凡纳滨对虾28.5D血蓝蛋白的降解新片段

血蓝蛋白是一种具有多种非特异性免疫学活性且可以产生免疫学活性降解片段的多功能蛋白。为了探索血蓝蛋白新的降解片段，本研究以凡纳滨对虾旺itopenaeus vannamei）为研究对象，采用比较蛋白质学技术分析对虾感染病原菌后血清蛋白质组的变化。结果发现，对虾感染副溶血弧菌（Hbrio parahaemolyticus）12h后，血清中新增一种28．5kD的蛋白（命名为p28．5）。经MALDI-TOF／MS分析，其与凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白75kD亚基具有高度同源性。进一步研究显示，p28．5蛋白不仅可与抗血蓝蛋白抗体发生特异性结合，而且还与对虾抗感染能力呈正相关。由此推测，p28．5蛋白应该是对虾感染病原菌后产生的一种28．5kD血蓝蛋白降解新片段，其可能是血蓝蛋白发挥免疫学功能的一种新方式的产物。[中国水产科学，2008，15（3）：425-430]     

注射磷脂酰丝氨酸对凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白合成、酚氧化酶活性的影响

为研究磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)对凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白合成、酚氧化酶活性的影响,并探讨PS激活凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白发挥酚氧化酶活性的机制,实验采用5、10和20μg/mL 3个PS浓度对凡纳滨对虾尾节肌肉进行注射,注射量为50μL,对照组注射生理盐水,各处理组设3个平行组,取样时间为0、6、12、24、36、48和60 h,分别测定了血浆血蓝蛋白含量,肝胰脏血蓝蛋白p75、p77亚基和mRNA的表达以及血浆血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性。结果显示:与对照组相比,血蓝蛋白含量在6 h内略有下降,6～36 h内呈峰值变化,24 h时达到最大值(P<0.05);血蓝蛋白亚基p75、p77和mRNA表达在0～36 h内呈峰值变化,12 h时达到最大值(P<0.05);血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性在36 h内呈峰值变化,12 h时达到最大值(P<0.05)。研究表明,PS能够激活凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白的酚氧化酶活性,表现出明显的时间剂量效应,同时在短时间内引起血蓝蛋白含量下降,随后机体启动血蓝蛋白的合成机制,证实PS是凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白发挥酚氧化酶活性的激活因子,为对虾血蓝蛋白免疫活性的研究奠定了理论基础。     

凡纳滨对虾28.5kD血蓝蛋白的降解新片段

血蓝蛋白是一种具有多种非特异性免疫学活性且可以产生免疫学活性降解片段的多功能蛋白。为了探索血蓝蛋白新的降解片段，本研究以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei) 为研究对象，采用比较蛋白质学技术分析对虾感染病原菌后血清蛋白质组的变化。结果发现，对虾感染副溶血弧菌(V     

源于凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白的化学合成肽段的免疫调控活性

以源于血蓝蛋白化学合成肽段B1为研究对象,运用蛋白质组学、分子生物学等策略分析其对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的免疫调控活性。结果显示,与对照组比,对虾在受到肽段B1刺激后,血浆中2条分子量分别为65 kD和35 kD的蛋白条带(分别命名为p65和p35)表达水平显著上调。经质谱和Western blot鉴定, p65、p35与包括对虾β-1,3-葡聚糖结合蛋白、葡聚糖模式识别脂蛋白、血蓝蛋白等在内的13个蛋白具有高度同源性,其中p65与兔抗血蓝蛋白抗体呈明显的阳性反应。实时荧光定量PCR检测显示,肽段B1刺激对虾24 h后, 5个质谱鉴定免疫相关基因:血蓝蛋白大亚基、血蓝蛋白小亚基、谷氨酰胺转氨酶、α2巨球蛋白亚型2、葡聚糖模式识别脂蛋白在肝胰腺、鳃和血细胞等组织中mRNA的表达水平显著性(P0.05)或极显著性(P0.01)上调。由此推测,源于凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白的化学合成肽段B1对包括血蓝蛋白在内的多种免疫因子的表达具有一定的调控作用。     

凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性的研究

试验结果表明,凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白在胰蛋白酶诱导下可表现出一定的酚氧化酶活性,与对照组相比,其酚氧化酶活力单位显著上升。同时,其活性可被D-半乳糖、α-葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、甘露醇和N-乙酰神经氨酸不同程度地抑制,其抑制率分别为67%、100%、33%、33%、67%和100%。血蓝蛋白与胰蛋白酶孵育后经SDS-PAGE分析和L-Dopa显色,其75 kDa单体呈明显的棕褐色,添加抑制剂N-乙酰神经氨酸之后,其显色强度显著减弱。由此进一步证实凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白在胰蛋白酶诱导下确实具有酚氧化酶活性,其活性可被不同的糖所抑制,其发挥活性的单体为75 kDa单体。     

与凡纳滨对虾抗副溶血弧菌有关的6.0 kD 血蓝蛋白降解肽段

以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,采用人工感染、Tricine-SDS-PAGE、Western-blotting、MALDI-TOF/TOF、抑菌实验等方法对血蓝蛋白小分子降解肽段进行研究。结果发现,副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)刺激对虾24 h后,与对照组相比,其血淋巴中新出现5个分子量为6.0~31.0 k D的与兔抗血蓝蛋白抗体呈阳性的小分子条带。其中,分子量为6.0 k D的a条带(命名为HMCp6肽段)与凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白具有高度同源性,对副溶血弧菌具有明显的抑菌活性,与对照组相比,存在极显著性差异(P0.01)。由此说明,HMCp6应该是对虾感染副溶血弧菌后所产生的一种新的小分子降解肽段,推测其在对虾抗感染防御中发挥重要作用。     

凡纳滨对虾红体病病原菌间接ELISA快速检测方法的研究

以凡纳滨对虾红体病病原菌副溶血弧菌为抗原,免疫兔获得高免血清,建立一种快速检测凡纳滨对虾红体病病原菌副溶血弧菌的ELISA技术。采用棋盘滴定法确定抗原和抗血清的最适工作浓度分别为106CFU·mL-1和1∶2000;病原菌检测灵敏度为每孔104CFU;抗血清与其它细菌标准菌株的交叉反应结果均呈阴性;阻断实验中的阻断率达75.88%;交叉反应和阻断实验结果表明该方法具有较高的特异性。将该方法标准化后检测了30份人工感染后的凡纳滨对虾和健康凡纳滨对虾,阳性检测率分别为93.3%和13.3%,表明该技术不仅能够检测已发病的凡纳滨对虾,而且能够检测带菌的凡纳滨对虾,这对于水产养殖业中疾病的早期诊断有着重要意义。     

南美白对虾人工感染细菌后肝胰脏中主要变化蛋白的研究

以采自汕头的南美白对虾为研究对象,运用病原菌人工感染、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)、基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱分析(MALDI-TOF/MS)、生物信息学和免疫印迹(Western-blot ting)等现代分子生物学方法,探索和鉴定对虾感染后肝胰脏中的主要变化蛋白。结果表明,南美白对虾人工感染溶藻酸弧菌6h之后,实验组和对照组肝胰脏的SDS-PAGE图谱出现12条明显差异条带,其中分子量分别为75kDa(命名为p75)和73kDa(命名为p73)的两种蛋白变化最为明显,进一步研究显示,p75和p73分别为血蓝蛋白的两个不同的亚基。提示,肝胰脏中的血蓝蛋白可能在对虾抗感染免疫中发挥重要的作用。     

对虾白斑综合征病毒（WSSV）囊膜蛋白VP110部分重组表达及其与对虾鳃细胞膜蛋白结合分析

将VP110基因的部分序列克隆到pET-28a载体中构建pET28a-vp110b重组质粒并进行原核表达,获得重组表达的蛋白rVP110-B;用rVP110-B注射凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei后,经WSSV感染,实验表明,该蛋白注射使凡纳滨对虾感染WSSV的半数死亡时间比对照组延长了20%。用表达纯化的该重组蛋白制备了兔抗rVP110-B多克隆抗体,该抗体用于凡纳滨对虾鳃细胞膜蛋白与rVP110-B的Far-western分析显示,凡纳滨对虾鳃细胞膜蛋白中除90 kDa左右的血蓝蛋白外,在41.7 kDa存在结合条带,经质谱分析表明这条鳃细胞膜蛋白是肌动蛋白。     

细菌J-10对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫指标的影响

以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei boone)为试验材料，将细菌J-10添加到饲料中投喂对虾，测定其对凡纳滨对虾血清酚氧化酶(PO)、抗菌活力(Ua)和溶菌活力(U1)、溶血素活性和血清中蛋白含量的影响。结果显示，试验组各项指标均优于对照组，用副溶血弧菌进行人工攻毒，免疫保护率达到40％。结果表明，细菌J-10可以增强凡纳滨对虾的非特异性免疫功能。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).