台湾海峡及其邻近海域渔业资源管理的探讨

应用Schacfcr和Fox剩余产量模式及其由此衍生的生物经济模式和Gulland最适产量Y_(0.1)模式,分别估算了台湾海峡及其邻近海域渔业资源的最大持续产量、最大持续捕捞力量,最大经济产量、最大经济捕捞力量、最佳经济效益,最适产量、最适捕捞力量,并对各模式计算的诸项经济指标进行比较,讨论了渔业管理方案,确定了近期适合国情、省情的管理目标。     

闽台近海渔业管理目标的研究

本文应用Ｓｃｈａｅｆｅｒ和Ｆｏｘ两种剩余产量模式,及其由此衍生的两种生物经济模式,分别估算了闽台近海最大持续产量,最适捕捞力量和最大经济产量,最适经济捕捞 力量,最佳经济效益等指标,建立了闽台渔烽管理模式,比较了以最大渔获量和以最佳经济效益为目标的各项经济指标,讨论了并确定了近期以最大持续产量为目标的渔业管理方案。     

蓝点鲅渔业的最佳经济效果

蓝点鲅（Scomberocmorus Niphonius Cuvier & Valennes）是我国渔业的重要捕捞对象之一。本文用生物经济模式（基于 Schaefer 模式和 Fox 模式）讨论了蓝点鲅渔业的经济效益、能源消耗和就业等问题。对其最大经济效益(U_max)、最适能源消耗(O_opt)和最适经济捕捞努力量(f_oop)等数值作了估算,列于表2。如果以最大经济效益为这个渔业的管理目标,将捕捞努力量控制在最适经济捕捞努力量水平(f_oop 约为 290O),就能获得最大经济效益(U_max=19.65百万元)。把这个结果与最大持续产量的结果相比,渔业的经济效益将增加15.5%,能源消耗减少26.8%,但产量将下降7.2%,约2000吨。如果以增加就业为这个渔业的管理目标,捕捞努力量可控制在5400左右、和最大经济效益的结果相比,捕捞力量可多安排76.8%,但是渔业经济效益下降35.2%,能源消耗将增加78.9%。     

福建省近期捕捞力量和捕捞作业结构的调整

分别对福建省在福建近海捕捞渔业及其五种主要捕捞作业的最大持续产量和最大持续捕捞力量进行估算，并在估算值的基础上，结合目前渔业资源结构变化趋势及福建近海渔业的实际情况，确定2005年之前福建省近海的捕捞力量和捕捞作业结构的调整方案，调整结果为：总捕捞力量由1998年的标准机施总功率3084460kW削减至1668940kW；其中定置渔业自然功率由1998年的202860kW削减到100136kW；拖网渔业由1474764kW削减到801091kW；灯围61645kW提高到100136kW，刺网渔业由449680kW削减到442269kW；钓渔业由67423kW提高到83447kW；其它作业由35126kW提高到141861kW。     

闽东渔场渔业资源可持续产量和最适捕捞力量估算及近期捕捞结构和捕捞力量调整意见

本文根据1990—2000年水产统计资料和实地广泛收集闽东渔场定置网、拖网(含对拖、单拖)、流刺网和钓等四种作业的大量样本船，以各类样本船的平均功率计算闽东历年四种作业的总功率。应用数学模式估算出闽东渔场四种作业类型最大持续产量(May)和最适捕捞力量(fmay)，并提出闽东渔场近期捕捞结构和捕捞力量调整的意见。     

海洋捕捞结构调整对渔业经济的影响及其对策

为了持续发展福建省海洋捕捞业，必须实施海洋捕捞产量“负增长”的战略，并对现有的海洋捕捞结构进行调整。随着产量的减少，渔获品种的变化，海洋捕捞业的经济效益必定受到影响，如何在产量减少的情况下，保持海洋渔业经济持续增长，这是一个棘手的问题。本文以福建省海洋捕捞业为例，分析了海洋捕捞业产量“负增长”及作业结构调整对渔业经济的影响，提出海洋捕捞结构调整后，发展海洋渔业经济的对策及思路。     

渤海对虾渔业的最佳开捕期、过度捕捞和渔业管理问题

我们将模型Y/R=(?)用于研究秋汛对虾渔业不同的开捕期和捕捞死亡对世代相对产量(Y/R)的影响。根据渤海对虾渔业的实际情况,在限定捕捞死亡F_旬≤0.3(捕捞力量约相当于1,000对标准机帆船)的条件下,获得最大世代相对产量的最佳开捕期为9月21日。当前秋汛渤海对虾渔业的捕捞力量(约1,700—1,800对标准机帆船)太大,额外消耗能源和渔业经济效益很差。秋汛对虾渔业有明显的生长型捕捞过度的倾向。秋汛对虾渔业管理主要是开捕期与捕捞力量的管理和合理分配资源问题。限定虾流网、机帆船和机轮拖网三种主要网具的数量和它们的开捕期,是合理利用和分配资源的有效途径。     

长江口凤鲚资源的变动及其最大持续产量的估算

本文根据凤鲚的主要生物学特性和渔业资源变动状况。应用Schaefer模式估算其最大持续产量(MSY)及相应捕捞努力量(f_(NST)),为渔业管理提供依据。     

秋汛渤海对虾渔业的最大经济效益

调整秋汛对虾渔业开捕期和捕捞力量，以获得世代最大产量，已有许多讨论。这是以一个简单生物项为秋汛对虾渔业的管理目标。生物项作为管理目标是不够的。它的内容，它的系统范围都太小，不能与广泛的社会利益相适应。在渔业管理决策时，必需要考虑经济与社会等有关的因素。包括渔业经济效益，能源消耗、就业等等内容。本文将讨论秋汛对虾渔业的最大经济效益等因素，提供一些科学证据，供决策参考。     

台湾海峡及其邻近海域渔业资源生产力和最大持续产量

应用营养动态模式和Cushing模式估算台湾海峡及其邻近海域渔业资源生产力分别为 3 0 6.0 9× 10 4t和3 0 3 .84× 10 4t;Gulland和最大持续产量Yms简单模式估算该海域的最大持续产量分别为 15 5 .0 6× 10 4t和 15 2 .4 9× 10 4t ;Schaefer和Fox剩余产量模式估算其最大持续产量分别为 187.0 8× 10 4t和 15 7.89× 10 4t,扣除非可捕群体后 ,实际为 15 9.0 2× 10 4t和 13 4 .2 1× 10 4t;估算以 1996年福建动力拖网渔船单位kW渔捞效率为标准的最适捕捞力量分别为 168.0 4× 10 4kW和 199.4 4× 10 4kW。     

Theories and behavioural drivers underlying fleet dynamics models

In the domain of decision‐support tools for the management of marine fish resources, considerable attention has been paid to the development of models explaining how fish stocks change over space and time. In most models, fishing effort is assumed to be exogenous and determined by factors such as management. Increasingly, there has been a call for bio‐economic models to also account for the dynamics of fishing fleets, recognizing that fishers respond to changing environmental, institutional and economic conditions. A growing literature has sought to explicitly model the endogenous determinants of the capacity of fishing fleets, the intensity of its use and its temporal and spatial allocation across fishing opportunities. We review this literature, focusing on empirical applications of the behavioural models that have been put forward to explain and predict observed fleet dynamics. We find that although economic factors are usually included as a dominant driver in most studies, this is often based on the use of proxy variables for the key economic drivers, for which adequate data are lacking. Also, while many studies acknowledge that social and social–psychological factors play a significant role in explaining observed fishing behaviour, their inclusion in fishing fleet dynamic models is still very limited. Progress in this domain can only be achieved via the development of multidisciplinary research programmes focusing on applied quantitative analysis of the drivers of fishing fleet dynamics.     

Optimal economic fishing efforts in Korean common octopus Octopus minor trap fishery

The Korean Government is in the process of establishing a plan for managing fishing effort by setting up the maximum fishing gear usage per fishery type for the recovery of fishery resources. This will aid settlement of disputes between fishery sectors over fishing gears, and the stability of fishing business conditions. Especially in the setting up of the maximum fishing gear usage, economic standards as well as biological standards are being considered as significant factors to promote the sustainable and economically viable development of fisheries. This study is, thus, to analyze the optimal economic fishing gear usage (E_MEY) as the most economically efficient usage for the common octopus trap fishery, one of the most controversial sectors in establishing maximum fishing gear usage. Data from logbooks per trip were used for estimation of E_MEY per trip because it was considered there were limitations of data available for analyses. As a finding drawn from the analyses, the E_MEY of common octopus trap vessels per trip has to be decreased by approximately 13%. That is, reducing the trip trap usage up to the level of E_MEY can lead to the reduction of trip fishing costs, thereby resulting in increased trip profits.     

MEY = MSY

It has been generally accepted for more than half a century that the fishing sector stood to gain from managing fisheries at the effort level producing maximum economic yield (MEY) rather than at the higher effort level producing maximum sustainable yield (MSY). However, the acceptance is built on evaluating only the revenue and cost structure for the fishing fleet, not for the overall fishing sector including processing, distribution and marketing of fish products. Considering these links of the fish value chain moves the MEY-level closer to, but slightly below the MSY-level. For society as a whole, this means that MSY is the more appropriate target reference level.     

台湾海峡灯光围网渔业发展前景研究

为了探讨台湾海峡灯光围网渔业的发展前景,本文收集了１９８６ ～１９９６ 年福建在该海峡生产的灯光围网渔船的生产资料及有关海洋环境因子资料,采用数理统计方法、计量分析法,并从生态学观点进行分析。结果表明,由于台湾海峡存在多处上升流区,浮游生物丰富,水文条件较稳定,有利于中上层鱼类集群索饵;灯光围网作业对海底环境影响小,对经济鱼类幼鱼损害较轻。由于中上层鱼类资源恢复较快,因此,台湾海峡的中上层鱼类资源较为丰富。据评估,该海峡的资源量有６４ 万ｔ,可捕量有３３ 万ｔ,有一定开发潜力,发展灯光围网前景看好。但从经济效益看,因１９９６ 年单位捕捞努力量下的捕捞量（ＣＰＵＥ,ｔ／ｋ Ｗ） 在ＣＰＵＥ与Ｆ 相关曲线最高点之下,因此捕捞努力量不宜盲目增加。     

Growth overfishing in the brown shrimp fishery of Texas, Louisiana, and adjoining Gulf of Mexico EEZ

Growth overfishing in the brown shrimp, Farfantepenaeus aztecus, fishery in inshore (estuarine) and offshore (Gulf of Mexico) territorial waters of Texas and Louisiana, and adjoining waters of the United States’ (U.S.) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), and its potentially detrimental economic consequences to the harvesting sector, have not been among major concerns of Federal and State shrimp management agencies. Three possible reasons include (1) environmentally influenced variations in recruitment that cause wide fluctuations in annual landings, which tend to obscure effects of fishing, (2) competition between inshore and offshore components of the harvesting sector, and (3) partitioning of management jurisdiction among a Federal council and two State agencies. Wide variations in landings led to beliefs that high levels of fishing mortality were tolerable and recruitment overfishing was of no major concern. This encouraged somewhat laissez-faire management approaches that allowed fishing effort to increase over the years.Our objectives were to determine whether growth overfishing occurred in this fishery during 1960–2006, and whether and how decreases in size of shrimp within the landings, in response to increases in fishing effort, affected inflation-adjusted annual (calendar year) ex-vessel value of the landings, i.e., their value to the harvesting sector. Growth overfishing occurred in the early 1990s, and then abated as fishing effort declined due to rising fuel costs and competition from imported shrimp. However, inflation-adjusted annual ex-vessel value of the landings peaked in 1985, prior to growth overfishing.Management actions implemented in 2001 for Texas’ territorial waters, and in the EEZ off Texas and Louisiana in 2006, should limit future fleet expansion and increases in fishing effort, thereby reducing the chances of growth overfishing and its potentially detrimental economic impacts on the harvesting sector. Growth overfishing should be included among the guidelines for future management of this brown shrimp fishery.     

我国黄鳍马面鲀的资源评估与可持续利用初探

本文通过对1977—2001年黄鳍马面鲀产量及粤、闽、浙、桂四省区捕捞努力量等统计资料，运用剩余产量模型分析，结果如下：(1)Schaefer模型：Y=8.06028f-1.0394E-5f^2,MSY=15.63万吨；(2)Fox模型：Y／f=9．4387e^-2.60B-7f,MSY=13.37万吨。我国目前对黄鳍马面鲀的捕捞产量偏高，其产量应控制在16万吨左右。     

Status of the introduced cichlid Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters) in the reservoir fishery of Sri Lanka: a management strategy and ecological implications

Abstract. The inland fishery in Sri Lanka (6–10°N; 79–82°E) is essentially a fishery confined to man-made lakes and is dominated by the introduced cichlid Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters). Catch statistics of 20 such major reservoirs indicate that the yield of this species ranges from 64·0 to 918 kg per ha and accounts for between 56 and 99% of the total yield in individual reservoirs. The yield of S. mossambicus is closely related to the fishing pressure exerted. Catch/effort data from the individual reservoir fisheries when analysed collectively simulate changes in a single large fishery. In the fishery the relationship of yield to effort is described by the equation: Y = 4·OX – 53·8X ( r = 0·92; P < 0·001), where Y = yield in kg per ha per annum and X = number of craft-days per ha per annum, indicating that the reservoirs in Sri Lanka remain underfished. However, very high increases in fishing pressure in two reservoirs, for which data are available over a 5-year period, indicate that the increases have resulted in a significant decline in the catch per unit effort. The reasons for the success of the S. mossambicus fishery in individual reservoirs, and also simulation of features of a single large fishery in reservoirs, with widely different hydrological and limnological regimes, are discussed in qualitative terms. It is hypothesized that the abundance is determined by factors other than food availability. Fresh management strategies to optimize the fishery from the point of view of optimal fishing pressure permissible from the present analysis are suggested.     

Predicting overlap between drift gillnet fishing and leatherback turtle habitat in the California Current Ecosystem

Concern over bycatch of protected species has become a key factor in shaping fisheries management decisions. In 2001, the National Marine Fisheries Service established an annual closure of a large mesh drift gillnet fishery targeting swordfish from central Oregon to central California between August 15 and November 15 because of concerns of bycatch of endangered leatherback turtles (the Pacific Leatherback Conservation Area, PLCA). The spatio‐temporal constraints of the PLCA were developed to encompass nearly all previously observed leatherback turtle bycatch events in the fishery. The PLCA has been effective at reducing bycatch of leatherback turtles but has reduced fishing opportunities. In this study, we examined whether the timing of the current PLCA closure is optimal for leatherback turtle conservation, by developing statistical models of leatherback turtle presence inside the PLCA based on environmental variables. We also examined finer‐scale spatiotemporal patterns of potential overlap between the fishery and leatherback turtle foraging habitat using Maxent and Random Forests applied to logbook data and leatherback turtle telemetry data. Our results suggest that the temporal extent of the current static closure period is the shortest and most effective for protecting the turtles while allowing fishing during low bycatch‐risk periods. We also found that it is possible to predict foraging habitat of leatherback turtles and fishing effort using environmental variables. Identification of spatial and temporal hotspots of potential overlap between fishing effort and leatherback turtle distribution can form a basis for dynamic management approaches.