锦鲤幼鱼循环饥饿后的补偿生长和体成分变化

为研究体长(10.63±0.20)cm、体重(17.63±0.72)g锦鲤(Cryprinus carpiod)幼鱼循环饥饿后的补偿生长和体成分变化,试验设5个组,分别为正常投喂和4个循环饥饿投喂组,其中循环饥饿投喂组投喂方式分别为:饥饿1 d后投喂3 d、饥饿1 d后投喂5 d、饥饿2 d后投喂3 d、饥饿2 d后投喂5 d,试验水温为(27.0±1.0)℃,试验周期为40 d。试验结果表明:循环饥饿1 d后投喂的特定生长率、摄食率均显著高于正常投喂的(P0.05),但末均长、末均重、总摄食量、相对增重率和饲料利用率的差异均不显著(P0.05),表现为完全补偿生长,推测其补偿生长应是通过提高摄食率来实现的;循环饥饿2d后投喂的末均长、末均重、总摄食量、特定生长率、相对增重率均显著低于正常投喂的(P0.05),而摄食率、饲料利用率的差异均不显著(P0.05),表现为不能补偿生长,但是否对其生理机能造成伤害有待于进一步研究确定;4个循环饥饿投喂组的鱼体粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量较正常投喂组有所降低,而水分和灰分含量有所升高。因此,循环饥饿1 d后投喂3 d的实际投喂时间较短,且为完全补偿生长,是最佳的循环饥饿投喂模式。     

不同循环饥饿投喂模式对尼罗罗非鱼补偿生长的影响

为了探讨尼罗罗非鱼对不同循环饥饿投喂模式的补偿生长效应,本实验分别采用每天投喂(S0)及饥饿1 d+投喂3 d(S1F3)、饥饿1 d+投喂5 d(S1F5)、饥饿1 d+投喂7 d(S1F7)、饥饿2 d+投喂3 d(S2F3)、饥饿2 d+投喂5 d(S2F5)和饥饿2 d+投喂7 d(S2F7)6种不同的循环投喂模式,用含33%蛋白质和8%脂肪的饲料饲养尼罗罗非鱼(均重13.50 g),饲喂期为43 d。结果显示,S0组的增重率(806.74%)最高,与S1F3、S1F5和S1F7组差异不显著,但分别比S2F3、S2F5和S2F7组显著提高40.3%、33.6%和10.4%;S0组的特定生长率最低(5.36%),显著低于其他各组;与对照组相比,采用循环投喂模式没有改善饲料转化率和蛋白质效率,但却能明显提高日摄食率;各实验处理组肝体比、脏体比、肥满度、鱼体灰分含量、肌肉RNA/DNA比值及血清总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和尿素氮含量与对照组差异不显著;S1F3、S1F5和S1F7组鱼体蛋白质和脂肪含量、血清甘油三酯含量及血清谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性与S0组差异不显著,但S2F3、S2F5和S2F7组鱼体蛋白质和脂肪含量及血清甘油三酯含量显著低于S0组,血清谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性显著高于S0组。研究表明,尼罗罗非鱼在S1F3、S1F5和S1F7模式下获得了完全补偿生长,而在S2F3、S2F5和S2F7模式下仅获得了部分补偿生长,且均是通过提高恢复投喂期间的摄食量来实现补偿生长。在获得完全补偿生长的3组中,S1F3组的实际投喂天数最短,仅为33 d,比每天投喂模式缩短了23.3%,因此在本实验条件下,饥饿1 d+投喂3 d是最佳的循环饥饿投喂模式。     

壳聚糖投喂方式对草鱼抗饥饿胁迫能力的影响

在基础饲料中添加0.5%的壳聚糖,采用3种不同的投喂方式(方式A:连续投喂基础饲料,对照组;方式B:连续投喂添加0.5%壳聚糖的饲料,连续组;方式C:先投喂0.5%壳聚糖饲料再投喂基础饲料且每15天间隔投喂,不连续组)饲喂初始体重(19.46±0.04)g的草鱼60d后,对草鱼进行饥饿胁迫处理[各投喂方式分为投喂组(feeding,F)和饥饿组(starvation,S)],以生长、一氧化氮(nitrogenoxide,NO)含量和溶菌酶(lysozyme,LSZ)活性为指标考察壳聚糖不同投喂方式对草鱼抗饥饿胁迫处理的能力。结果显示,(1)连续组和不连续组60d时草鱼增长率和增重率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),15d饥饿处理后也呈现投喂组和饥饿组的增长率和增重率高于对照组的趋势(P>0.05);(2)对照组头肾、肝胰脏NO含量和血清、头肾溶菌酶活性饥饿组显著高于投喂组(P<0.05),连续组除头肾外NO含量和各组织溶菌酶活性饥饿组显著低于投喂组(P<0.05)或与投喂组无显著差异(P>0.05),不连续组除脾脏外NO含量和除肝胰脏外的溶菌酶活性饥饿组显著低于投喂组(P<0.05)或与投喂组无显著差异(P>0...     

不同投喂模式下新吉富罗非鱼的补偿生长

在23.7℃～31.2℃条件下,将初始体重约为31.65g的新吉富罗非鱼(NEW GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus)饲养在12只直径1.0m的圆形不锈钢桶中,每桶20尾,采用4种不同投喂模式饲喂47d:A组(每天投喂,对照组)、B组(隔天投喂)、C组(隔1d投喂3d)和D组(隔1d投喂5d),研究了不同投喂模式对新吉富罗非鱼补偿生长的影响。结果显示:D组的增重率显著高于其它各组(包括对照组)(P<0.05),达到164.76%;B、C、D组的摄食率和特定生长率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),B组和D组的饲料效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),都达到70%以上。B组和C组新吉富罗非鱼仅有部分补偿生长能力,而D组显示了超补偿生长效应。这种补偿生长效应主要通过饥饿后食欲增强,摄食量增加实现,但饲料效率的提高对补偿生长也有一定的贡献。研究结果为罗非鱼的科学养殖及其补偿生长效应在生产中的应用具有一定的指导意义。     

中华鲟幼鱼循环饥饿后的补偿生长和体成分变化

研究中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)幼鱼循环饥饿后的补偿生长和体成分变化。实验设4个循环饥饿组(T1:饥饿1 d,饱食投喂3 d;T2:连续饥饿2 d,饱食投喂4 d;T3:连续饥饿4 d,饱食投喂6 d;T4:连续饥饿7 d,饱食投喂8 d)和1个对照组(T0:每天饱食投喂)。结果显示:在水温21.5～25.4℃条件下,T1组末重和特定生长率均超过对照组,表现为超补偿生长;T2组末重和特定生长率均接近对照组,表现为完全补偿生长,T1、T2组食物转化率均显著高于对照组;T3、T4组实际摄食水平均明显高于对照组,但表现为不能补偿生长。4个循环饥饿组幼鱼肝体比及脏体比均显著高于对照组。各组肌肉蛋白质和脂肪含量下降,同时水分和灰分含量上升;从饥饿2 d组开始,蛋白质和脂肪含量显著低于对照组,且蛋白质含量比脂肪含量下降幅度更大。     

花鲈在短期周期性饥饿下的补偿生长

试验设3个饥饿处理组和1个对照组,研究花鲈在短期周期性饥饿下的补偿生长。试验结果表明,不同饥饿处理下的花鲈具有部分补偿生长能力,再投喂下的干物质摄食率(FR)显著高于对照组(P<0.0001),但饲料效率(FE)与对照组相比差异不显著(P<0.05),表明花鲈在短期周期性饥饿下的补偿生长通过提高摄食率实现。花鲈在补偿生长期间的生长效率大幅度提高,在投喂时间为对照组50%的条件下,周期性饥饿7 d(SR77)和周期性饥饿2 d(SR22)组平均特定生长率达到对照组的70.0%。     

投喂率和投喂频率对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝脏健康的影响

为探讨投喂率和投喂频率对鱼类生长和肝脏健康的影响,以吉富罗非鱼(Oreachromis niloticus)幼鱼(3.78 g±0.01 g)为研究对象,采用4×2双因子实验设计,设置了4个投喂率(8%、10%、12%和表观饱食投喂)和2个投喂频率(2次/d、3次/d),共8个处理,在24个循环水养殖桶(有效容积100 L)中养殖30 d。结果显示:在8%～12%的投喂率下,投喂频率对实验鱼的生长性能和饲料利用无显著影响,但发现表观饱食投喂3次/d的实验鱼生长性能和饲料效率最佳,其增重率和特定生长率显著高于投喂率8%实验组,饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著高于投喂率10%和12%实验组,而饲料成本则显著低于投喂率12%实验组。投喂率和投喂频率对实验鱼的肥满度、脏体比以及干物质、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率无显著影响。随投喂率的增加,实验鱼的成活率提高,其肝脏和去内脏全鱼的粗脂肪含量逐渐增加,但肌肉和内脏的粗脂肪无显著变化。投喂率和投喂频率对实验鱼血清总蛋白、球蛋白、甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量及碱性磷酸酶、谷丙转氨酶活性无显著影响,但投喂率为10%的实验组血清谷草转氨酶活性显著高于投喂率8%实验组的血糖水平随投喂率的增加而升高。实验鱼肝细胞的核面积比例不受投喂率和投喂频率的影响,而空泡面积比例以表观饱食投喂的最大。依据生长性能和饲料利用,吉富罗非鱼幼鱼选择表观饱食投喂3次/d效果较好,但会产生体脂肪积累过多,肝细胞空泡增大等影响;若综合考虑生长和养殖成本,以10%的投喂率,投喂2次/d为宜。     

哲罗鱼继饥饿后的补偿生长及其机制

对平均初始体重为80 g的哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)进行了8周养殖实验,以检验其继饥饿后的补偿生长。实验共设5个处理组,4组鱼分别被饥饿1周、2周、3周、4周后再恢复正常投喂,1组正常投喂作为对照,分别用S1、S2、S3、S4、C表示。实验结果显示:饥饿过程中各饥饿组鱼体重随饥饿时间的延长而逐渐下降,饥饿结束时S2、S3、S4组鱼体重均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),恢复投喂结束时S1、S2、S3组鱼体重与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),S4组鱼体重与对照差异显著(P<0.05)。恢复投喂期间除S1组外其他饥饿组鱼的摄食率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在饥饿过程中,其耗氧率随着饥饿时间的延长逐渐下降,恢复投喂后逐渐上升,其中S1、S2、S3组在各自恢复投喂后5 d、9 d、12 d恢复到对照组水平,而S4组则在其恢复投喂后24 d恢复到对照组水平。饥饿导致鱼躯干脂肪含量下降,躯干水分和灰分含量升高,蛋白质含量变化不大。恢复投喂结束时各饥饿组鱼躯干水分、脂肪、蛋白质含量与对照无显著性差异(P>0.05);躯干灰分含量除S4组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)外,其余与对照差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验结果表明,人工养殖哲罗鱼饥饿1~3周表现出完全补偿生长,饥饿4周表现出部分补偿生长。恢复投喂期间各饥饿组鱼对食物的利用效率得到明显提高,表明哲罗鱼恢复生长中出现的补偿生长效应主要是通过提高摄食水平和食物转化率共同作用实现的。     

饥饿及恢复投喂对菊黄东方鲀生长和血清生化的影响

为了解菊黄东方纯的补偿生长机制,发掘其生长潜力,在室内可控条件下,对体质量(128.23±16.67)g的菊黄东方纯进行饥饿0 d(对照)、5 d(F5)、10 d(F10)、15 d(F15)和随后恢复投喂25 d的处理,分别于饥饿开始前、饥饿结束及恢复投喂结束时进行采样,分析饥饿及恢复投喂对菊黄东方纯生长和血清生化的影响。结果显示:饥饿期间,F15组菊黄东方纯的体质量显著低于对照组和F5组(P0.05);F10和F15组的增重率和特定生长率均呈负增长,差异不显著(P0.05),但均显著低于F5组和对照组(P0.05)。恢复投喂后,F15组的增重率和特定生长率显著高于对照组(P0.05),各组试验鱼的平均体质量、总增重率和总特定生长率与对照组间均无显著差异(P0.05),但F5组总增重率和总特定生长率较对照组分别提高了36.68%和34.09%。随着饥饿时间的延长,试验鱼的成活率呈下降趋势。受饥饿胁迫,试验鱼体内血糖、总蛋白、胆固醇、甘油三酯的含量呈下降趋势,饥饿至15 d时达显著水平(P0.05);血清碱性磷酸酶和谷丙转氨酶无显著影响(P0.05)。恢复投喂后,除F15组的血清甘油三酯含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),F10组的血清胆固醇含量低于对照组(P0.05)外,各处理组的血清生化指标与对照组之间均无显著差异(P0.05)。研究结果表明,饥饿5 d的菊黄东方纯表现出超补偿生长能力.适当延长投饲间隔或减少投饲次数对提高养殖经济效益有积极作用。     

不同投喂方法及投饲率对育成期鲤鱼生长性能的影响

试验设计自主(ZZ)投喂和自动(ZD)投喂两种方法,每种方法对应饱食投喂(ZZ100和ZD100)、85%饱食投喂(ZZ85和ZD85)和70%饱食投喂(ZZ70和ZD70)三种投饲率,研究不同投喂方法及投饲率对育成期鲤鱼生长性能、形体指标、脏器指数及均匀度的影响。试验周期45 d。结果表明:①两种投喂方法下,鲤鱼相对增重率和特定生长率随投饲率的升高而升高,ZZ100和ZD100之间无统计学意义差异(P0.05),但ZZ100组显著高于ZZ70组,ZD100组显著高于其余4组(P0.05)。②饲料系数ZZ70组显著低于ZD100组,ZD70组显著低于其余4组(P0.05),但ZZ70与ZD70之间差异不具有统计学意义(P0.05):即自主投喂下,三种投饵率之间饲料系数差异不具有统计学意义;而自动投喂下,饱食投喂组饲料系数显著高于70%饱食投喂组。③各处理间鲤鱼肥满度、内脏指数、肝胰脏指数、肠体指数和肠长指数均无统计学意义差异(P0.05)。④与自动投喂方法相比,自主投喂方法鲤鱼体质量变异性更低,鱼体均匀度更好。     

A new concept related to growth coefficient

ABSTRACT: Although the notion of growth coefficient is important in growth analysis, its meaning is not necessarily pointed out clearly, at least analytically. The present paper, based on the von Bertalanffy model, gives an extended quantity of it and investigates its properties for logistic and Gompertz models. It is age dependent and converges to the coefficient of age in the models, growth coefficient in the traditional sense. The graphs of the quantity and the length show similarity for the logistic model, but not for the Gompertz model, although they show the same type of fluctuation. Moreover, the analysis indicates that the newly defined quantity has a property suitable to be called a growth density of the growth of length. Our discussion also shows the importance of the notion of growth remainder.     

企鹅珍珠贝早期养殖生长性状的增长规律及生长曲线拟合研究

该研究对海南新村港养殖17个月的企鹅珍珠贝(Pteria penguin)苗种生长性状进行测量,利用von Bertalanffy、Gompertz和Logistic 3种生长模型对其生长性状的增长规律进行拟合,通过Levenberg-Marquardt迭代法求出各模型中3个生长参数,综合各参数的最优值,得出不同生长性状拟合效果最佳的生长模型。结果表明,Gompertz模型为企鹅珍珠贝各生长性状的最优生长模型。根据生长参数得出壳长、壳高、壳宽和体质量的生长极限值分别为93.519 mm、90.641 mm、39.075 mm和157.755 g,生长拐点分别为2.86个月、4.04个月、5.63个月和9.61个月;各生长性状间的绝对生长速度在不同生长期内差异较大,但随着月龄的增大均呈现先增加后降低的趋势;性状间相对生长速度存在差异并随月龄的增长逐渐趋于0。研究结果可为企鹅珍珠贝的养殖生态研究、遗传育种及插核育珠提供理论依据和参考资料。     

基因重组草鱼生长激素(r-gGH)对草鱼鱼种生长的促进作用

家蚕多角体病毒表达系统在家蚕体内表达基因重组的草鱼生长激素(r-gGH)，具有与天然草鱼生长激素(GH)相似的免疫原性和生物活性。为了节省基因工程研究中的下游工作 (基因产物的分离和提纯)，本研究将含有r-gGH的家蚕直接作为饵料源，冻干并磨碎后拌在饵料中投喂草鱼鱼种，通过养殖实验及生化测定分析对比r-gGH促进草鱼鱼种生长的剂量依存关系，筛选活性强的处理剂量和处理时间，期望为鱼类养殖生产提供一种较为经济、来源容易、方法简易而又切实可行的促进鱼种生长并且可以大规模应用的方式。实验结果表明，投喂含有r-gGH的家蚕，有相当一部分被鱼体消化道吸收，进入血液循环。投喂2 h和6 h 后，草鱼鱼种的血清GH水平均显著高于对照组(投喂基本饲料)和投喂正常家蚕组；每天投喂和隔2天投喂，均使草鱼鱼种的血清GH水平显著升高，并对草鱼鱼种生长都有明显的促进作用。短期(3 d)和长期(42 d)投喂含有r-gGH 的家蚕，无论是低剂量(10 mg·g^-1饲料)还是高剂量(20 mg·g^-1饲料)，均极其显著地提高草鱼鱼种的血清GH水平；长期(42 d)投喂亦对草鱼鱼种的生长有显著的促进作用，鱼体的相对体重增长率、相对体长增长率、食物转化率和肥满度显著增加。     

Social control of growth in Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man): a review and prospects for future research

The wide range of sizes of sexually mature prawn populations and particularly of the males is very typical of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) and a major obstacle to increased profitability of prawn culture. Prawn size variation reflects a complex population structure composed of three major male morphotypes – the small males, the orange‐claw males and the blue‐claw males – which differ in their morphology, physiology and behaviour. Social interactions among juveniles and among sexually mature males affect their growth. Four different social mechanisms have been suggested to control growth in crustaceans: direct competition for food, appetite suppression, altered food‐conversion efficiency and increased energy expenditure on motor activity. Since all growth‐controlling mechanisms involve an aggressive behavioural component, our knowledge of prawn agonistic behaviour and prawn social organization has been reviewed. Present knowledge of the social mechanisms regulating growth among juveniles and among sexually mature male morphotypes as well as the sensory modalities involved was evaluated. The possible evolution of social growth‐controlling mechanisms is discussed. Various ways for implementing our knowledge on social control of growth into prawn culture to increase profitability are suggested.     

An enkephalin analog stimulates growth of tilapia

A synthetic enkephalin analog (Tyr-D-Trp-Ala-D-Phe-NH₂) was administered to juvenile hybrid tilapia (Tilapia nilotica ×T. aurea) by immersing the fish for 15 minutes per week into one of two doses of the hormone for 8 weeks. Growth, food conversion efficiency, body weight, specific growth rate, food conversion efficiency and feed consumption were all significantly increased as a result of enkephalin treatment. The low dose (10µg/100 ml water) of enkephalin analog had a better stimulation effect than that of the high dose (100µg/100 ml water). Liver protein and protein/DNA ratio were higher in both treatment groups than in the control group. Tissue-body indices and muscle proximate composition were similar in the treatment and control groups. The growth stimulation in fish treated with the enkephalin analog was possibly mediated by an increase in growth hormone secretion.     

胰岛素样生长因子与动物性状的相关性研究

胰岛素样生长因子(insulin-likegrowthfactors,IGFs)是生长激素促生长作用的主要介导因子,通过对IGF-I和IGF-II及其对动物相关性状影响的系统分析,进一步揭示了其在动物的生长发育过程中发挥的重要作用。     

Growth standards for nine North American fish species

Abstract  Standard methods for comparing population characteristics within and among fish populations greatly enhance communications among fisheries scientists, improve the efficiency of data analysis, and provide insight that helps guide management actions. Although standard methods are available for comparing some fish population characteristics (e.g. length structure, body condition), similar methods are lacking for comparing growth. The purpose of this study was to provide standards (i.e. percentiles and a standard growth model) for nine ecologically and recreationally important fish species. Percentile distributions of mean back-calculated length at age were estimated using data obtained from the published literature and from data solicited from state and federal agencies throughout North America. Percentiles of growth were estimated for bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, common carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, flathead catfish, Pylodictis olivaris (Rafinesque), largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède), sauger, Sander canadensis (Griffith & Smith), smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepède, white bass, Morone chrysops (Rafinesque) and yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill). Standard growth models (i.e. von Bertalanffy models) were developed for these species and for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). These results provide tools that will help scientists compare growth of fishes across North America.     

黄渤海鲻生长的初步研究

对采自黄渤海沿岩的鲻样品进行了生物学测定，研究了鲻的两性生长，相对增长率，生长指标，生长参数，生长速度和加速度。     

Interactive effects of life history and season on size‐dependent growth in juvenile Atlantic salmon

Size‐dependent growth (SDG) is an important process in structuring populations as well as determining life history outcomes. Despite its importance, there have been few investigations from observational studies focusing on the interaction between life history decisions and SDG. In this study, we used data on individually tagged Atlantic salmon from both the laboratory and the field to investigate differences in SDG among two life history groups, parr and smolts. In the laboratory, we found little evidence of SDG in parr but seasonally dependent SDG in the smolt group. Smolts showed at strong compensatory response over the winter months just prior to the smolt transformation window. In the field, we found little evidence of SDG early in ontogeny (i.e., age 0+ fall and winter). There was some evidence of depensatory growth (positive SDG) during the age 1+ spring among both life history groups that may reflect random habitat variation or the monopolisation of resources. After the age 1+ spring, we found that smolts were more likely to show a compensatory effect (negative SDG) than parr. This effect was strongest, as they approached the smolt window in the spring of their age 2+ year. These results suggest (i) SDG is common in Atlantic salmon; however, the form and extent of life history depends on (ii) season and (iii) life history. For individuals that adopt a smolt life history, trade‐offs between freshwater survival and sea survival may lead to a convergent growth pattern, as they approach the smolt migration window.