关于南美白对虾的几个问题

正南美白对虾对三大营养物质及多维多矿的需求?通威股份有限公司特种水产研究所所长陈效儒博士:总体来看,南美白对虾仔虾阶段需要40%~55%的饲料蛋白质,而幼虾需要至少36%的蛋白质才能维持较快的生长速度。此外,饲料蛋白质需求可能受盐度影响很大,淡水条件下其蛋白质需求比最适盐度条件下高得多,同时高盐度水体中南美白对虾的蛋白质需求也比最适盐度条件下更高。总体来说在适宜条件     

低盐度水体中饲用磷酸二氢钙对南美白对虾生长的影响

在低盐度水体中 ,以添加不同含量磷酸二氢钙的试验饲料对南美白对虾幼虾 (1 37± 0 0 6 )cm进行饲养试验。结果表明 :饲料中添加磷酸二氢钙对南美白对虾的存活率、饲料系数、特定生长率均有显著影响 (P <0 0 5 )。当磷酸二氢钙添加量为 1%时 ,南美白对虾的特定生长率为最佳 ;当磷酸二氢钙添加量为3%时 ,南美白对虾的存活率为最高 ,饲料系数为最小。饲料中磷酸二氢钙对虾体组织钙磷含量 (除了肌肉中磷含量外 )有显著的影响 (P <0 0 5 )。特定生长率与肌肉Ca/P比呈显著负相关关系 (P <0 0 5 )。     

盐度对南美白对虾生长性能的影响

在盐度为 2～ 30范围内设置八个浓度组饲养南美白对虾 ,比较其生长性能。试验结果表明 ,不同盐度显著地影响南美白对虾的生长 (F >F0 .0 5=3.5 0 ) ,其中以盐度为 18的水体 ,虾的生长速度最快、存活率高、饲料系数较低。方差分析的结果表明 ,南美白对虾的最适生长盐度范围为 14～ 2 2 (|Xi-Xj|>LSD0 .0 5)。     

饲料中添加β-葡聚糖对南美白对虾的生长、存活及饲料系数的影响

饲料中添加 0 1 %、0 2 %、0 4%的 β -葡聚糖A型 (简称 0 1 %A、0 2 %A、0 4%A ,下同 )和 0 2 %的β -葡聚糖B型 (简称 0 2 %B ,下同 ) ,投喂南美白对虾 30d。测定虾的体重、体长、存活率及饲料系数。结果表明 ,添加0 4%A极显著地提高南美白对虾的增重率以及降低饲料系数 (P <0 0 1 ) ,添加不同水平的 β -葡聚糖对南美白对虾的体长无显著影响 (P >0 0 5) ,添加 0 2 %A、0 2 %B和 0 4%A ,虾的存活率有显著提高 (P <0 0 5)。     

碳酸盐碱度对南美白对虾幼虾的毒性作用

在水温21～22℃的野外条件下,采用单因子急性毒性实验法,研究水环境中碳酸盐碱度对淡化南美白对虾幼虾的毒性作用,为开展内陆碳酸盐型盐碱水域移殖、养殖对虾提供科学依据。结果表明,在pH为7 50～8 72、盐度为3 29～4 84的实验条件下,碳酸盐碱度对淡化南美白对虾幼虾毒性作用的24h半有效浓度(EC50)为2 60mmol L,其95%置信限为2 44～2 76mmol L;24,48,96h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为14 29,12 55,12 01mmol L,95%置信限分别为13 82～14 78,11 58～13 55,8 19～14 32mmol L;安全浓度(SC)为2 90mmol L。未经淡化驯化的南美白对虾幼虾对内陆碳酸盐型盐碱水域环境是无法适应的。     

促生长剂二甲酸钾对南美白对虾生长指标的影响

研究饲料中添加不同水平二甲酸钾(Potassium Diformate)对南美白对虾(Penaeus Vannamei)饲料转化、生长及存活的影响。采用网箱(0.8m×0.8m×0.8m)养殖南美白对虾,实验设计三组二甲酸钾水平0%、0.8%及1.5%,养殖密度30尾/箱,限食投喂40天,每天投喂4次,结果显示,0.8%二甲酸钾水平组虾的存活率、饲料系数及日增重显著优于对照组与1.5%组虾(p<0.05)。实验结果表明,南美白对虾饲料中0.8%水平二甲酸钾能明显改善虾的生长、降低饲料系数及提高虾的存活率。     

南美白对虾必需氨基酸的需要量

采用高生物价的酪蛋白、明胶为蛋白源的蛋白饲料(PD)和无蛋白饲料(FPD)饲养南美白对虾幼虾(0.2627～0.2715g),根据虾体必需氨基酸(EAA)生长及维持量代谢,研究南美白对虾必需氨基酸的需求量。结果表明,要满足幼虾正常生长,各种EAA需求量[g·(100g虾体重)-1·d-1]为苏氨酸(Thr)0.046,缬氨酸(Val)0.054,蛋氨酸(Met)0.029,异亮氨酸(Ile)0.069,亮氨酸(Leu)0.087,苯丙氨酸(Phe)0.051,赖氨酸(Lys)0.086,组氨酸(His)0.025,精氨酸(Arg)0.097。如饲料蛋白质水平为40%,蛋白质利用率50%,虾摄食率为20%,推算得出饲料中EAA需求量(g·kg-1):苏氨酸(Thr)11.5,缬氨酸(Val)13.5,蛋氨酸(Met)7.3,异亮氨酸(Ile)17.3,亮氨酸(Leu)21.8,苯丙氨酸(Phe)12.8,赖氨酸(Lys)21.5,组氨酸(His)6.3,精氨酸(Arg)24.3。     

南美白对虾仔、幼虾对盐度突变的适应性试验

南美白对虾 (Ｌｉｔｏｐｅｎａｅｕｓｖａｎｎａｍｅｉ)属白虾类 ,原产于中南美洲太平洋沿岸的暖水水域 ,具有壳薄体肥 ,生长快、抗病力强、群体增长均匀等优点 ,与中国对虾、斑节对虾并列为世界上养殖产量最高的三大优良虾种 ,目前已成为我国主要养殖虾种之一。南美白对虾对盐度适应范围较广 ,经驯化可在淡水池塘中养殖 ,而淡化则是南美白对虾淡水养殖成败的关键。本文对南美白对虾仔虾及糠虾幼体对盐度突变的适应性进行了初步探讨 ,旨在为南美白对虾的育苗和在内陆淡水水域中推广养殖提供理论依据。1　材料与方法试验于 2 0 0 1年 4月 1 0…     

南美白对虾苗对pH突变的适应性试验

南美白对虾生长快,适盐性广,抗病力强,已成为我国主要的养殖虾种之一。从沿海到内陆,南美白对虾养殖正如火如荼地开展。养殖户从育苗场或淡化苗场购苗进行放养,由于苗场与养殖水体水质条件的差异如pH值、盐度、温度等的不同,将直接影响下池虾苗的成活率。有人进行了南美白对虾仔、幼虾对盐度突变的适应性研究,为南美白对虾放养时盐度的调节提供了依据,而南美白对虾对pH的适应性研究尚未有报道。本文就对南美白对虾淡化虾苗对pH突变的适应性试验进行了初步探讨,旨在为养殖户科学放养提供理论依据。一、材料与方法1.材料试验于2003年6月29日…     

pH值突变对南美白对虾仔虾淡化培育成活率的影响

南美白对虾具有生活力强．生长快，离水存活时间长．能适应低盐度生长，肉质鲜美，对饲料蛋白质需求量低．易于集约化养殖等特点。我国自1986年引种后，现已成为我国主要的养殖虾种之一。李广丽等对南美白对虾仔虾对盐度突变的适应性进行了研究．为南美白对虾的异地淡化和放养盐度调节提供了依据。有关pH突变对仔虾淡化培育成活率的影响尚未见报道。本文总结了这方面的试验结果。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.