壮体沙鳅的生态学研究

壮体沙鳅是偏肉食的杂食性鱼类。生存的最低临界温度为5℃，最高临界温度为33℃。喜栖黑暗洞穴，避光。溶氧低于1.25mg/L时活动不正常，0.42-0.81mg/L时窒息死亡。     

4种药物对叶尔羌高原鳅的急性毒性试验

在水温(17±2)℃条件下,采用水生生物急性毒性试验方法,研究了福尔马林、高锰酸钾、硫酸铜和敌百虫,4种药物对叶尔羌高原鳅的24h、48h的半致死浓度(LD50)和安全浓度(SC)。结果表明:福尔马林、高锰酸钾、硫酸铜和敌百虫24h的LC50分别为:113.89、6.43、3.37和14.18mg/L。48h的LC50分别为97.03、4.50、2.38和11.28mg/L。4种药物的SC分别为24.08、0.94、0.50和2.69mg/L。在对叶尔羌高原鳅疾病预防和治疗过程中,建议高锰酸钾不要用于疾病的治疗,硫酸铜的使用要谨慎,福尔马林和敌百虫可用于疾病的治疗。     

似鲇高原鳅幼鱼耗氧率和窒息点的初步研究

本文采用封闭流水式装置测溶氧的方法对似鲇高原鳅[Triplophysa siluorides(Herzenstenin)]幼鱼的耗氧率和窒息点进行了初步研究。结果表明:水温在9℃、13℃、17℃、21℃条件下,似鲇高原鳅耗氧率分别为0.224 mg/(g·h)、0.290 mg/(g·h)、0.264 mg/(g·h)、0.231 mg/(g·h)。跟据试验结果推测温度13℃为似鲇高原鳅最适生长温度。耗氧率昼夜变化显示,20:00时耗氧率最高为0.386 mg/(g·h),8:00时耗氧率最低为0.164mg/(g·h),窒息点为1.22 mg/L。     

塔里木河流域叶尔羌高原鳅营养成分分析

利用常规肌肉营养分析方法测定了叶尔羌高原鳅[Triplophysa(Hedinichthys)yarkandensis]的肌肉营养成分。结果表明,叶尔羌高原鳅肌肉中(鲜重)蛋白质含量为24.87%、脂肪为3.61%、水分为70.12%、粗灰分为1.40%;其肌肉(干重)总能值为26760J/g;肌肉中(鲜重)矿物元素含量为钙5466.7mg/kg、磷1083.2mg/kg、钾592.3mg/kg、铁6.0mg/kg、锰0.78mg/kg、锌0.66mg/kg、铜0.12mg/kg。其肌肉中含有常见的17种氨基酸,其中包括8种人体必需氨基酸,氨基酸总量(占鲜重)为22.65%,必需氨基酸总量为11.04%,必需氨基酸的构成比例符合FAO/WHO的标准,鲜味氨基酸含量为3.66%。叶尔羌高原鳅的营养价值高于一般鱼类,适于作名贵鱼类养殖。     

塔里木河流域叶尔羌高原鳅营养成分分析

利用常规肌肉营养分析方法测定了叶尔羌高原鳅[Triplophysa(Hedinichthys)yarkandensis]的肌肉营养成分。结果表明,叶尔羌高原鳅肌肉中(鲜重)蛋白质含量为24.87%、脂肪为3.61%、水分为70.12%、粗灰分为1.40%;其肌肉(干重)总能值为26760J/g;肌肉中(鲜重)矿物元素含量为钙5466.7mg/kg、磷1083.2mg/kg、钾592.3mg/kg、铁6.0mg/kg、锰0.78mg/kg、锌0.66mg/kg、铜0.12mg/kg。其肌肉中含有常见的17种氨基酸,其中包括8种人体必需氨基酸,氨基酸总量(占鲜重)为22.65%,必需氨基酸总量为11.04%,必需氨基酸的构成比例符合FAO/WHO的标准,鲜味氨基酸含量为3.66%。叶尔羌高原鳅的营养价值高于一般鱼类,适于作名贵鱼类养殖。     

塔里木河干流叶尔羌高原鳅种群生物学研究

2009年对塔里木河干流叶尔羌高原鳅[Triyplophysa（Hedinichthys）yarkandensis（Day）]群体生物学进行研究。叶尔羌高原鳅体长、体重相关方程为：W=0.0190L2.8911;相对怀卵量平均为（1160.7±364.7）粒/g,性腺处于Ⅳ期发育阶段的雌、雄鱼平均成熟系数分别为（13....     

叶尔羌高原鳅低温下耗氧率和窒息点的研究

试验采用流水呼吸室法和静水呼吸室法测定了叶尔羌高原鳅在低温6.5~7.5℃条件下的耗氧率和窒息点。结果表明,叶尔羌高原鳅耗氧率具有昼夜节律性,耗氧高峰在5:00左右,低谷在15:00左右,其耗氧率和窒息点随体重的增加而增加,随水温的升高而增大。叶尔羌高原鳅适应低温能力较强,适宜生长温度6~29℃,最佳生长温度8~15℃。     

叶尔羌高原鳅室外池塘流水养殖试验

<正>目前,叶尔羌高原鳅的人工培育模式还未成熟,驯养方式欠佳。本研究通过在室外池塘流水养殖叶尔羌高原鳅,取得了一定的效果,是值得推广的养殖模式。本文就叶尔羌高原鳅在室外池塘养殖的模式进行了研究,报告如下。一、材料和方法1.材料试验动物:采用繁殖出的50日龄仔一代叶尔羌高原鳅幼体。试验池塘:2个池塘,均为10亩,并联排列。试验饲料是草鱼鱼种浮性料。试验用水:井水24小时曝气、p H 8.0、溶氧5毫克/升、温度(17±2)℃,抽入蓄水池,并在蓄水池中装1台500瓦水泵进行2次曝气,后抽入流     

5种常用水产药品对似鲶高原鳅鱼苗的急性毒性实验

本文选择在似鲶高原鳅适宜的水温,采用静水法生物测试的方法,研究了氰戊菊酯、硫酸铜、高锰酸钾、聚维酮碘和甲醛5种药物对似鲶高原鳅鱼苗的急性毒性实验。实验结果表明:5种常用水产药物对似鲶高原鳅24 h半致死浓度(24 h LC_(50))依次为0.183、0.261、3.69、16.3、77.4 mg/L;48 h LC50分别为0.143、1.87、3.33、13.2、75.4 mg/L;96 h LC50分别为0.13、1.42、3.1、11.1、69.7 mg/L;对似鲶高原鳅的安全浓度分别为0.013、0.142、0.31、1.11、6.97 mg/L。5种药物对似鲶高原鳅的毒性强度依次为:氰戊菊酯硫酸铜高锰酸钾聚维酮碘甲醛。似鲶高原鳅对氰戊菊酯、硫酸铜等杀虫剂非常敏感,而对聚维酮碘、甲醛等杀菌剂相对不太敏感,但对高锰酸钾这种杀菌剂较为敏感,所以在使用高锰酸钾时注意浓度的控制。本文就5种药物对似鲶高原鳅的急性毒性效应特征进行分析和探讨。     

塔里木河流域叶尔羌高原鳅大棚养殖技术

叶尔羌高原鳅TriplophysarHedinichthys）yarkandensis（Day），又名叶尔羌鼓缥鳅、叶尔羌条鳅，地方名狗头鱼。属鲤形目、鳅科、条鳅亚科、高原鳅属、鼓鳔亚属，广泛分布于塔里木河水系，是塔里木河流域中生长较快、个体较大的一种，是生活在塔里木河流域的主要优势土著鱼类之一。叶尔羌高原鳅在鳅科鱼类中属于个体较大的鱼类之一，最大体长可达30．0cm、体重在305g左右。     

Food and feeding habits of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

An analysis of the food of 274 specimens of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner), which had been collected in Lake Kinneret, showed that this species is mainly a zooplankton consumer.A study of the quantitative dynamics of the food components in the course of a year has proved that the species in question feeds more intensely in spring, this being the time when zooplankton forms are more abundant in the water of the lake. Vegetable detritus, mixed with plankton and benthos forms, served as additional and alternative food.The lack of clearly positive degree of food component selectivity, as well as the low values of the intestine repletion index and of the condition coefficient, account for the slowness in growth of Tilapia aurea in Lake Kinneret.The low values of the growth and feeding indices are due, according to the authors, to the pressure brought to bear by the other local fish species, which are competitors for the same food.     

Food and feeding habits of Tilapia zillii (Gervais) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

Analysis of the gut content of 329 specimens of T. zillii (Cichlidae) collected from Lake Kinneret, has shown great variation in the sorts of food.A study of seasonal dynamics has proved the prevalence in the food of Chironomida pupae (Diptera) in winter and spring and of zooplankton forms in summer and autumn. The additional food consisted of the various groups of algae, the most frequently found being Cyanophyta (100%) and Pyrrophyta (64.16%). An extremely voraceous species, it consumes — while searching for its preferred food — anything that comes its way in the water: algae, scraps of macrophytes, autochthonous and allochthonous insects, and forms of benthic origin, such as Nematoda, Ostracoda, Porifera and Chironomida (larvae).The satiation index is high (between 4.08 and 5.63), in contradiction to the low values of the coefficient of condition (between 3.05 and 3.51), and with the slow rate of growth in Lake Kinneret. The main food of Tilapia zillii, consists of arthropod species with a chitin content (which is eliminated unchanged) of more than 50% of the total weight, and this may account for the poor exploitation of the trophic base.This species of fish may be considered as being detrimental to others (i.e. commercially important species) because of its successful competition for food, and not, as is often incorrectly assumed, because it is an aggressive consumer of their spawn and fry.     

不同品系尼罗罗非鱼致死低温的研究

在室内自然降温条件下，研究了三个品系尼罗罗非鱼（吉富品系，“７８”品系，“８８”品系）对低温的耐受力，计算得出每个品系的半致死低温，并对降温过程中尼罗罗非鱼行为活动的变化进行了观察。试验结果表明，在上海地区，当温度降低到１１℃时，罗非鱼开始死亡，到７．４℃时，全部死亡。吉富罗非鱼死亡温度范围是１１℃￣８．４℃，“７８”品系是９．８￣７．４℃，“８８”品系是１１℃￣７．４℃。对三个品系半致死低温的研     

叶尔羌高原鳅胚胎发育与胚后发育观察

采用形态学和生态学方法,对叶尔羌高原鳅[Triplophysa(Hedinichthys)yarkandensis(Day)]胚胎发育和胚后发育阶段全过程进行观察、拍照并测量。结果显示:叶尔羌高原鳅,卵微黏性,略有沉性,受精卵呈卵圆形,卵径为(0.60±0.052)mm,在水温(20.0±1.0)℃下,历时65 h 34 min完成整个胚胎发育分为7个生理阶段过程;胚后发育主要根据卵黄囊、体色、鼓鳔和须的变化分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期。初孵卵黄囊仔鱼全长(2.0±0.65)mm,出膜后7 d,卵黄囊吸收完毕,完全消失;初孵仔鱼继续培育至16日龄,仔鱼鳃盖后缘鼓鳔明显长出,须清晰可辨,体色加深,心脏红色素明显,体色与成体相似,标志后期仔鱼发育完全进入稚鱼期,此时鱼苗全长(8.0±0.45)mm;培育至30日龄,仔鱼鼓鳔完全,鳃盖张合明显,身体透明特征消失,稚鱼阶段完成发育进入幼鱼期,此时全长达(13.0±0.55)mm,其外部形态和生态习性均与成鱼相似。试验中,卵黄囊长度(LY)和出膜天数(D)的关系式:LY=0.0286D2–0.0636D+3.1196(R2=0.9050);用直线方程拟合卵黄囊长度(LY)和卵黄囊仔鱼全长(LT)的关系式:LY=–1.315LT+5.368(R2=0.8199);拟合卵黄囊仔鱼全长(LT)和出膜后仔稚鱼天数(D)的关系式:LT=–0.0263D2+0.5113D+1.6169(R2=0.9890)。本研究旨在通过了解叶尔羌高原鳅的早期发育特征为该物种的保护和增殖对策提供科学依据,并对其苗种生产提供理论指导。     

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)

The aims of this experiment were (1) toquantify the ability of grass carp to processduckweed and (2) to assess indirect changes inwater chemistry and phytoplankton community,caused by grass carp feeding. Yearling grass carp sized 126 ± 7.7 mm (TL) and19.6 g in weight were kept in 9 laminate tanksof 1 m³ for 14 days. Two stockingdensities (2 and 6 fish per m³) anda control without fish were used. Standard growthrate (SGR) of grass carp fed exclusively onduckweed was 0.70% body weight (BW) d^–1and food conversion ratio (FCR) reached 2.0(average water temperature =21.1 ± 3.8 °C). Daily food intakewas 0.2 g of duckweed dry weight (DW), i.e.,1% of average BW of grass carp. SGR ofduckweed growing in 20 × 20 cm floatingenclosures, differed significantly[F(6,2) = 417.9; p = 0.002] between the twostocking densities of grass carp and thecontrol tanks (without fish). Mean SGR ofduckweed was 0.02 g g^–1 day^–1 and thehighest SGR was recorded in the control tanks.Both decrease in NH₄-N and increase inNO₂-N concentrations differedsignificantly between the treatments[F(2,2) = 45.3; p = 0.02 and F(2,2) = 19.2; p = 0.04 respectively]. Changes in other nitrogenand phosphorus components (NO₃-N, TN, TPand PO₄-P) caused by stocking of grasscarp were not significant. Biomass ofphytoplankton, dominated by filamentous algaeand blue-greens, increased proportionately tostocking density of grass carp. Althoughduckweed has a large potential for nutrientremoval, the most common pathway for thenutrients released through grass carp grazingif duckweed cover is loose is theirincorporation into phytoplankton biomass.     

Extinction of Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars) was found in Lake Kinneret until the late nineteen-fifties. Lake Kinneret was the northern-most limit of the distribution of this species. It is suggested that fingerlings of grey mullets and Sarotherodon aureus that were introduced into Lake Kinneret caused the extinction of D. lumholtzi.     

Development of embryos in Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Bank & Solender, 1794) (Mesopotamian spiny eel) (Mastacembelidae)

In this study, the embryonic development of the eggs in the Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Bank & Solender, 1794) was examined. At the same time, possibilities of artificial breeding through artificial insemination were investigated. Artificial insemination was achieved by mixing the eggs of the mature female and sperm of the mature male samples caught with gill nets (22 × 22) in Ataturk Dam Lake in Turkey. To this end, first in a Petri dish (100 × 20), the testes were cut into small pieces with a lancet and the mixture of sperm–testes‐tissue was obtained. The fertilization rate of the eggs was found to be 80%. The diameter of the eggs ranged from 2.015to 1.147 mm. The perivitelline space formed 0.5 h after insemination. The first cleavage occurred at the animal pool 4 h after insemination. The oil droplets had fused to a single droplet 19 h after insemination. The blastoderm became an embryonic shield 30 h after insemination. The blastoderm covered almost half the egg 40 h after insemination and embryonic body was formed. The blastoderm covered almost the whole egg 50 h after insemination. Some somites were discernible 59 h after insemination. The embryonic body reached two‐third of the circumference of the egg 70 h after insemination. The tail bud began to separate from the yolk 77 h after insemination. A newly hatched larva was observed at 85 h after insemination.     

褐牙鲆(♀)×犬齿牙鲆(♂)杂交F1及其亲本肌肉营养成分分析与比较

褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)为东亚地区重要的海水养殖鱼类,在中国、日本和韩国海水养殖业中占有重要的地位.目前,褐牙鲆经过连续多代缺乏选择的人工繁育和养殖,造成养殖群体种质发生退化,生长速度和抗逆性下降,极大制约了牙鲆养殖业发展.以选育生长迅速、抗逆性强、饵料转化率高的牙鲆类养殖新品种为目的,作者对褐牙鲆(♀)×犬齿牙鲆(Paralichthys dentatus)(♂)的杂交育种进行了研究.本实验对褐牙鲆(♀)×犬齿牙鲆(♂)杂交F1及其亲本肌肉营养成分进行测定.结果显示,杂交F1含水率显著低于双亲(P＜0.05),粗蛋白含量显著高于双亲(P＜0.05),粗脂肪含量介于二者之间;杂交F1的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、半必需氨基酸与鲜味氨基酸总量都显著高于褐牙鲆与犬齿牙鲆(P＜0.05);脂肪酸含量方面,脂肪酸总量、不饱和脂肪酸总量3种鱼由高到低排列顺序为褐牙鲆、犬齿牙鲆、杂交F1,三者饱和脂肪酸总量差异不显著(P＜0.05).对3种鱼肌肉的营养品质进行了评价,杂交F1的必需氨基酸指数EAAI(90.30)明显高于褐牙鲆(77.75)与犬齿牙鲆(79.34),在蛋白质品质上表现出一定杂种优势.上述结果表明,杂交F1的肌肉具有蛋白和氨基酸含量较高、脂肪酸含量较低的特点.     

Substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) (Laminaria japonica) with tunic of sea squirt (SS) (Halocynthia roretzi) in diet on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus,Reeve 1846)

Substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) with tunic of sea squirt (SS) in diet on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone was determined. One thousand four hundred and seventy abalones were distributed into 21 containers. Six formulated diets in triplicate were prepared. A 200 g/kg ST was included into the ST0 diet. The 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 g/kg of ST were substituted with the same amount of tunic of SS, referred to as the ST200, ST400, ST600, ST800 and ST1000 diets, respectively. Finally, Undaria was prepared to compare effect of the formulated diets on performance of abalone. The experimental diets were fed to abalone for 16 weeks. Weight gain of abalone fed the ST400 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the ST0, ST600, ST800 and ST1000 diets and Undaria. Weight gain of abalone fed the formulated diets was higher than that of abalone fed the Undaria. The chemical composition of the carcass of abalone was affected by dietary substitution of ST with tunic of SS. In conclusion, ST could be completely substituted with tunic of SS without retardation in performance of abalone. Abalone fed the ST400 diet substituting 400 g/kg ST with tunic of SS achieved the best growth.