大黄鱼幼鱼对若干环境因子的适应性试验

在有实验装置的人工控制环境条件下，以每批100尾大黄鱼幼鱼进行光照强度、水温、溶氧量、盐度等的单因子适应性实验以及对温度、溶解氧和盐度正交适应性实验。其结果是：全长29～44mm，平均全长为39mm的幼鱼．适光范围为520～5500lx，最适范围为780—1830lx；适宜温度为21．4～24．9℃，最适温度为22．4～24．9℃；适宜盐度为25．5～28．8，最适盐度为26．8～28．8；适宜溶氧量为4．70～5．38mg／L，最适溶氧量为4．76～5．15mg／L。全长为59～86mn，平均全长为75mm的幼鱼，适光范围为620～5500lx，最适光照强度为850～1820lx；适宜温度为22．3～25．0℃，最适温度为22．3～24．3℃；适宜盐度为26．5～28．5，最适盐度为26．7～27．8；适宜溶氧量为4．65～5．38mg/L，最适溶氧量为4．75～5．21mg／L。温度对幼鱼的影响极为显著，盐度和溶解氧的影响次之。     

人工培养条件下环境因子对微小小环藻生长的影响

在实验室培养条件下,研究了温度、光照、盐度、pH值和氮、磷、铁、硅等营养盐对微小小环藻(Cyclotella caspia)生长繁殖的影响。实验结果表明:微小小环藻生长的适宜温度为10～40℃,最适温度为30～35℃;适宜光照为500～10 000 lx,最适光照为2 000～8 000 lx;适宜盐度为2～85,最适盐度为25～50;适宜pH值为4～9,最适pH为8.0～8.5。筛选出微小小环藻培养液配方是每立方米海水加入(NH2)2CO-N 30g,NaH2PO4-P 1 g,FeC6H5O7-Fe 0.1 g,Na2SiO3-Si 25 g。     

翼茧形藻的培养条件

在实验室条件下通过单因子和正交试验,研究了温度、光照、盐度、pH值和氮、磷、铁、硅等营养盐对翼茧形藻(Amphiprora alata)生长繁殖的影响。结果表明:翼茧形藻生长的适宜温度为10～38℃,最适温度为30℃;适宜光照为500～10 000 lx,最适光照为5 000～10 000 lx;适宜盐度为2～80,最适盐度为60;适宜pH值为4～9,最适pH为7.5。经方差实验,在天然海水中添加10 mg.L-1NaNO3-N、2 mg.L-1NaH2PO4-P、0.2mg.L-1FeC6H5O7-Fe、40 mg.L-1Na2SiO3-Si,培养效果最佳。     

大溪地金藻培养的生态条件研究

在实验室模拟条件下,研究了温度、光照、盐度和营养盐对大溪地金藻生长繁殖的影响,结果表明:大溪地金藻适宜温度为10～35℃,最适温度为20～30℃;适宜照度为1000～7000lx,最适照度为3000～6000lx;适宜盐度6 5～39 5,最适盐度为19 5～26 0。N、P单因子的优水平分别为N-1mg/L、P-0 1mg/L,Fe单因子作用不明显,N、P、Fe交互作用的优水平为N-1mg/L、P-1mg/L、Fe-0 1mg/L。     

四爿藻培养条件的研究

在实验室模拟条件下,研究了温度、光照、盐度、pH值和营养盐对四爿藻生长繁殖的影响。结果表明:四爿藻生长的适宜温度为5~30℃,最适温度为20℃;适宜光照为500~10 000 lx,最适光照为4 000~7 000 lx;适宜盐度5~85,最适盐度为35;适宜pH值为4~9,最适pH值为7。筛选出四爿藻的培养液配方是,天然海水加入(NH2)2CO-N60 g/m3;KH2PO4-P 2 g/m3;FeC6H5O7-Fe 0.4 g/m3;维生素B11 g/m3和维生素B120.000 5 g/m3。     

生态和营养条件对日本星杆藻生长的影响

日本星杆藻(Asterionella japonica)是浮游动物的良好食物,也是发生赤潮的藻类物种,研究生态和营养条件对日本星杆藻生长的影响,对合理利用和防止赤潮的发生具有重要的意义。本文通过室内单因子正交实验,研究了温度、光照、盐度、pH值以及氮、磷、铁、硅和维生素B12等营养元素对日本星杆藻生长的影响,结果表明:该藻生长的适宜温度为10~35℃,最适温度为20℃;适宜光照为500~8 000 lx,最适光照为1 000lx;适宜盐度为5~45,最适盐度为20~35;适宜pH值为5~9.5,最适pH为8.0。在培养用的1 m3天然海水中添加20 g(NH2)2CO3、0.5 g NaH2PO4、10 g Na2SiO3、0.005 g维生素B12,日本星杆藻的生长最快。     

共培养系统中4种微藻生态因子的研究

通过二次回归通用旋转组合设计安排实验，研究光强、温度和盐度对分离自对虾池塘水环境中的啮蚀隐藻、新月菱形藻、微绿球藻和蛋白核小球藻的增长率的影响。获得各微藻的最适生态因子及其影响度。啮蚀隐藻的最适生态因子为：光强5750～7944lX，温度21．3～28．3℃，盐度13．3～23．0；影响度依次为：盐度〉温度〉光强。新月菱形藻的最适生态因子为：光强5761～86971X，温度23．4～29．6℃，盐度11．9～25．7；影响度依次为：盐度〉光强〉温度。蛋白核小球藻的最适生态因子为：光强6754～8775iX，温度17．1～20．7℃，盐度19．6～26．4；影响度依次为：温度〉盐度〉光强。微绿球藻的最适生态因子为：光强7128～9012lX，温度18．7～26．7℃，盐度17．9～24．3；影响度为光强〉温度〉盐度。啮蚀隐藻和新月菱形藻的增长率受到以盐度为基础、以光强和温度为协同因子的显著影响。     

温度、光照度、盐度和pH对颤藻生长的限制条件研究

颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)是对虾养殖池塘中的常见蓝藻,其大量繁殖直接危害对虾养殖.实验旨在通过研究不同温度、光照度、盐度和pH对颤藻生长的影响,得出颤藻生长的限制条件.单因子实验结果显示:实验条件范围内,温度、光照度、盐度和pH对颤藻叶绿素a含量和干重影响显著(P＜0.05),温度＜10℃和＞30℃、光照度＜50 lx和＞1100 lx、盐度＜15和＞30、pH ＜5.2和＞8.0是颤藻生长的限制条件；颤藻生长的阈值为温度10℃,光照度50 lx,盐度15.0,pH5.2；正交实验结果显示,颤藻生长的最低条件为温度15℃、光照度600 lx、盐度17.5、pH 5.5,温度对颤藻叶绿素a含量和干重影响最大,其次是盐度和pH.对虾养殖池可以通过调节盐度来控制颤藻生长.     

简单双眉藻培养的生态条件

采用单因子的方法,研究了生态因子温度、光照、盐度及pH对简单双眉藻生长的影响。结果表明,简单双眉藻生长的最适温度28~31℃,最适光照度4200~5200 lx,最适盐度15~20,最适pH 8~9。简单双眉藻是一种广温、广盐和对光照变化适应较强的底栖硅藻。     

鼠尾藻幼孢子体培育条件探究

为探究鼠尾藻Sargassum thunbergii幼孢子体早期生长发育适宜的培养条件,设置了光照度、温度、盐度3个影响因素3个水平的正交实验,以及氮磷营养盐水平实验。研究表明,温度对鼠尾藻幼孢子体的生长影响最显著（P〈0．05）,25℃时幼孢子体比生长速率（sGR）获得最大值,为10．78％,随着温度的降低sGR逐渐降低;盐度对幼孢子体的SGR影响显著（P〈0．05）,盐度30时幼孢子体生长较快,盐度降低SGR也降低;光照度2000～8000lx对幼孢子体的生长影响不显著,SOR极差接近误差水平。氮磷营养盐水平对鼠尾藻幼孢子体的生长影响较大,实验用自然海水中氮素基本可以满足幼孢子体的需求,而磷元素相对缺乏。氮素加富条件下,氮磷比大于15：1时不利于幼孢子体的生长,适宜的氮磷比为10：1～2：1。结果表明,温度25℃、盐度30、光照度20001x是鼠尾藻幼孢子体早期生长发育适宜的条件。培养液氮素含量保持在0．45～1mg/L,磷含量保持在0．3mg/L左右有利于幼孢子体快速生长。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.