大亚湾海域鱼类分类多样性研究

根据20世纪80年代起大亚湾海域鱼类调查研究的历史资料,采用Nelson分类系统对鱼类物种组成进行了系统整理,从不同分类阶元分析了大亚湾海域鱼类的多样性。分类阶元包含指数(TINCL_i),分类多样性指数(Δ⁺和∧⁺),目级和科级水平丰富度(R)以及目级和科级水平相似性系数(C)为本研究的主要研究指数,其中分类阶元包含指数TINCL_i为本文首次提出。结果显示,大亚湾海域共记录鱼类22目94科206属,以鲈形目种类居绝对优势。采用分类阶元包含指数分析,大亚湾海域鱼类组成目、科、属所分别拥有的(科、属、种),(属、种)和(种)的平均数目分别为(4.27、9.36、14.55),(2.19、3.40)和(1.55),高于东海陆架,而低于东沙群岛海域,并且与纬度梯度成反比,证明低纬度海域的鱼类分类多样性低,种类组成主要集中分布于较少数的分类类群。使用PRIMER 5.2软件计算了平均分类差异指数Δ⁺和分类差异变异指数∧⁺,数值分别为62.2和110.0,其中Δ⁺低于东海陆架区(65.7),高于东沙群岛海域(55.2),说明大亚湾海域鱼类的亲缘关系比东海陆架区海域鱼类近,比东沙群岛海域鱼类的远,并且分布较不均匀。3个海区的相似性系数比较结果显示,在目级水平上,大亚湾海域鱼类组成同东沙群岛接近,而科级水平上同东海陆架区更为接近。本研究在种以上的分类阶元审视大亚湾海域鱼类组成,以期增加对大亚湾鱼类多样性的认识,为该区域鱼类资源的开发、利用和保护提供参考依据。     

西沙群岛重要珊瑚礁海域鱼类区系

根据1998年5月、1999年5月和2003年5月在西沙群岛北礁、永兴岛、琛航岛、华光礁、浪花礁、金银岛、东岛和玉琢礁等8个岛礁的调查资料,研究了西沙群岛岛礁水域的鱼类区系。在8个岛礁共捕获鱼类48科261种,其中礁栖性鱼类占78.93%,在8个岛礁广泛分布的鱼类只有33种,各礁区之间种类的相似度不超过41%,因此,种类多样性高和相似度低是该区域鱼类区系的2个主要特征。与南沙岛礁(1998～1999)延绳钓、刺网和手钓以及南沙群岛西南陆架区(1991)、南海北部海域等底拖网鱼类相比较,物种相似度分别为34.0%、5.1%和6.8%。     

西沙群岛七连屿礁栖鱼类物种和分类多样性

为探讨以西沙群岛七连屿（16°55''N~17°00''N，112°12''E~112°21''E）为代表的典型小尺度范围内珊瑚礁生态系统的物种组成及分类多样性，本文以20世纪70年代、2018—2019年南海七连屿鱼类调查资料为基础，总结七连屿礁栖鱼类物种组成，并利用分类学多样性指数和（科级）多样性测度指数对七连屿珊瑚礁鱼类物种组成及分类多样性进行研究。结果显示，七连屿海域礁栖鱼类隶属于8目33科70属175种，其中鲈形目（Perciformes）鱼类占绝对优势，占比81%；平均分类差异指数（Δ⁺）约为54.19，分类差异变异指数（低于东海陆架、大亚湾和渚碧礁；其G-指数）平均值为3.09，标准化的F-指数、指数综合来看，七连屿礁栖性鱼类物种多样性较高，且其科、属的分布在历史上较为合理，但2018—2019年科属多样性显著降低，建议对其及时予以保护。     

南海珊瑚礁海域鱼类分类多样性大尺度分布格局

珊瑚礁区生物多样性是当今生态学研究热点之一,为更全面地了解南海诸岛珊瑚礁海域鱼类物种多样性分布格局,系统整理了20世纪70年代以来南海东沙、西沙和中沙及南沙群岛珊瑚礁海域鱼类资源调查的历史资料,研究了南海珊瑚礁鱼类分类学多样性.种类统计结果表明,目前东沙记录鱼类种类514种,西沙和中沙632种,南沙548种;各礁区记录鱼类物种数目少于预测数目,也少于全球其他生境相似的海域记录的鱼类种数.估算了南海珊瑚礁鱼类平均分类差异指数△+和分类差异变异指数∧+,结果显示,东沙△+和∧+分别为55.1、121;西沙、中沙△+为60.2,∧+为164;南沙△+为56.6、∧+为150;各礁区海域鱼类△+值均小于东海陆架海域,而∧+值均高于东海陆架海域.在种和科的分类水平上,计算了南海珊瑚礁海域与卡拉棉群岛、米尔恩湾、南沙群岛西南陆架和南海北部陆架海域鱼类的相似性系数,结果表明,西、中沙群岛与其他礁区海域鱼类在种级分类阶元上的相似性系数相差较大,所有珊瑚礁海域鱼类在科级分类阶元上的相似性系数较为接近;另外,所有珊瑚礁海域鱼类种(科)间相似性均高于其与陆架海域鱼类种(科)间相似性.对南海珊瑚礁、卡拉棉群岛和米尔恩湾等海域典型礁栖性鱼类的科的物种相对丰富度进行了Kruskal-Wallis检验,结果表明,其差异均不显著(P＞0.05).结论认为,物种多样性较高而分类多样性较低是南海珊瑚礁鱼类多样性大尺度分布格局的主要特征.     

北极茴鱼形态性状对体重影响效果分析

为探明北极茴鱼(Thymallus arcticus)形态性状与体重的关系, 以 1⁺ ~3⁺ 龄北极茴鱼为研究对象, 测定了体重(Y) 和体厚(X₁)、眼间距(X₂)、体长(X₃)、体高(X₄)、头长(X₅)、眼径(X₆)、吻长(X₇)、尾柄长(X₈)、尾柄高(X₉)等 9 个形态性状, 利用相关分析、通径分析和多元回归分析等方法, 筛选出影响北极茴鱼体重的主要形态性状, 并建立回归方程。结果显示: (1) 不同年龄阶段, 与北极茴鱼体重显著相关(P＜0.05)的形态性状种类不同, 且数量也随着年龄的增加而降低。(2) 通径分析在 1⁺ ~3⁺ 龄北极茴鱼中分别保留了 4、4 和 2 个形态性状, 1⁺ 龄北极茴鱼中体长(X3)的直接作用最大(0.345), 尾柄高(X9)的间接作用最大(0.745); 2⁺ 龄北极茴鱼中体高(X4)的直接作用最大(0.473), 体厚(X1)的间接作用最大(0.378); 3⁺ 龄北极茴鱼中体厚(X₁)的直接作用最大(0.635), 尾柄高(X₉)的间接作用最大(0.344)。(3) 通径分析保留的形态性状对 1⁺ ~3⁺ 龄北极茴鱼体重的总决定系数较高, 分别为 0.943、0.778 和 0.997。(4) 多元回归分析拟合出 1+ 龄北极茴鱼形态性状(Xi)与体重(Y)回归方程为 Y=?90.510+15.345X₁+3.638X₃+10.473X₄+16.884X₉, 2+ 龄北极茴鱼形态性状(Xi)与体重(Y)回归方程为 Y=?142.449+29.023X₁+81.082X₂+27.126X₄?47.376X₇, 3⁺ 龄北极茴鱼形态性状(Xi)与体重(Y)回归方程为 Y=?228.922+75.063X₁+107.864X₉。本研究丰富了北极茴鱼基础生物学数据, 同时为将来人工养殖利用过程中北极茴鱼的选择育种提供待选形态性状。     

赤水河流域鱼类物种、功能和分类多样性研究

赤水河是长江上游的一条一级支流,同时也是长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区的重要组成部分,在鱼类生物多样性保护方面具有重要价值。本文基于2019年和2020年对赤水河流域30个样区的鱼类调查数据,对鱼类物种丰富度(Richness)、Shannon-Weiner指数(H)、功能丰富度(FRic)、功能均匀度(FEve)、功能离散度(FDiv)、平均分类差异指数(Δ⁺)和分类差异变异指数(Λ⁺)等多样性指数的空间分布格局及其相关性进行了分析。调查期间共采集到鱼类125种(亚种),隶属于7目20科80属。其中,土著鱼类112种(亚种),隶属于6目17科71属;外来鱼类13种(亚种),隶属于5目6科11属。7个多样性指数均呈显著的纵向梯度格局,上游到下游也呈增加趋势,但FEve、FDiv和Δ⁺这三个指数在河段间的增量相对较小。不同生物多样性指数之间的相关性差异较大,从不显著到显著正相关,综合使用不同层面的多样性指数能够有助于更好地理解淡水鱼类分布格局,为鱼类资源保护提供科学依据。     

强壮箭虫摄食生态的实验研究

实验研究了强壮箭虫对几种食物的摄食选择性和几种生态因子对其摄食率的影响，以及摄食的昼夜节律。结果表明，强壮箭虫首先选食蒙古裸腹，其次哲水蚤，再其次猛水蚤，不摄食褶皱臂尾轮虫。食物密度、温度和盐度对其摄食率均有极显著的影响，其关系式分别 为（1）Y =-0.0394X^{2+1.5861X-4.0500(R2=0.9235)，（2）Y=-0.0514X2+1.3238X+7.3833(R2=0.9510) ，（3）Y=-0.0275X2+1.3992X-6.3571(R2=0.9041)。摄食的最适食物密度为每升100个裸腹（生物量15～20 mg·L-1），摄食率为11.9 ind·d-1；摄食的最适水温为12.9 ℃，摄食率15.9 ind·d-1；摄食的最适盐度为25.4，摄食率为11.4 ind·d-1。强壮箭虫在夜间或弱光条件下，摄食较为强烈，早晨8点到12点摄食率最低，午后4点到8点达到摄食高峰。}     

七连屿珊瑚礁鱼类种类组成特征分析

为了更好地了解和保护西沙群岛七连屿珊瑚礁生态系统和珊瑚礁鱼类, 本研究综合 2018—2020 年的调查结果及历史资料表明, 七连屿珊瑚礁海域目前共发现珊瑚礁鱼类 315 种, 区域物种密度为 12.6 种/km² 。七连屿珊瑚礁鱼类隶属于 12 目 49 科, 以鲈形目(Perciformes)鱼类最多, 占总种类数的 79.05%; 其中 28 科鱼类(加上未发现的小带鳚科, 这 29 科鱼类组成了印度太平洋珊瑚礁鱼类的大部分物种)占总物种数的 89.52%。从科级层面对南海岛礁鱼类聚类分析表明, 七连屿珊瑚礁鱼类与越南近岸三个珊瑚礁岛鱼类相似度最高。七连屿珊瑚礁鱼类以小型鱼类最多, 占总种类数的 49.04%; 其次是中型鱼类, 为 31.09%; 大型鱼类占比仅为 19.87%。从食性类型来看, 肉食性鱼类最多, 为 163 种; 其次是杂食性鱼类, 91 种; 植食性鱼类最少, 61 种。与历史研究比较, 共有 37 种鱼类近年未发现, 以肉食性最多, 且大型鱼类全为肉食性鱼类, 表明七连屿珊瑚礁鱼类正遭受过度捕捞; 小型鱼类高达 66.57%, 这些大部分属于雀鲷科(Pomacentroidae), 蝴蝶鱼科(Chaetodontidae)及隆头鱼科(Labridae)鱼类, 均为对珊瑚礁依赖程度高的鱼类, 表明七连屿珊瑚礁生态系统呈现显著衰退现象。因此保护七连屿珊瑚礁鱼类资源, 不仅要控制捕捞强度, 同时还要保护好这一独特的珊瑚礁栖息生境。     

大口黑鲈形态性状对体重的影响效果分析

对大口黑鲈全长、体长、体高、体宽、眼间距、头长、吻长、尾柄长、尾柄高和体重共 10个性状进行测定，运用相关分析、通径分析和多元回归分析，剔除与体长存在显著共线性的全长、体高、头长，尾柄高及回归方程中不显著的吻长和尾柄长，计算以体宽、体长、眼间距 3个形态性状为自变量，体重为依变量的相关系数、通径系数、决定系数及相关指数，定量分析大口黑鲈形态性状对体重的影响效果。结果显示，3个形态性状与体重的相关系数（0.942，0.979，0.928）均达到极显著水平（P＜0.01）；通径分析中，3个形态性状对体重的通径系数亦达到极显著水平（P＜0.01）,它们是直接影响体重的重要指标,其中体宽（P⁴=0.599）对体重的直接影响最大。所选形态性状与体重的相关指数R²＝0.980 ,说明所选性状是影响体重的主要形态性状。应用逐步多元回归分析建立了以体重为依变量(Y),体宽(X⁴)、体长(X²)和眼间距(X⁵)为自变量的回归方程：LgY=1.065 + 0.765 LgX²＋1.441 LgX⁴+0.543 LgX⁵。以上形态性状对体重影响效果相关数据的获得为大口黑鲈选育测量指标的确定提供了理论依据。     

星康吉鳗形态性状与体重的通径分析及生长曲线拟合

为探明星康吉鳗（Conger myriaster）形态性状和体重的关系，测定了体重（Y）及全长（X₁）、肛长（X₂）、尾长（X₃）、头长（X₄）、吻长（X₅）、眼径（X₆）、眼后头长（X₇）、背鳍前长（X₈）、躯干长（X₉）、头宽（X₁₀）、眼间距（X₁₁）等11个形态性状，通过相关分析、通径分析、回归分析等方法研究了形态性状对体重的影响；通过曲线拟合获得4个形态性状与体重的最佳拟合模型。结果表明，星康吉鳗各形态性状之间以及形态性状与体重之间均呈极显著正相关关系（P< 0.01）。相关分析发现肛长（X₂）与体重的相关系数最大（0.970）；通径分析发现肛长（X₂）对体重的直接作用最大（0.450），头宽（X₁₀）通过肛长（X₂）对体重的间接作用最大（0.431）；决定系数分析发现，肛长（X₂）对体重的直接决定系数最大（0.203），肛长（X₂）和头宽（X₁₀）的共同决定系数最大（0.172）。形态性状（X）与体重（Y）的多元回归方程为Y=-113.859+6.481X₂+49.213X₆+11.514X₇+20.145X₁₀（R²=0.954）。星康吉鳗肛长（X₂）、眼后头长（X₇）、头宽（X₁₀）与体重的最佳拟合模型为指数函数，模型方程分别为Y=1.466e^0.287X、Y=1.435e^1.328X、Y=1.970e^1.974X，眼径（X₆）与体重的最佳拟合模型为线性，方程为Y=-77.460+222.093X。结论认为，在星康吉鳗选育时，应以肛长（X₂）和头宽（X₁₀）为主要选择性状，以眼径（X₆）和眼后头长（X₇）为辅助选择性状。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.