鄱阳湖鱼类生境面临的主要问题及修复措施探讨

概述了鄱阳湖鱼类生境状况,分析了目前鄱阳湖鱼类生境面临的主要问题,包括生境萎缩或消失、生境片段化、部分栖息地环境恶化等。针对生境问题的主要诱因,提出了规范采砂行为、恢复鱼类生境的连通性、恢复湖洲滩地植被、结合流域污染防治改善鱼类栖息地环境等鱼类生境修复措施,并提出加强渔政管理,积极探索建立多元化投入机制,以促进鱼类生境和鱼类资源恢复的建议。     

鄱阳湖渔业水域生态修复的探讨

鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖泊,重要的湿地和候鸟栖息地,宝贵的鱼类资源库、鱼类基因库和经济鱼类的原种基地。针对鄱阳湖区渔业资源和水域现状,强调对渔业水域生态修复的重要性和必要性,提出建立湿地保护带、重建和恢复湖区滨岸植被、采用生物调控技术、加大增殖放流和人工鱼巢力度、建设重要经济鱼类种质资源保护区等措施。     

6种长江经济鱼类幼鱼对不同生境的偏好性

护堤、桥梁、大坝等涉水工程的兴建会对鱼类栖息地产生影响,了解鱼类幼鱼生境偏好可为鱼类栖息地的保护和修复提供理论依据。本文选取6种长江经济鱼类幼鱼,鳙(Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)、翘嘴鲌(Chanodichthys erythropterus)、青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)、团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)、鲫(Carassius auratus auratus)、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)进行了生境偏好选择模拟试验。结果表明:这6种鱼在各个组合生境中对沙生境均没有显著偏好(P>0.05);黄颡鱼在各个组合生境中均对岩石生境有明显偏好(P<0.05);鳙、翘嘴鲌、青鱼、团头鲂在各个组合生境中对沉水植物生境均有显著偏好(P<0.05)。生境修复的方案要根据环境条件和目标物种来确定,使用多种组合生境,可以为更多鱼类提供适宜的栖息生境。     

澜沧江流域鱼类栖息地保护实践

现阶段我国已建、在建水电工程主要采用过鱼、鱼类增殖放流作为主要的鱼类保护措施,栖息地保护方面开展了一定的工作,介绍澜沧江水电开发过程中鱼类栖息地保护实践,为加强鱼类资源保护的适应性管理,以及后续栖息地设计、建设、管理工作提供经验. 澜沧江流域功果桥以上江段以高原区系的鱼类为主,功果桥以下江段东洋鱼类区系鱼类逐渐增多。从流域层面进行栖息地保护规划,需要在上游建立高原鱼类栖息地保护水域和在下游建立东洋鱼类栖息地保护水域。干流在侧格、约龙、班达、如美库尾及卡贡河段保留了流水江段,乌弄龙至古水间保留了51.9km的流水江段,托巴至里底梯级之间保留了约26km的干流为流水江段,橄榄坝到南腊河出境口段也保留了流水江段;支流拟定大桥河、永春河、基独河、德庆河、罗闸河、右支小黑江、左支小黑河为栖息地保护河段。橄榄坝至南腊河河口段的干支流均维持了较好的自然生境, 2012年对补远江进行的2次鱼类调查共调查到鱼类25种, 2014年已达37种;基独河电站拆除前该河仅有少数鮡科和鳅科鱼类,电站拆除后监测到鮡科、鳅科和鲤科等鱼类16种;资助成立了澜沧江下游河段鱼类保护管理所,在澜沧江下游主要鱼类栖息地设置保护标识牌,开展鱼类保护日常巡查及栖息地环境调查,并进行鱼类保护法律法规宣传。鱼类栖息地保护工作应进一步加强引导,提高各方开展栖息地保护的意识和积极性,开展鱼类、环境等长期监测工作。     

金沙江旭龙水电站鱼类栖息地适宜性评价

为筛选金沙江上游旭龙江段鱼类栖息地保护支流，从替代适宜性和保护适宜性两个角度构建了鱼类栖息地适宜性评价指标体系，选取了11个与栖息地质量密切相关的评价指标，应用层次分析法确定评价指标的权重值，计算了三条主要支流的栖息地适宜性指数（HSI），并划分了栖息地适宜性等级。结果表明：重点保护鱼类物种相似性、纵向连通性指数、特有鱼类物种相似性3项指标的权重值位列前三位，分别为0.234、0.234、0.127；定曲、麦曲河、丹达曲的HSI 分别为84.1、72.0和61.3，定曲适宜性等级最高为“高度适宜”，麦曲河、丹达曲适宜性等级为“适宜”。针对当前定曲鱼类生境存在的问题，拟定了补建过鱼设施、开展受损河道生境修复、实施生态调度以及加强水污染监管等对策措施，以期为受水电开发影响下的河流栖息地筛选与保护提供参考。     

鄱阳湖物理生境特征及其对鱼类群落结构的影响

湖泊鱼类群落结构与物理生境特征密切相关。为了探究鱼类群落结构与物理生境特征之间的关系,在鄱阳湖设立17个采样点,通过采集鱼类样本研究其群落结构,并利用遥感技术分析样点物理生境特征（包括岸线分形维数、距离指数和高程值）及其空间区域差异。结果表明,依据17个采样位点的物理生境特征,鄱阳湖丰水期物理生境空间上可以划分为3个区域,分别为北方区、南方区和主湖区,但枯水期鄱阳湖生境没有显著的区域划分规律。丰水期鄱阳湖鱼类可以分为北方群、南方群和主湖区群3个类群,而枯水期鱼类组成没有明显规律。从功能类群上看,鄱阳湖鱼类以杂食性、湖泊定居性和偏好于底层以及中下层栖息的中小型鱼类为主。不同区域的鱼类功能群之间存在时间和空间上的变化,北方区和南方区鱼类功能群组成相似,主湖区与北方区和南方区存在差异。总体上,鱼类群落结构的时空变化和差异与物理生境特征具有良好的一致性;未来鄱阳湖鱼类的保护工作需要关注湖泊物理生境特征,不同区域应制定不同的保护措施。     

鄱阳湖水域渔业资源现状调查及主要保护对策

2009—2011年对鄱阳湖水域渔业资源与环境进行了动态监测,统计渔获物34 893.66 kg,其中鲤科鱼类种类最多,占37.01%。鄱阳湖现有鲤、鲫产卵场33处,主要分布在湖区东、南、西部,年均有效产卵面积186 km2,年均产卵量33.68亿粒。监测结果表明,鄱阳湖水域湖水的铅、总氮、铜、总磷和高锰酸盐等为主要超标污染物,导致湖区水质下降。结合水质状况对鄱阳湖的渔业资源现状进行了分析,并进一步提出了物种与生物资源保护、生境保护与修复、管理与监测等可持续发展对策,以保障鄱阳湖水域作为我国重要生态屏障的作用,使鄱阳湖水域渔业资源得到可持续利用。     

生境模拟法在黑水河鱼类栖息地保护中的应用

为了解黑水河鱼类栖息地适宜性状况,研究行之有效的栖息地保护方案,采用基于河道内流量增加法(IFIM)原理的栖息地模拟方法,使用RIVER2D二维水动力学及栖息地模拟软件,以黑水河干流苏家湾水电站坝址至公德房水电站坝址河段为例,进行水动力模拟和鱼类栖息地适宜性模拟,通过加权有效栖息地面积(WUA),分析适宜物理栖息地的数量、质量和分布情况,评估研究河段的鱼类栖息地适宜性状况并探究存在的主要问题。结果显示,公德房库区河段水域面积较大,大部分河段适宜性指数较高,有效栖息地面积较大;减水河段河道内流量较小,大部分河段水深较浅,有效栖息地面积小,需要开展河道生境修复;在此基础上,研究了增加生态流量(坝址处多年平均流量的10%、12.5%、15%)条件下的改善效果,以及固定生态流量(坝址处多年平均流量10%)条件下进行河道整理的改善效果。经比较分析,提出了黑水河生境修复可采取河道整理为主,结合优化生态流量的保护方案。     

长江上游珍稀特有鱼类保护区鱼类生境特征初步研究

长江上游珍稀特有鱼类保护区是我国最长的河流型自然保护区,保护了多种珍稀特有鱼类,具有重大的生物多样性保护价值。随着金沙江梯级开发的实施,长江上游保护区鱼类栖息条件将受到不同程度的影响。本研究基于长江上游珍稀特有鱼类保护区的地形、地貌、水文、水动力等条件,提出了保护区鱼类生境特征表征指标体系,并根据该指标体系初步分析了保护区栖息地生境特征。研究结果可为长江上游珍稀特有鱼类保护区鱼类资源保护措施的制定提供参考依据。     

岩礁鱼类行为生态学研究进展

岩礁鱼类多具有较高的经济价值，但过度开发、环境污染、全球气候变化造成岩礁鱼类及其栖息地受到不同程度的破坏，资源量锐减，栖息地退化。为应对全球海洋生态环境和资源面临的重重压力，以人工鱼礁、增殖放流为水生生物资源养护基础措施的海洋牧场建设成为世界沿海国家的战略性选择。开展岩礁鱼类行为生态学研究，解析生物对鱼礁结构物和人工生境的响应行为及人工环境对岩礁鱼类行为的影响，对优化水生生物放流策略、提高增殖物种成活率、养护生物资源、科学开展人工鱼礁工程建设和促进渔业经济发展具有重要作用。为此，本文综述了国内外对岩礁鱼类在栖息地选择、索饵、繁殖、集群、领域、防御等行为生态学研究进展，梳理了岩礁鱼类行为生态学研究在渔业资源保护与开发中的重要作用，同时，就岩礁鱼类行为生态学研究中存在的问题进行讨论并提出建议，以期为我国海洋牧场建设提供更科学的理论基础和更高效的技术方案。     

Larval and early juvenile fish dynamics in main channel and backwater lake habitats of the Illinois River ecosystem

The spatial and temporal complexity of large river ecosystems likely promotes biological diversity within riverine larval fish assemblages. However, the focus of most previous riverine studies of larval fish distribution has tended to concentrate mainly on backwater habitats. There has been less focus on the value of the main channel for larval fishes. We sampled two habitats types (three main channel sites and three backwater lakes) along 20 km of the Illinois River ecosystem during 2 years to compare the larval fish distribution along both spatial and environmental gradients between these habitats. Across the 2 years of this study, we found similar trends in the spatial and temporal distribution of larval fish, although there were some differences in densities between years. The relative abundance and size of many of the different fish taxa varied among habitats. Centrarchids, clupeids, poeciliids, cyprinids (excluding common carp) and atherinids were more abundant within backwater lake habitat. In contrast, common carp (Cyprinus carpio), sciaenids, moronids and catostomids were more abundant in main channel habitats. Furthermore, sciaenid and clupeid larvae captured in the backwater lake habitat were larger as the season progressed than those captured in the main channel. Our study suggests that larval fish show habitat specialisation, similar to adults, indicating that both the backwater lakes and the main channel are both important for larval fish and preserving the diversity of the fish assemblages in large floodplain rivers.     

大渡河金川至丹巴河段干、支流鱼类资源及其多样性分布

为进一步了解大渡河金川至丹巴河段干、支流鱼类群落结构及其多样性分布特征，2020年5和9月、2021年5和7月对大渡河上游金川电站坝址至猴子岩电站库尾108km干流及区间主要支流进行了系统的鱼类资源调查与分析。结果显示：研究河段共分布有鱼类19种，隶属3目6科11属；鲤形目种类最多（15种），占总种数的78.95%；鲇形目（3种），占15.79%，鲑形目（1种），占5.26%。土著鱼类（14种）主要为裂腹鱼亚科、高原鳅属和爬鮡属等适应高山峡谷流水生境、特化程度较高的鱼类。其中，大渡河裸裂尻鱼（Schizopygopsis chengi chengi）、细尾高原鳅（Triplophysa stenura）和齐口裂腹鱼（Schizothorax prenanti）为研究河段的优势种。渔获物统计及多样性分析表明，干流与小金川、革什扎河、东谷河及勒乌沟等支流土著鱼类组成较为相似，但干流与支流以及各支流间鱼类资源及其多样性差异明显。研究表明，本河段鱼类群落组成简单，生态脆弱性较高，种群资源一旦遭到破坏，将很难恢复。且大部分土著鱼类为珍稀濒危和特有鱼类，保护意义重大。同时，大渡河上游鱼类正面临严重的外来鱼类入侵威胁，需引起高度关注。研究结果可为梯级开发对鱼类资源的影响评估提供基础资料，为鱼类栖息地保护等水生态保护措施的规划和设计提供依据。     

不同时空尺度下黄河口及其邻近水域鱼类群落谱系结构

为探究不同时空尺度下黄河口及其邻近水域鱼类群落谱系结构的分布格局以及多样性的维持机制, 根据 2013 年 6 月、7 月、8 月、10 月和 2014 年 2 月、4 月和 5 月在黄河口及其邻近水域开展的 7 个航次的鱼类资源调查数据, 基于鱼类系统发育关系, 分别以各月份黄河口及其邻近水域的鱼类群落、全年和不同月份在各个站位上出现的鱼类为目标群落, 应用净亲缘关系指数分析了该海域鱼类群落谱系结构的时空变化, 并探讨了影响群落构建的主要因素。结果表明, 在黄河口及其邻近水域, 鱼类群落谱系结构在 2 月、4 月呈现发散状态, 竞争排斥可能是影响鱼类群落构建的主导因素; 在其他月份均为谱系聚集状态, 生境过滤可能是鱼类群落构建的主导因素。在站位尺度上, 从全年来看, 入海口处的站位点鱼类群落呈现为谱系发散, 竞争排斥起着主导作用, 而其他站位鱼类群落谱系结构表现为谱系聚集, 生境过滤为主要驱动因素; 在各月份中, 站位间鱼类净亲缘关系指数变化较小, 除 2 月和 4 月外, 各月份中多数站位上鱼类群落表现为谱系聚集, 生境过滤起着主导作用。不同时空尺度下, 黄河口及其邻近水域鱼类群落有不同的物种组成和谱系结构; 在较大时空尺度下, 生境过滤对鱼类群落谱系结构起主导作用, 而在较小时空尺度下竞争排斥则是主要影响因素。     

Effect of habitat fragmentation on spawning migration of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.)

Abstract –  Human-induced habitat alteration is one of the main causes of the decline of freshwater fish populations. The watershed of the River Bidasoa (Spain) is an example of heavily fragmented habitat. The local brown trout ( Salmo trutta L.) population is disturbed, with evidence of poor recruitment as well as low adult densities in the main stem. Forty male and female adult migratory trout were tagged with external or internal radio transmitters and released. Fixed stations with data loggers and mobile antennae were used with daily surveys to track fish movements during the migration and spawning period (3 months). Migration distances did not exceed 10 km, and half of the fish never entered a tributary in the study area. Fragmentation because of weirs on the main stem apparently prevented fish from reaching their spawning destination. Fish that entered the tributaries were first confronted with an accessibility problem because of low discharge. However, each fish chose one tributary, without making attempts to run up in other tributaries. Once in the tributary, fish were restrained in their upstream movements by dams. The study area appeared to be isolated from the vast upper part of the watershed. Within the study area, upper parts of tributaries also seemed strongly disconnected from the main stem. This study illustrates the negative impact of river fragmentation on S. trutta migration pattern. Population sustainability can be directly affected through the low availability of spawning grounds for migratory fish. Long-term effects of fragmentation may cause reproductive isolation within watersheds, which in the case of trout also means isolated phenotypic population units.     

Linking temperate demersal fish species to habitat: scales,patterns and future directions

Adoption of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management relies on recognition of the link between fish and other components of the ecosystem, namely their physical and biological habitat. However, identifying the habitat requirements of marine fishes and hence determining their distribution in space and time is scientifically complex. We analysed the methodologies and findings of research on temperate, demersal fish habitat requirements to highlight the main developments in this field and to identify potential shortfalls. Many studies were undertaken over large spatial scales (≥100s km²) and these generally correlated abundances of fish to abiotic variables. Biological variables were accounted for less often. Small spatial scale (≤m²), experimental studies were comparatively sparse and commonly focused on biotic variables. Whilst the number of studies focusing on abiotic variables increased with increasing spatial scale, the proportion of studies finding significant relationships between habitat and fish distribution remained constant. This mismatch indicates there is no justification for the tendency to analyse abiotic habitat variables at large spatial scales. Innovative modelling techniques and habitat mapping technologies are developing rapidly, providing new insights at the larger spatial scales. However, there is a clear need for a reduction in study scale, or increase in resolution additional to the integration of biotic variables. We argue that development of sound predictive science in the field of demersal fish habitat determination is reliant on a change in focus along these lines. This is especially important if spatial management strategies, such as Marine Protected Areas (MPA) or No Take Zones (NTZ), are to be used in future ecosystem‐based approaches to fisheries management.     

Movements by adult cutthroat trout in a lotic system: implications for watershed-scale management

Abstract  Movements by adult cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii (Richardson), were assessed from autumn to summer in the Salt River watershed, Wyoming-Idaho, USA by radio telemetry. Adult cutthroat trout were captured during September and October 2005 in the main stem of the Salt River, surgically implanted with radio transmitters, and tracked through to August 2006. Adult cutthroat trout were relatively sedentary and resided primarily in pools from October to March, but their movement rates increased during April. Higher movement rates were observed among tagged fish during May and early June. Among 43 fish residing in the Salt River during April 2006, 44% remained in the river, 37% moved into mountain tributaries and 19% moved into spring streams during the spawning season. Fish did not use segments of mountain tributaries or the upstream Salt River where fish passage was blocked by anthropogenic barriers or the channel was dewatered during summer. Almost all the fish that moved into spring streams used spring streams where pools and gravel–cobble riffles had been constructed by landowners. The results suggest that adult Snake River cutthroat move widely during May and early June to use spawning habitat in mountain tributaries and improved spring streams. Maintaining the ability of adult fish to move into mountain streams with spawning habitat, preserving spawning habitat in accessible mountain tributaries and removing barriers to upstream movements, and re-establishing summer stream flows in mountain tributaries affected by dams appear to be habitat management alternatives to preserve the Snake River cutthroat trout fishery in the Salt River.     

Functional vs scenic restoration – challenges to improve fish and fisheries in urban waters

Abstract Two rehabilitation projects were compared to determine their feasibility for successfully improving habitat for fish in urban waters. The first re‐meandering project involved channel reconstruction in the Müggelspree upstream of Berlin to create an aesthetically pleasing, stable, meandering channel. The second project addressed a typical habitat bottleneck for fish found in urban waterways; that of nursery habitats lost due to river engineering works. Rehabilitated and control sites were sampled before and after in the Müggelspree and once in the urban Spree River. A total of 30 303 fish belonging to 27 species were collected. The fish assemblage was dominated by generalist species with 81% roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), and perch, Perca fluviatilis L. Species diversity did not improve in either the rural or urban stretch. In the Müggelspree, the loss of riverine habitats was mirrored by significant declines in the densities of chub, Leuciscus cephalus (L.), ide, Leuciscus idus (L.), gudgeon, Gobio gobio (L.), rheophilic and lithophilic species. By contrast, densities of rheophilic species around the artificial structures created in the urban Spree River, although the main effect was an overwhelming increase in roach and perch. The results suggest that if underlying bottlenecks can be identified, artificial structures can provide functional fish habitat that replaces the natural equivalent in urban river stretches. Consequently, even the most heavily degraded waters provide opportunities to improve fish diversity and fisheries using artificial habitat structures.