长江口羽状锋海区浮游值物的生态研究↑（*）

丰、枯水期的数量均值分别为２５０５．４×１０￣３个／米￣３（１９８８年８月）、３０３．５×１０￣３个／米￣３（１９８８年１２月）和１８９２２２．０×１０￣３个／米￣３（１９８９年８月），平面分布的斑块现象明显，丰、枯水期的数量密集区主要形成于表层盐度２５为中心的河口羽状锋锋面一带及其东侧海区。在影响研究海区浮游植物数量时间和空间分布的诸多因素中，长江径流量的变动是一个至关重要的因素。种类组成隶属于河口型的生态组成模式，河口沿岸低盐种是浮游植物群落的主要成份，决定着长江口浮游植物群落的性质。河口羽状锋海区存在着一个生物地球化学作用带，其位置的变动主要取决于锋面位置的变动。根据浮游植物数量密集区，ｐＨ和溶解氧的异常区的位置，可大致推断出长江口羽状锋的位置及其走向。     

长江口最大浑浊带区浮游动物的生态研究↑（*）

本文阐明了长江口浑浊带水域内浮游动物的生物量、种类组成、群落结构等生物学特征及生物学过程。研究结果表明：在丰水期平均生物量为９８．９毫克／米＾３，明显低于长江口外河口锋区内同期生物量。种类组成也少于河口锋区内组成。     

大渡河乐山段2013－2016年浮游动物群落特征变化

大渡河河口沙湾至乐山段，新建安谷水电站。为了解安谷水电站建设过程中大渡河河口浮游动物群落变化，于施工期2013年~2014年，运行期2015年~2016年每年春、秋两季对大渡河河口、左侧河网及支流浮游动物进行监测，共鉴定出浮游动物263种，轮虫中旋轮虫属为施工期、运行期共有优势种属。大渡河河口浮游动物密度平均658.55ind./L，生物量平均0.1102mg/L。施工期和运行期浮游动物密度和生物量差异不显著，密度平均最高值出现在施工期2014年，运行期2015年生物量最高。浮游动物密度和生物量在空间分布上支流高于干流、左侧河网、岷江。施工期、运行期浮游动物密度、生物量与环境因子相关性分析显示DO、V、SD呈负相关，与WT、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN、H3PO4、TP、COD Mn环境因子呈正相关。RDA显示，NO3--N在施工期2014年、运行期2015年对浮游动物影响占主导作用，运行期2016年SD是影响浮游动物群落的主要因子。本研究确认了大渡河河口安谷水电站在建设过程中施工期和运行期随时间推移浮游动物群落特征差异不大，可为丘陵地带水电站生态评价、水环境监测及水资源管理提供重要的理论依据。     

长江口外水域叶绿素a分布的基本特征

本文根据１９８８年８月、１２月、８９年８月和１９９１年９月对长江口外附近水域进行的多学科的综合调查结果，着重探讨长江河口羽状锋区附近叶绿素ａ含量的分布特征及其与海洋环境因子的关系。调查海区叶绿素ａ含量从长江口外向东构成低、高、最低的分布趋势，夏季形成向东或东北扩展的、清晰可辨的叶绿素ａ的羽状锋。     

同安湾浮游动物的基本特征及水质评价

本文根据1995年5月至1998年2月同安湾浮游动物的调查材料,阐明了同安湾浮游动物的种类组成、生物量、数量的平面分布、群落结构等基本特征,探讨了同安湾浮游动物与环境因子的关系。并用群落的多样性指数对同安湾的水质进行评价。结果表明浮游动物鉴定的种类有79种,分6个生态群落,其中低盐近岸生态群落是最主要的生态群落。1997年浮游动物种类数、生物量、群落的多样性、均匀度、丰度均比1995年高。从浮游动物多样性变化的结果分析:1995年该海域已受污染,1997年趋向好转。还分析了浮游动物与环境因子之间的关系,太平洋纺锤水蚤和盐度有密切相关,其一元线性回归方程为y=1016.91～32.23x。浮游动物的高生物量区形成幼鱼索饵场。     

长江口河口锋区浮游动物生态研究Ⅲ：优势种的垂分布

１９８８年８月丰水期及１２月枯水期间，对长江口忌状锋水域内浮游动物进行了垂直分布调查研究。经对七个断面２２个测站垂直采集标本进行分析，结果表明，丰水期优势种乌喙尖头蚤Ｆｅｎｉｌｉａａｒｉｒｏｓｔｒｉｓ主要分布于１０－０米层，在Ａ断面密度可达１７００个／米＾３．中华哲水蚤Ｃａｌａｎｕｓｓｉｎｉｃｕｓ主要分布于３０米以浅水层，于Ａ、Ｂ两断面垂直分布现象明显。肥胖箭虫Ｓａｇｉｔｔａｅｎｆｌａｔａ广泛分布     

皖河口江豚主要栖息地浮游动物群落结构特征

探究皖河口浮游动物群落结构特征及其主要影响因素,可为长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)主要栖息地的生境保护与动态评估提供科学依据。2017年12月、2018年4、6、9月对皖河口4个断面的浮游动物密度、生物量和水环境因子进行调查,运用Pearson相关性和冗余(RDA)分析,解析浮游动物与水环境因子之间的关系。结果显示,调查期间共鉴定出浮游动物32属、47种,其中原生动物(20种)占优,轮虫(12种)和枝角类(11种)次之,桡足类(4种)较少。全年共出现优势种6种,主要为原生动物和轮虫,仅出现螺形龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)一种富营养指示种。皖河口浮游动物年均生物密度和生物量分别为300.18个/L和0.1586 mg/L,季节性差异显著(P<0.05),生物密度以春季最高,冬季最低;生物量以秋季最高,冬季最低。皖河口浮游动物群落总体上呈小型化现象,以食藻原生动物种类群落及喜中营养化轮虫群落结构为主。Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)、Margalef指数(D)及Pielou均匀度指数(J)分别为0.53、1.53和0.32。综合营养指数(TLI)显示,皖河口水质良好,处于中营养状态。Pearson相关性表明,溶解氧(DO)、总磷(TP)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)与皖河口浮游动物群落结构变化密切相关;RDA分析表明,氨氮(NH;-N)也是影响皖河口浮游动物群落变化的重要因子。     

大渡河河口秋季浮游动物的群落结构特征

2010年9月对大渡河河口水域的主河道、左汊河道、峨嵋河、青衣江浮游动物进行调查。结果表明,浮游动物92属、165种,平均密度376.19个/L,平均生物量0.0604mg/L;不同水域浮游动物密度、生物量及群落特征的比较可见,峨嵋河>青衣江>左汊河道>主河道,各水域浮游动物种类的相似度较低。聚类分析将大渡河河口31个点聚合为大渡河主河道和左汊河道、青衣江、峨眉河3大类群;分析了水环境与浮游动物群落特征的相关性,温度是重要的影响因素。浮游动物在水域生态系统的物质循环与能量流动中占有重要地位,是水生生物的重要组成部分,也是河流生态恢复重要的评价指标之一。     

觉华岛近岸海域浮游动物调查

2018年9月对觉华岛近岸海域的海洋浮游动物进行了调查,并分析了该海域浮游动物种类组成、优势种、生物量和数量分布。结果表明:该海域浮游动物群落生态属性为暖温带广温广盐生态型,以桡足类为主,优势种为中华哲水蚤。调查海域内浮游动物生物量和数量分布不是很均匀,觉华岛南部海域浮游动物生物量最高,北部海域浮游动物总丰度最高,种类数量最大。     

兴化湾夏季浮游动物的生态研究

本文根据１９９７年７月兴化湾所采集的浮游动物样品，鉴定分析结果表明，兴化湾的浮游动物种类组成较丰富，已鉴定到种的有６６种，划分为５个生态类群，以暖温带类群和广盐暖水类群为主体，体现本调查海域亚热带性质的群落结构特点。兴化湾的浮游动物生物量和个体数量均较高，饵料生物丰富。本文还对兴化湾浮游动物的５个群落结构指数及等级丰度曲线等生态特征进行了探讨和分析，认为兴化湾仅内湾澡岸的Ｐ１，Ｐ３站水质量属轻污染     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.