(EWA)、内脏水分(VM)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDLC)水平显著升高(P0.05),而摄食率(FI)、脏体比(VSI)、饲料成本(FC)、去内脏全鱼粗脂肪(EWF)、内脏粗脂肪(VF)、肝胰脏粗脂肪(HF)显著降低(P0.05);随投喂频率的增加,实验鱼的FW、WGR、SGR、肝体比(HSI)、CF、FC、EWF、VF、HF,血清中的总胆固醇水平(TCHO)、HDLC、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)、总蛋白(TP)、甘油三酯(TGK)水平显著升高(P0.05),而FE、蛋白质效率(PER)、去内脏全鱼水分(EWM)、EWA、VM、肝胰脏水分(HM)显著降低(P0.05)。饲料蛋白质水平和投喂频率对实验鱼的FW、WGR、SGR、VM和HDLC的交互作用显著(P0.05)。投喂26.02%蛋白质水平饲料的实验鱼,肝胰脏细胞肿大变形,呈现透明的空泡化,出现细胞核偏移;而投喂36.27%蛋白质饲料的实验鱼,大多数肝细胞胞浆清晰,可观察到的肝细胞空泡面积较小。综合考虑,饲料蛋白质含量为36.27%是适合吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的,其适宜的投喂频率为2次/d以上,可根据罗非鱼市场情况进行调节。     

Effect of Dietary Protein Sources in Microdiets on Feeding Behavior and Growth of Red Sea Bream,Pagrus major,During Weaning and Metamorphosis

ABSTRACT

The use of two protein sources, krill meal (protein 62% dry matter) and soybean protein (protein 85.2% dry matter), and their effect on growth performance and feeding behavior of red sea bream, Pagrus major, during weaning and metamorphosis, was studied using microbound diets. High levels of dietary soybean protein (25% of the diet) resulted in a poor feeding response and marked anorexia, resulting in high mortalities and poor growth. Moderate levels of dietary soybean protein (17-19% of diet) resulted in higher growth. Krill meal contributed to an increase in food consumption. A possible reason for the reduced growth of fish fed soybean protein-based diets was the lower palatability of these diets. Alternative sources of protein could replace fish meal, if these sources are more palatable to the fish.     

Replacement of Herring Fish Meal by Soybean Flour in Practical Diets for Red Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus,Grown in Concrete Tanks

ABSTRACT

A feeding experiment was conducted for 100 days to evaluate the suitability of soybean flour (SBF) as a partial or complete substitute for the protein supplied by herring fish meal (HFM) in diets for growth of red tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus ×O. mossambicus, fingerlings (mean weight of 0.65 g/fish) grown outdoors in concrete tanks. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing 35% crude protein and 3.36 kcal of digestible energy (DE)/g of diet were formulated in which SBF replaced 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the protein supplied by HFM. Results demonstrated that SBF has good potential as a substitute protein source for up to 75% of the protein supplied by HFM (diet 4) in red tilapia diets with no significant (P>0.05) adverse effects on growth, feed efficiency, body composition, and apparent digestibility of protein compared to the HFM-based control diet. The highest growth performance and best economic efficiency of fish weight gain were obtained with fish fed diet contained 50% of the protein from HFM and the other 50% from SBF. Fish fed this diet had the highest weight gain (11.95 g/fish), percent increase in weight (1838%) and growth rate (0.120 g/day) among fish fed all the other test diets. The lowest feed efficiency and growth performances were shown in the fish fed diet containing SBF as a complete substitute for protein supplied by HFM. Fish fed this diet had the lowest weight gain (4.70 g/fish), percent increase in weight (723%) and growth rate (0.047 g/day) among fish fed all the other test diets. Survival of fish was not statistically different (P>0.05) among all treatments. The apparent protein digestibility values showed wide variation between diets, ranging from 70.13% to 82.12% and the values were remarkably high in fish fed SBF-based diets. At the conclusion of the study, substituting HFM-protein with SBF-protein in diets for red tilapia did not affect the final fish protein, ash and moisture contents, but lipid content was significantly higher (P <0.05) in fish fed diets in which SBF substituted for 50% or more of the protein supplied by HFM. Hematological characteristics of red tilapia were examined at the end of the study and the results showed that all the blood parameter values were within normal values for fish. Economic analysis of diets suggested the possibility of using SBF as an alternative source of protein in red tilapia diets.     

Use of a Compound Protein Source as a Replacement for Fish Meal in Diets of Large Yellow Croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R.

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of a compound protein source (CPS) as a replacement of fish meal (FM) in diets for large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R. The CPS was made of soybean meal, meat and bone meal, peanut meal, and rapeseed meal (4:3:2:1 in weight) by adding crystalline l ‐methionine (0.77%), l ‐lysine (0.95%), and l ‐isoleucine (0.44%) to ensure the essential amino acid (EAA) contents of CPS diets to reach or exceed those of FM diet. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (Diets 1–6) were formulated to contain 0, 9, 18, 27, 36, and 45% CPS replacing 0, 13, 26, 39, 52, and 65% FM protein, respectively. Triplicate groups of 180 fish (initial average 1.88 ± 0.01 g) were fed diets to apparent satiation by hand twice daily for 8 wk in floating sea cages (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.5 m). The water temperature ranged from 26.5 to 29.5 C, the salinity from 25 to 28‰, and the dissolved oxygen content was approximately 7 mg/L during the experimental period. The results showed that specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of fish fed Diets 2 and 3 were not significantly different from those of fish fed control diet (Diet 1). However, SGR and FER of fish fed Diets 4–6 were significantly lower compared with control group (P < 0.05). The whole‐body proximate analysis showed that protein significantly decreased with increasing dietary CPS levels (P < 0.05), while the whole‐body lipid, ash, and moisture showed no significant differences among dietary treatments. Methionine, cystine, and lysine contents of the whole body were significantly influenced by dietary CPS level (P < 0.05), while other EAA contents showed no significant differences. Results of the present study indicated that CPS could replace about 26% FM protein in diets for the large yellow croaker on crude protein basis without adverse effect on growth.     

Effect of replacing soybean meal with canola meal on growth,feed utilization and haematological indices of juvenile hybrid tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with canola meal (CM) on growth, feed utilization, body composition and haematological indices of juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus). Six isonitrogenous diets containing graded levels of CM (0, 95, 190, 285, 380 and 634 g kg^?1 of diet corresponding to 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 100%, respectively, of protein from SBM) to replace SBM on an equal protein basis were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile fish (initial weight=6.3 g). The results indicated that up to 30% of SBM could be replaced by CM without causing a significant reduction in growth performance. Fish fed with diets in which CM replaced over 45% of SBM had a significantly lower protein efficiency ratio and a significantly higher feed conversion ratio than fish fed with other diets. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, protein and phosphorus were lowest for fish fed the CM100 diet. Significant differences in haemoglobin, haematocrit and white blood cell concentration were found in fish fed diets with different CM levels. It is concluded that up to 19.02% CM can be used to replace 30% of SBM in diets for juvenile hybrid tilapia without compromising growth, feed conversion and protein utilization.