关于闽南、台浅渔场海洋捕捞作业结构调整的探讨

随着闽南、台浅渔场海洋捕捞强度不断增强,捕捞方式和作业结构日趋不合理,渔船效率下降。本文从渔场的渔业资源现状出发,对灯围、拖网等作业规模的总量控制进行探讨,提出加强渔业科学管理,控制拖网,巩固灯围,发展流刺网、深水延绳钓及鱿鱼钓和鱿鱼敷网作业的新路子,以养护和合理利用渔场渔业资源,促进渔业可持续发展。     

A surplus production model with latent truncation and species targeting,with an application to Papua New Guinean fisheries

This paper first reviews traditional bio-economic models of catch–effort equilibrium and later contributions based on augmented and revised specifications. To overcome some of the pitfalls in fisheries analysis, an approach is formulated which accounts for latent truncation in the fishing fleet, species targeting and non-linear long-term relationships among catch, effort and biomass. The procedure is applied to purse seine and longline offshore marine fisheries in Papua New Guinea, where tuna and other fish resources are believed to be under-exploited on the whole, but selective overfishing is reported to take place. Statistical evidence of incidental truncation is weak, with results being sensitive to the selection of variables. Based on regression diagnostics and expected signs/statistical significance of parameter estimates, non-linear surplus production specifications prove to be more suited than original and unrestricted versions of the conventional approach for modelling the dominant (purse seine) fishery in PNG over the period 1979–2007, with both main and secondary target fishing being found not to exceed the maximum sustainable yield. In either case, policy implications of these results should be pondered against underreporting of official fish catches.     

中国金枪鱼围网船队大眼金枪鱼渔获物的特征变化与人工集鱼装置禁渔期的关系

研究了2012-2015年中国金枪鱼围网船队大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)渔获物的特征变化与人工集鱼装置(fish aggregation devices,FAD)禁渔期的关系,文章收集了2012-2015年中国大陆金枪鱼围网船队在中西太平洋的渔捞日志数据,对随附鱼群捕捞努力量与小体大眼金枪鱼和大体大眼金枪鱼的船均产量进行分析比较。结果显示:1)从2013年开始,对随附鱼群投网的次数占总投网次数的比例有所降低,均不超过50%;2)K-S检验显示研究期内禁渔期前后的船均随附鱼群网次存在显著差异(P0.05);3)2013-2015年大眼金枪鱼渔获量的平均水平明显低于2012年;4)从2013年开始,禁渔期结束后的第一个月(即11月)的船均产量都发生猛增;5)从捕捞努力量与渔获量的相关性结果看,不论是小体大眼金枪鱼还是全部大眼金枪鱼,2013年和2014年两者都呈现出显著的强正相关关系(P0.05)。这些结果表明2012年以后中国船队对大眼金枪鱼幼鱼的兼捕水平有所下降,延长FAD禁渔期的管理措施对于保护大眼金枪鱼幼鱼在某些年份可能具有一定的效果。     

韭山列岛附近海域渔业资源分析

根据浙江省海洋水产研究所于2005年11月至2006年10月在韭山列岛附近海域四个航次的底拖网调查资料,结合2006年定置刺网调查资料和张网与灯光围网监测资料,对该海域的渔业资源状况进行了分析。结果表明:四种作业方式共捕获水生动物119种,其中,鱼类72种,虾蟹类29种,头足类6种,其他类(包括腹足纲、双壳纲及甲壳纲中的虾蛄科)12种,隶属于3门,6纲,22目,66科。其中,拖网调查共捕获水生动物77种,其中鱼类41种,虾蟹类21种,头足类3种,其他类12种,隶属于3门,6纲,18目,45科。拖网调查渔获的水生动物中鲈形目的数量达22种,明显高于其他目的鱼类数量。拖网各航次各类群的资源尾数密度指数与资源重量密度指数的最大值分别出现在5月份和10月份。拖网渔获水生动物的优势种:4月份为日本鼓虾、日本蟳与鮸鱼;5月份为六丝钝尾鰕虎鱼,日本鼓虾与日本蟳;10月份为龙头鱼、口虾蛄、日本蟳、棘头梅童鱼与中华管鞭虾;11月份为棘头梅童鱼、日本鼓虾、口虾蛄与海鳗。     

用计算机设计围网

在我国的捕鱼作业中，利用围网捕鱼是一种常用的捕鱼方法，而围网设计是渔具设计工作者必须要解决的问题，目前计算机在渔具设计中应用还比较少，本文根据目前网厂常用的设计方法，进行了优化选取，编制了一套设计围网的计算机程序。根据所需设计的航速，作业渔场情况及捕捞对象等资料选取适当参数，即可得到一盘围网的主要设计参数值。程序用ＱＵＩＣＫ ＢＡＳＩＣ语言编写，通过调节１４个ＳＵＢ过程，逐步完成设计。     

东海鲐鱼资源合理利用的研究

利用1970~2006年每年取样鲐鱼所得叉长体重组构成资料,重点分析了70、80、90年代的鲐鱼生物学表征;并结合我国围网捕捞的发展变化情况,应用体长结构实际种群分析法(LVPA)对各个年代的鲐鱼捕捞死亡系数(F)做了分析对比,研究显示,东海区日本鲭F由70年代的0.68上升为90年代的1.60,开发利用程度在不断地加大中。根据1990年以来的日本鲭渔获量资料,估算了1990~2001年东海区日本鲭资源量,结果表明,东海区日本鲭年平均资源量在(73.34~116.88)×104t之间波动。以LVPA法估算所得的90年代鲐鱼F值和最小开捕叉长的数据,利用B-H动态综合模型估算了不同渔业条件下的单位补充量渔获量(Y/R)的变化,结果显示,以目前的捕捞强度,日本鲭的开捕年龄从0.25龄提高为1.22龄,即最小开捕叉长由185 mm调整为247.61 mm,Y/R可提高15.1%,具有一定增产潜力。建议在实际渔业中,渔期适当推迟,禁止利用日本鲭幼鱼。     

Seasonal variation in docosahexaenoic acid content in horse mackerel caught in the East China Sea

ABSTRACT:   The fatty acid composition in horse mackerel caught off Nagasaki, off Tsushima Island, and in the middle of the East China Sea was investigated. The ratios of monoenoic and polyenoic acids to the total fatty acids in the Nagasaki and bull trawl catch specimens had a negative correlation. The docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) ratios of total fatty acids in summer-caught specimens were lower than those in winter-caught specimens, and this tendency was significantly clearer in smaller-sized fish, while DHA levels in tissues varied little throughout the year. Consistently high levels of DHA were found in various fishing areas, which suggests that horse mackerel offers a stable source of DHA.     

Prey selectivity in planktivorous juvenile fishes associated with floating objects in the western Mediterranean

Aspects of the feeding ecology of planktivorous juvenile fishes were assessed by comparing stomach content samples from purse seine catches with food environment samples from vertical hauls of a WP-2 mesozooplankton net. Sampling was performed fortnightly over 2 years, around moored experimental floating objects and at open water control stations in oceanic Mediterranean waters. Species composition, abundance and seasonal occurrence of both potential prey (zooplankton) and predators (fish) were studied. Dietary composition was examined for six fish species, and prey selectivity was assessed by means of several selectivity indices: Ivlev's selectivity index, linear food selection index and forage ratio. A comparison of the results showed significant variations among indices, related to both the degree of selection and the relative abundance of the food type in the environment. Most fish caught were pelagic juveniles, and had fed on plankton; however, there was variability in diet composition and prey selectivity among species allowing their separation into generalists and specialists. The pilot fish Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus) was a specialist, preying upon neustonic hyperiid amphipods, whereas the three congeneric species of Trachurus: T. picturatus (Bowdich), T. trachurus (Linnaeus) and T. mediterraneus (Steinachner) fed on copepods and other planktonic crustaceans. The species studied appeared to partition food resources to minimize the overlap in use of a very specific habitat.     

Effects of intensive fishing on the perch population in a large oligotrophic lake in eastern Finland

The perch population in Lake Höytiäinen was intensively fished to reduce the density of the population and hence also the predation pressure by perch on vendace larvae. A hypothesis suggests that this predation can prevent recovery of commercially important vendace stock from a state of low-density. In the 1990s the density of the perch population in Lake Höytiäinen has increased, while the vendace stock has been sparse. Intensive fishing was conducted by professional fishermen with a paired bottom trawl, seine net, hoop net and small fish traps and by recreational fishermen with small fish traps. The size of perch population during the intensive fishing period was studied by test fishing with multi-mesh gillnets and the Leslie method in which trawl YPUE was regressed on the cumulative yield. The results suggest that the population size clearly diminished in the area where the fishing pressure was strongest. YPUE of test fishing decreased ca. 30% whereas the Leslie method gave almost a decrease twice as large as that of the former. Mean weight of perch increased in the trawl and test fishing catches during the intensive fishing period. The most effective fishing gear was trawl (62% of the total yield), but importance of trap net fishing by recreational fishermen was also high as they caught 22% of the total yield.