吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼抗病性状分子标记筛选及遗传多样性分析

文章采用微卫星标记技术,对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼(GIFT strain Oreochromis niloticus)抗病群体和易感病群体进行了遗传差异分析。结果显示:在30个微卫星位点中20个能扩增出多态性高、重复性好和扩增条带清晰;抗病群体和易感病群体的平均等位基因数分别为2.5和2.4个;观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.476和0.453,0.44和0.457;多态信息含量PIC分别为0.359和0.379;UNH845和UNH189位点在抗病群体中偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P0.05),GM180位点在易感病群体偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡,两个群体间的遗传距离和遗传分化指数0.055和0.054。此外GM251和GM462位点的差异等位基因片段(135bp和198bp)与抗病性状存在一定的连锁关系。以上结果表明,吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼抗病群体与易感病群体之间的遗传多样性差异不明显,筛选出2个与抗病性状相关的微卫星标记,为开展吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼抗病品种分子标记辅助选育奠定了基础。     

罗非鱼性别相关微卫星标记的初步筛选

为分析罗非鱼群体的遗传多样性以及筛选与罗非鱼性别相关的微卫星标记。应用24对微卫星引物,使用常规PCR及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法在两个尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)群体和两个奥利亚罗非鱼(O.aureus)群体中初步筛选到UNH931、GM128、GM201、GM258、GM597以及UNH898共6个与性别相关的微卫星标记。然后使用降落PCR以及毛细管电泳的方法在两个尼罗罗非鱼群体、两个奥利亚罗非鱼群体以及ZY 1、WY 1、YY 1和YY 2型罗非鱼群体中进一步扩增这6个微卫星标记,统计各群体的遗传多样性参数:6个微卫星标记在上述群体共297个样本中检测到95个等位基因,其大小在97~302 bp之间,各位点在各群体等位基因数在1~13个之间,各群体平均观测等位基因数为2.167~9.333,平均有效等位基因数为1.624~4.966,平均观测杂合度为0.324~0.983,平均期望杂合度为0.329~0.782,平均多态信息含量为0.275~0.753;两个尼罗罗非鱼群体、WY 1和YY 2群体达到高度多态(PIC>0.5),两个奥利亚罗非鱼群体、ZY 1和YY 1群体为中度多态(0.25相似文献   

尼罗罗非鱼微卫星标记与主要生长性状的相关性分析

为了筛选到与尼罗罗非鱼生长相关的分子标记,并对这些标记进行准确性鉴定,运用65个微卫星标记对鹭业和番禺2个尼罗罗非鱼群体进行了PCR扩增,再利用SPSS软件一般线性模型(GLM)对这些微卫星位点与尼罗罗非鱼体重等主要生长性状进行了标记性状连锁关联分析。结果表明,鹭业群体中有8个微卫星标记(UNH130,UNH183,UNH911,GM558,UNH211,UNH176,UNH914和UNH974)与主要生长性状显著或极显著相关(P<0.05或P<0.01),其中有2个微卫星标记(UNH914和UNH974)与番禺群体的主要生长性状显著或极显著相关(P<0.05或P<0.01),1个微卫星标记(UNH176)只与体重显著相关(P<0.05)。通过对与生长性状相关标记的基因型和表型值进行多重比较,得到了对体重、体长和体高3种性状有利的基因型或等位基因。发现了对罗非鱼生长性状有显著效应的微卫星位点,为开展罗非鱼的分子标记辅助育种提供了有价值的遗传标记。     

橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼微卫星遗传多样性分析及其与尼罗罗非鱼差异位点的筛选

用33对在尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）中能有效扩增的微卫星引物，对橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼（Oreochromis mossambicus）进行PCR扩增，结果有32对引物能获得稳定的特异性条带，占总数的97．0％，其中15个微卫星位点具多态性，表明大部分尼罗罗非鱼的微卫星位点存在于橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼中。用具多态性的15个微卫星位点，对橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼30尾个体进行扩增分析，结果共检测到44个等位基因，大小在113～232bp之间，平均多态信息含量（PIC）为0．4308，平均观测杂合度（鼠）为0．5489，平均期望杂合度（垃）为0．5248，个体间平均遗传距离为0.3132，表明所选橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼群体遗传多样性较丰富，种群结构比较合理。本研究还对尼罗罗非鱼和橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼间特异位点进行了分析，发现有7个位点（UNH899、UNH208、UNH853、UNH876、UNH222、UNH933、UNH773）可有效区分莫桑比克罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼，可作为罗非鱼种质鉴定的分子标记。[中国水产科学，2008，15（3）：400-406]     

尼罗罗非鱼♀×萨罗罗非鱼♂杂交后代的遗传分离分析

应用微卫星标记对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)♀×萨罗罗非鱼(Sarotherodon melanotheron)♂杂交后代(F1、F2)的遗传分离情况进行了初步研究.在86对微卫星引物中,筛选出21对在尼罗罗非鱼和萨罗罗非鱼中存在差异等位基因的特异性引物,共检测出59个等位基因,包含32个尼罗罗非鱼和24个萨罗罗非鱼特异等位基因.F1观测杂合度(Ho=0.998)大于 F2(Ho=0.739), F2有效等位基因数(Ne=2.48)、平均多态信息含量(PIC=0.497)与 F1的(Ne=2.45、PIC=0.489)相似.F1中所有位点均表现为尼罗罗非鱼与萨罗罗非鱼杂合基因型.F2中位点等位基因分离情况各异,通过卡方检验,有18个位点符合孟德尔遗传(P>0.05),2个位点GM145、UNH003表现为偏离孟德尔遗传(P<0.05),1个位点GM276不分离.在18个孟德尔遗传位点中, F2中尼罗罗非鱼特异等位基因频率为48.3%,萨罗罗非鱼特异等位基因频率为47.7%;基因型出现F1型、尼罗罗非鱼型、萨罗罗非鱼型的比例分别为58.2%、19.9%、21.9%.结果表明, F2较好地继承了F1的遗传杂合性,但也存在一定程度的分离.     

遗传全雄尼罗罗非鱼与吉富罗非鱼养殖性能比较

以超雄鱼为父本进行遗传全雄鱼的繁育是获得全雄罗非鱼苗种的方法之一。为了评估全雄尼罗罗非鱼的养殖性能,进行了遗传全雄尼罗罗非鱼与吉富罗非鱼的池塘及网箱养殖比较试验。结果显示,初始体长3～5 cm的遗传全雄尼罗罗非鱼和吉富罗非鱼鱼苗经过100 d池塘养殖后,平均体质量分别达到558.00 g和501.80 g,遗传全雄群体的生长速度比吉富群体快11.26%;将体质量为18～19 g的遗传全雄尼罗罗非鱼和吉富罗非鱼鱼种放在同一网箱中饲养,45 d后,其平均体质量分别达到144.69 g和125.91 g,遗传全雄群体的生长速度比吉富群体快18.02%;同时,遗传全雄群体的雄性率达到了100%。对比试验结果表明,遗传全雄尼罗罗非鱼具有较高的养殖推广价值。     

建鲤、黄河鲤杂交后代微卫星标记多态性及其与体质量的关联性

为了解微卫星标记多样性与鲤杂交F1体质量的关联性,本研究以2个品种鲤(Cyprinus carpio)(建鲤、黄河鲤)双列杂交F1的4个群体为实验材料,应用25对微卫星引物进行遗传多样性分析,并检测不同基因型间体质量的差异。实验结果显示,不同组合单个位点的等位基因数为5.08～6.08,有效等位基因数为1.4～6.8,平均观测杂合度为0.62～0.77,平均期望观测杂合度为0.47～0.55,平均PIC为0.42～0.49。4个鲤群体中,黄河鲤纯繁群体(Hh)和黄建杂交群体(Hj)间的遗传相似性系数最大(0.979 5)。基于Nei’s遗传距离构建的UPGMA系统树显示,黄河鲤纯繁群体(Hh)和黄建杂交群体(Hj)亲缘关系最近。采用最小二乘法分析微卫星座位与体质量的关联性发现,HLJ13位点在纯繁组合不同基因型之间都检测到了显著性差异,Koi42位点只在建鲤纯繁组合内检测到基因型之间的差异;除此之外,只有Koi42AA型检测到的体质量值在杂交组合Hj和Jh中显著高于亲本建鲤和黄河鲤自繁组合。以上结果提示Koi42位点可能与杂种优势相关,这为下一步分子标记辅助选育奠定了基础。     

白斑狗鱼F1代微卫星标记及其与生长性状的相关性

用8对微卫星标记分析白斑狗鱼Esox lucius人工繁育的PIT标记F1代群体的遗传结构,并分析其与5个形态性状的相关性。结果表明:8对微卫星位点平均有效等位基因数为2.8943,平均观测杂合度为0.5473,平均预期杂合度为0.6084,多态信息含量平均为0.5572,遗传偏离指数平均为-0.1634。白斑狗鱼F1代的遗传多样性略低于亲本,但仍具有较高的遗传多样性。对形态性状与基因型的相关分析,找到一个与全长、体高、体厚相关的位点P2。多重比较结果显示:P2位点基因型AA、BC、BB对生长起正面作用,而基因型AB、AC起负面作用。     

白斑狗鱼F_1代微卫星标记及其与生长性状的相关性

用8对微卫星标记分析白斑狗鱼Esox lucius人工繁育的PIT标记F1代群体的遗传结构,并分析其与5个形态性状的相关性。结果表明:8对微卫星位点平均有效等位基因数为2.8943,平均观测杂合度为0.5473,平均预期杂合度为0.6084,多态信息含量平均为0.5572,遗传偏离指数平均为-0.1634。白斑狗鱼F1代的遗传多样性略低于亲本,但仍具有较高的遗传多样性。对形态性状与基因型的相关分析,找到一个与全长、体高、体厚相关的位点P2。多重比较结果显示:P2位点基因型AA、BC、BB对生长起正面作用,而基因型AB、AC起负面作用。     

14个尼罗罗非鱼家系遗传差异的微卫星标记分析

利用12个微卫星标记分析14个尼罗罗非鱼Oreochromis niloticus家系的遗传多样性,以P_0代为对照,研究P_4、P_5代家系的遗传多态性,指导尼罗罗非鱼的选育。研究结果表明:14个罗非鱼家系的平均有效等位基因数、平均杂合度、平均多态信息含量分别为3.1819、0.6276、0.5753,其遗传多样性丰富;家系N312与N314遗传距离最小(0.1214),而家系N304与N306遗传距离最大(0.3137),14个家系间的平均遗传距离为0.1973;UP_GMA进化树分析结果表明,14个尼罗罗非鱼家系聚为4个分支,第一分支为家系N303,第二分支由N301、N306和N311组成,第三分支由N302、N308和N310组成,其余家系组成第四分支;P_4代尼罗罗非鱼群体遗传多态性比P_0代小幅降低,而构建P_5代家系时参考了微卫星标记的分析结果,其遗传多态性明显高于P_0和P_4代。结果表明:参考微卫星标记计算的家系间的亲缘关系,人为控制选配提高后代稀有等位基因的频率和杂合子的比例,可以有效防止近交衰退,维持较高的种群遗传多样性和选择潜力。     

Triploid hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria produced by inhibiting polar body I or polar body II

Two types of triploid hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria were produced by inhibiting polar body I (PB1) or polar body II (PB2) with cytochalasin B. Treatments were applied at 22–23°C, with PB1 inhibition starting at 4–7 min postfertilization and ending when PB2 was first observed in control groups, and with PB2 inhibition starting at 17–23 min postfertilization and ending when 80% of control eggs released PB2. Triploid induction success was evaluated by chromosome counting in 2–4 cell embryos and by flow cytometry at larval and juvenile stages. PB2 inhibition produced more triploids (82%–100%) than PB1 inhibition (71%–83%), although the difference was not significant (p ≥ .088). Triploid percentages in PB1‐ or PB2‐inhibited groups showed a small but insignificant decline during the first 6 months. At month 3, PB1 and PB2 triploids were not different from their within‐group diploids, but significantly larger than control diploids; PB1 triploids were significantly larger than PB2 triploids (p ≤ .003). At month 6, PB1 triploids were not different from either within‐group or control‐group diploids, while PB2 triploids were significant larger than both within‐group and control diploid; PB1 triploids were smaller than PB2 triploids. At month 16, PB1 and PB2 triploids in one remaining replicate were not different from their within‐group diploids. Overall, this study shows that triploids can be efficiently produced by PB1 or PB2 inhibition, and their growth performance relative to diploids is variable depending on age and replicates or parental genotype.     

养殖虾类红体病和红体症状的研究概况和探讨

本文通过对红体病易感的南美白对虾、日本沼虾、斑节对虾和罗氏沼虾进行分析阐述,从病毒、细菌和环境因素等方面,总结了虾类红体病的病原和病理特征,归纳了相应的防治方法,以期为该病的进一步研究以及临床诊断和控制提供参考。     

鱼类体色研究进展

鱼类的体色丰富多彩,这是由于鱼类体内具有色素细胞所致,鱼类的基本色素细胞有四种:即黑色素细胞(Melanophore)、虹彩细胞(Iridocyte,又称鸟粪素细胞,guanophore)、红色素细胞(Erythrophore)和黄色素细胞(Xanthophore).     

Clinico-chemical study of body cavity effusions

The differential diagnosis of ascites is discussed. 107 dogs with ascites were examined. The mean age of the dogs was relatively high. Therefore many dogs were multimorbid. The classification of ascites into transudate and exudate was of limited value. The activity of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the ascitic fluid was a potent parameter in differentiating cardiac, neoplastic and infectious ascites. For the diagnosis of a neoplastic cause of the ascites, a LDH activity range from 200-1600 U/l was useful. The predictive value of the positive result was 87%, and the predictive value of the negative result was 88%.     

An evaluation of total body electrical conductivity to estimate body composition of largemouth bass,Micropterus salmoides

Measurement of total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) recently has been used to estimate the body composition of several fish species in a noninvasive manner. The present study was conducted to evaluate the use of TOBEC in estimating body composition of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). A total of 85 largemouth bass weighing 154 to 3 245 g were measured for electrical conductivity after which their proximate composition was determined by chemical means. Significant linear relationships existed between the natural logarithm of whole-body ash, lean body mass, lipid, protein, and water content and the natural logarithm of length and/or weight with r² values ranging from 0.860 to 0.999. Inclusion of the TOBEC value did not significantly improve the prediction accuracy of these models. Equations were developed to allow the prediction of body composition of largemouth bass based on length and weight measurements. Prediction models including only length and weight as variables provided estimates of body components of an independent set of fish that were not significantly different from chemically derived measurements of these components. These models should allow the rapid, nondestructive estimation of body composition of largemouth bass varying in size and condition without the added cost and processing time associated with measurement of TOBEC, although large prediction errors might prevent the detection of ecologically significant differences in body composition. However, with additional data involving narrower fish-size ranges and constant temperatures for the development of prediction equations, TOBEC may improve the prediction accuracy of body composition estimates for largemouth bass.     

鲫体重和体厚相关的EST-SSRs标记筛选及同源基因分析

利用300个EST-SSRs标记对普通二倍体鲫(Carassius auratus)自交F2代的181个个体进行基因型检测,并对其体重、体厚两种经济性状进行单标记回归分析。Permutation检验(10 000次)结果显示,38个标记与所检测的经济性状相关,其中26个标记达到显著性相关(P<0.05),12个标记达到极显著性相关(P<0.01)。在38个相关标记中,有27个标记与体重相关,25个标记与体厚相关,14个标记与体重、体厚均相关。对同一标记的不同基因型之间进行多重比较,找到了与两种经济性状相关的基因型。将与性状相关的38个标记与斑马鱼(Da-nio rerio)基因组序列进行BLAST同源性比对,找到10条相似性高且功能已知的EST-SSRs序列(E相似文献   

Larger body size with higher predation rate

Abstract –  Many studies have reported that prey fish increase in body size with an increase in piscivore abundance, and this change may be explained mainly by two processes: release from intraspecific competition because of a reduction in the prey fish population and size-dependent selection by the piscivore. However, the evolutionary mechanism is not yet fully understood. Here, we first show the body-size dynamics of the semelparous gobiid fish Gymnogobius isaza , which is one of the prey fishes of the introduced largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides . The data show the possibility that the goby body size might have changed in parallel to the number of largemouth bass from 1975 to 2002, which may be one of the best examples of the positive relationship between body size and predation rate. Furthermore, we explored a mathematical model to consider a body-size change of semelparous fish from an evolutionary viewpoint. The model provided the following qualitative predictions: (1) the optimal assimilation rate increases with predation pressure; (2) a rapid large-scale increase in predation pressure may exterminate the prey fish because of delayed evolution of the assimilation rate; and (3) the optimal assimilation rate increases when the prey fish is more likely to die through predation than through natural mortality or when it is difficult to grow larger because of low resource availability or insufficient foraging efficiency. Moreover, we propose a theoretical framework to evaluate the relative effects of ecological and evolutionary processes over the long term.     

阿根廷滑柔鱼体长、体重组成以及体长与体重关系的初步分析

根据2001年12月至2002年4月在西南大西洋(57°W—60°W,41°S—47°S)的柔鱼生产资料,对阿根廷滑柔鱼的体长与体重组成,以及体长与体重关系进行分析。结果表明:南渔场(60°W—61°W,45°S—47°S)与北渔场(57°W—58°W,41°S—42°S)柔鱼的优势体长分别为20~21cm与23~24cm,优势体重分别为100~200g与大于400g;体长与体重关系式分别为W=2.7×10-3L3.628与W=4.9×10-2L2.792,并进行了讨论。     

杂交青虾“太湖1号”抱卵量与体长、体重的关系

测量了杂交青虾"太湖1号"抱卵虾的体长、体重,同时对其抱卵量进行计数,分析得出,杂交青虾"太湖1号"的抱卵量(F)与体长(L)、体重(W)的关系分别为:F=166.11 e0.0498L(相关系数r=0.9277)、F=896.15 W0.8184(相关系数r=0.9284)。