长江口河口锋区浮游动物生态研究Ⅱ种类组成、群落结构、水系指示种↑（*）

１９８８年８月、１９８９年８月水期及１９８８年１２月枯水期间，对长江口羽状锋水域内浮游动物进行了垂直分布调查研究。初步鉴定了浮游动物９４种，其中甲壳类为６９种，浮游动物种类出现随季节变化而异。河口锋区内浮游物群落结构由五个生态群组成，即低盐近岸生态群落、温带外海高盐群落、热带高温高盐群落、半咸水性河口群落和淡水生态群落。     

长江口外水域叶绿素a分布的基本特征

本文根据１９８８年８月、１２月、８９年８月和１９９１年９月对长江口外附近水域进行的多学科的综合调查结果，着重探讨长江河口羽状锋区附近叶绿素ａ含量的分布特征及其与海洋环境因子的关系。调查海区叶绿素ａ含量从长江口外向东构成低、高、最低的分布趋势，夏季形成向东或东北扩展的、清晰可辨的叶绿素ａ的羽状锋。     

长江口河口锋区浮游动物生态研究Ⅲ优势种的垂直分布

１９８８年８月丰水期及１２月枯水期间，对长江口羽状锋区水域内浮游动物进行了垂直分布调查研究。经对七个断面２２个测站垂直采集标本进行分析，结果表明，丰水期优势种乌喙尖头Ｆｅｎｉｌｉａａｒｉｒｏｓｔｒｉｓ主要分布于１０─０米层，在Ａ断面密度可达１７００个／米￣３。中华哲水蚤Ｃａｌａｎｕｓｓｉｎｉｃｕｓ主要分布于３０米以浅水层，于Ａ、Ｂ两断面垂直分布现象明显。肥胖箭虫Ｓａｇｉｔｔａｅｎｆｌａｔａ广泛分布于台湾暖流及其所控制或影响的水域，在长江口外Ｂ断面，该种主要分布于２０米以上水层中，其密集分布中心及层次与乌喙尖头及中华哲水蚤高密度聚集有关。枯水期经对四个断面１５个测站的调查分析结果看，冬季型浮游动物垂直分布与夏季丰水期相比有很大差异，大部分浮游动物分层现象不明显。真刺唇角水蚤Ｌａｂｉｄｏｃｅｒ─ａｅｕｃｈａｅｔａ分布于Ａ、Ｂ断面２０米以下水层中；中华哲水蚤则分布于１０米以上水层中。     

长江口的水系和锋面↑（*）

长江每年约有９４００亿米＾３流量通过河口入海，在口外形成特有的长江冲淡水，促使长江口内至口外水体的理化性质发生很大变化，并由此对长江口及其邻近水域的生物、化学、沉积及生态环境产生深刻影响。本文以盐度和含沙量两个指标把长江口的水体宏观地划分为长江径流水、长江河口水、长江冲淡水和外海水，其中长江冲淡水又可分为羽状流水和口外混合水两上次一级水体。通过水系划分，说明长江口河口锋、羽状锋的形成与水系的密切联     

长江口河口锋区浮游动物生态研究Ⅲ：优势种的垂分布

１９８８年８月丰水期及１２月枯水期间，对长江口忌状锋水域内浮游动物进行了垂直分布调查研究。经对七个断面２２个测站垂直采集标本进行分析，结果表明，丰水期优势种乌喙尖头蚤Ｆｅｎｉｌｉａａｒｉｒｏｓｔｒｉｓ主要分布于１０－０米层，在Ａ断面密度可达１７００个／米＾３．中华哲水蚤Ｃａｌａｎｕｓｓｉｎｉｃｕｓ主要分布于３０米以浅水层，于Ａ、Ｂ两断面垂直分布现象明显。肥胖箭虫Ｓａｇｉｔｔａｅｎｆｌａｔａ广泛分布     

长江口外水域浮游植物垂直分布研究

本文是１９８８年丰水期（８月）、枯水期（１２月）和１９８９年丰水期（８月）长江口外水域浮游植物垂直分布研究的实初步结果。由于研究海区存在着多种水第的水平和垂直分布的混合导致浮游植物的垂直分布现象相当复杂。丰水期水体的垂直结构状况是决定浮游植物垂直分布的最重要因素。     

长江口河口锋区浮游动物生态研究℃生物量及优势种的平面分布

据１９８８年及１９８９年于长江口羽状流锋区调查及东海水产研究所多年调查资料综合综合分析研究结果表明，浮游动物生物量在丰水期的平均生物量为４３８毫克／米＾３，变异系数为０．７８；１９８９年８月平均生物量为３５０毫克／米＾３。生物量分布呈现自西北向东南部水域递增的趋向。     

长江口最大浑浊带区浮游动物的生态研究↑（*）

本文阐明了长江口浑浊带水域内浮游动物的生物量、种类组成、群落结构等生物学特征及生物学过程。研究结果表明：在丰水期平均生物量为９８．９毫克／米＾３，明显低于长江口外河口锋区内同期生物量。种类组成也少于河口锋区内组成。     

长江口及邻近水域春季浮游植物的生态特征

根据2000～2003年4个航次的调查数据,对长江口及邻近水域浮游植物数量分布状况和生态特点进行分析和探讨。结果表明,海区浮游植物年际平均总量为2225 44×104ind/m3,长江口浮游植物数量最高(8262 17×104ind/m3),舟山渔场次之(91 16×104ind/m3),杭州湾水域最低(30 91×104ind/m3)。群落的多项生态指标反映出长江口浮游植物群落结构仍处于不稳定状态,H′的变动幅度大,其水域生态系统较杭州湾和舟山渔场更为脆弱,承受的外界环境压力更强;海区浮游植物总量主要受控于中肋骨条藻(Skeletonemacostatum)、圆筛藻属(Coscinodiscus)等个别优势种,并决定浮游植物分布趋势,中肋骨条藻大量繁殖而造成年际间数量大幅波动,其中2001年浮游植物数量猛增,平均总量高达8262 17×104ind/m3,密集中心浮游植物数量已接近赤潮细胞密度;外海高盐水系入侵程度加强,与春季浮游植物高值的形成有着密切的关系,对长江口水域浮游植物分布有着至关重要的作用和影响。     

中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）养成期虾池水体和底质及虾体异养菌和弧菌含量的变化

本文报道了辽宁省瓦房店市邓屯乡高家养虾场对虾养成期虾池水体和底质及虾体异养菌和弧菌含量的变化。结果表明外海水中异养菌数量为１０￣４～１０￣５个／毫升，弧菌数量为１０￣２～１０￣３个／毫升，虾池水中异养菌数量为１０￣４～１０￣５个／毫升，弧菌数量为１０￣２～１０￣４个／毫升，底质中异养菌数量为１０￣５～１０￣７个／克，弧菌数量为１０￣３～１０￣４个／克。虾体肌肉中异养菌数量为１０￣３～１０￣５个／克，弧菌数量为１０￣３～１０￣５个／克；肝胰脏中异养菌数量为１０￣３～１０￣７个／克，弧菌数量为１０￣２～１０￣７个／克；肠道中异养菌数量为１０￣６～１０￣７个／克，弧菌数量为１０￣６～１０￣７个／克。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.