饲料亚油酸/亚麻酸比率对松浦镜鲤生长和健康状况的影响

评估不同LA/LNA比率对松浦镜鲤(Cyprinus Carpio Songpu mirror)生长、血清生化及抗氧化指标的影响。对照组(CD)以大豆油作为脂肪源,试验组以猪油、豆油、亚麻油为脂肪源调整LA/LNA比率为0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0和8.0,配制6组等氮等能的纯化饲料。将324尾松浦镜鲤稚鱼(平均体重(15.39±0.14)g)随机平均分配到18个循环水养殖缸中,每组饲料随机饲喂3个缸,饲喂周期为60 d。结果显示,处理组间不同LA/LNA比率对松浦镜鲤生长没有显著性的影响(P0.05),但处理组的末重和特定生长率均明显高于CD组。生物学性状方面,LA/LNA 4.0组肝体指数显著高于LA/LNA 0.5~2.0组和CD组(P0.05),其他生物学性状上均无显著性差异(P0.05)。LA/LNA 4.0组表现出最低的血清T-chol和HDL-c含量(P0.05)。处理组的血清MDA含量显著低于CD组,且LA/LNA 1.0~4.0组SOD活性显著高于CD组和LA/LNA 0.5组(P0.05)。结果表明,不同LA/LNA比率对松浦镜鲤生长没有显著影响,LA/LNA比率在1.0~4.0之内能够有利于鱼体抗氧化能力,过量添加PUFA则会降低鱼体的生长以及易引起氧化应激。     

饲料中n-3/n-6多不饱和脂肪酸水平对黄河鲤幼鱼生长性能及生长相关基因mRNA表达的影响

为了分析饲料n-3/n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)水平对黄河鲤幼鱼生长性能和生长相关基因的影响,实验以鱼油和混合植物油(花生油和紫苏籽油)为脂肪源配制5组等氮等能饲料。对照组(T1)以鱼油为唯一脂肪源,18:3 n-3/18:2 n-6为0.97,第二组(T2)以花生油为唯一脂肪源,18:3 n-3/18:2 n-6为0.02,其他3组实验饲料以花生油和紫苏籽油为脂肪源,且n-3/n-6比值分别为0.46(T3)、1.09(T4)和1.53(T5)。10周养殖实验结束后,分析各组鱼体的生长性能、血清中生长激素(GH)含量及不同部位肌肉中生长相关基因的表达水平。结果显示,与对照组相比,n-3/n-6对鱼体的脏体比(VSI)、饲料系数(FCR)、摄食率(FI)无显著影响,增重率(WGR)随n-3/n-6比值的增加先升后降,n-3/n-6比值等于1.09时,WGR达到峰值,为218.53%±24.32%。T2组血清GH含量显著高于其他处理组,随着n-3/n-6比值增大GH含量逐渐降低。背部肌肉中生长相关基因gh、ghr、igf-1和myod均表现为先升后降的趋势,igf-1r为先降后升,mstn无显著差异。红肌中gh、myod含量逐渐降低,ghr、mstn不存在显著差异,igf-1与背部肌肉相似,先升后降,igf-1r先降后升。腹部肌肉中gh、ghr和igf-1表达情况与背部肌肉一致,igf-1r和myod的表达不存在显著差异。T2组和T4组背部肌肉肌纤维数目存在显著差异,且T4组肌纤维较T2组粗。研究表明,n-3/n-6不仅在一定程度上提高鱼体的WGR,且不同比例的n-3/n-6水平会影响血清GH的含量,不同部位肌肉组织中GH/IGF轴生长相关基因的水平也受饲料中n-3/n-6比例的影响。     

n-3/n-6长链多不饱和脂肪酸对大菱鲆幼鱼脂肪沉积、脂肪吸收及代谢相关酶活性和血清生化指标的影响

为探讨饲料中不同n-3/n-6长链多不饱和脂肪酸(LC-PUFA)对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼生长性能及饲料利用、体组成和消化酶的影响,配制了6种不同n-3/n-6 LC-PUFA比值(29.54,D1组;23.04,D2组;18.97,D3组;9.06,D4组;6.86,D5组;3.87,D6组)的实验饲料。以大菱鲆幼鱼[(12.18?0.01)g]为研究对象,在循环水养殖系统中开展了为期56 d的养殖实验。结果显示,n-3/n-6 LC-PUFA对大菱鲆幼鱼的成活率(SR)无显著影响(P0.05);增重率(WGR)随着n-3/n-6 LC-PUFA的降低呈先上升后下降趋势,D6组显著低于其他各组(P0.05);脂肪沉积率随着饲料中n-3/n-6 LC-PUFA的降低呈下降趋势,且D6组达到最小值,为14.80,显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。随着饲料中的变化,胰蛋白酶的活性呈先增强后减弱的趋势,且在D4组时达到最大值;脂肪酶活性呈上升趋势。随着饲料中n-3/n-6 LC-PUFA的变化,脂肪酸合成酶活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,最高值为D4组,显著高于其他各组(P0.05);葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的酶活呈先上升后下降的趋势,D3组为最大值,显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。随着饲料中n-3/n-6 LC-PUFA的降低,谷草转氨酶呈先上升后下降的趋势;总蛋白、白蛋白和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇均随着饲料n-3/n-6LC-PUFA的变化呈先上升后下降的趋势,均在D5组时达到最大值。研究表明,饲料中n-3/n-6LC-PUFA的比例降低会导致大菱鲆幼鱼的脂肪沉积率降低。     

饲料中添加L-肉碱对吉富罗非鱼生长、肝脏脂肪代谢及抗氧化能力的影响

分别在3组等氮等能的吉富罗非鱼(GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus)饲料中添加不同水平的L-肉碱[0(对照组)、150和300 mg/kg],试验选用初始体重为(8.21±0.33)g的幼鱼投喂9周,探讨L-肉碱对吉富罗非鱼生长、体成分、血清生化指标、肝脏脂肪代谢酶活性和抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明:添加150或300 mg/kg L-肉碱显著提高了罗非鱼增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR),显著降低了实验鱼肝体比(HSI)和脏体比(VSI);添加150 mg/kg L-肉碱组WGR和SGR最高,HSI和VSI最低。添加150 mg/kg L-肉碱显著提高了鱼体肥满度(CF)。饲料系数(FCR)和存活率(SR)在对照组和实验组间无显著差异。添加150或300 mg/kg L-肉碱显著提高了鱼体肝脏中粗蛋白含量,添加150 mg/kg L-肉碱显著降低了肝脏粗脂肪含量。添加150或300 mg/kg L-肉碱时,血清甘油三酯(TG)含量显著降低,肝脏脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)、肝脂酶(HL)、总酯酶(LPL)和脂肪酶(LPS)活性显著上升,肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性显著增加,肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量显著下降。添加300 mg/kg L-肉碱显著提高了鱼体肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和溶菌酶(LZM)活性。综上,饲料中添加适量L-肉碱对提高吉富罗非鱼生长性能,促进其脂肪代谢和提高鱼体抗氧化能力有良好效果。基于L-肉碱对罗非鱼增重率和特定生长率的影响,推荐L-肉碱在吉富罗非鱼饲料中的添加量为150 mg/kg。     

不同脂肪条件下添加牛磺酸对鲤生长性能、体成分、肝胰脏生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响

为探索不同脂肪条件下添加牛磺酸对幼鲤生长性能、体成分、肝胰脏生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响,实验在脂肪水平为4.65%和10.22%（高脂水平）的饲料中分别添加0、400、800和1 600 mg/kg的牛磺酸,配制成8种等氮等能实验饲料。以720尾初始体质量为（1.17±0.01）g的健康幼鲤为实验对象,随机分为8组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾实验鱼,分别投喂8种实验饲料,养殖时间为56 d。结果发现,未添加牛磺酸时,4.65%脂肪组幼鲤增重率（WGR）、特定生长率（SGR）和蛋白质效率（PER）显著高于10.22%脂肪组,而FCR显著低于10.22%脂肪组。添加牛磺酸后,4.65%和10.22%脂肪组中幼鲤的WGR、SGR和PER均显著提高,FCR显著降低;且随着牛磺酸添加量的提高,幼鲤WGR、SGR和PER均呈先升高后趋于稳定的变化趋势,且均在牛磺酸添加量为800 mg/kg时最大;FCR则均呈先降低后趋于稳定的变化趋势,均在牛磺酸添加量为800 mg/kg时最小;牛磺酸添加量大于800 mg/kg时,10.22%脂肪组幼鲤WGR、SGR和PER显著高4.65%脂肪组,而FCR则显著低于4.65%脂肪组。幼鲤肝胰脏中总胆固醇及甘油三酯均随牛磺酸添加量的升高而呈逐渐降低的变化趋势,但在4.65%脂肪组中差异不明显,而10.22%脂肪组中差异显著,随着牛磺酸添加量的提高,幼鲤的肥满度均呈先增大后趋于稳定的变化趋势,HSI、VSI则均呈先降低后趋于稳定的变化趋势;幼鲤体组织中粗蛋白质含量呈先升高后趋于稳定的变化趋势,粗脂肪含量呈先降低后趋于稳定的变化趋势;幼鲤肝胰脏中SOD、CAT活性均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且SOD、CAT活性均在牛磺酸添加量为800 mg/kg时最强;而MDA含量则呈降低的变化趋势,且MDA均在牛磺酸添加量为1 600 mg/kg时最低。研究表明,添加800~1 600 mg/kg牛磺酸可显著提高幼鲤对饲料脂肪的利用率,促进其生长,减少体内的脂肪沉积,改善肌肉品质,提高机体的抗氧化能力。     

不同脂肪源对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分、血清生化指标、体组织脂肪酸组成及抗氧化能力的影响

为研究不同脂肪源对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分、血清生化指标、体组织脂肪酸组成及抗氧化能力的影响,进行为期8周的养殖实验。实验配制了4种分别添加有椰子油(CO)、苏子油(PO)、葵花籽油(SO)、鱼油与葵花籽油1∶1混合油(FO/SO)的等氮等脂的饲料,喂养平均初始体质量为(1.52±0.00)g的黄颡鱼幼鱼。实验结果显示:不同脂肪源对黄颡鱼终末体质量(FBW)、增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和成活率(SR)均无显著影响,对饲料系数(FCR)影响显著,各组SR均在95%以上。各组间的肝体比(HSI)、肥满度(CF)均有显著性差异,而脏体比(VSI)和肠脂比(IPR)无显著性差异。HSI和CF均以鱼油与葵花籽油1∶1混合油(FO/SO)组最高,葵花籽油(SO)组最低。黄颡鱼的鱼体水分、粗蛋白和灰分不受饲料脂肪源的影响,而椰子油(CO)组的粗脂肪含量显著高于其他3组,为10.51%,剩余3组间无显著性差异。饲料中脂肪源对黄颡鱼肌肉、肝脏组织脂肪酸组成和含量影响显著,并且肌肉和肝脏中脂肪酸含量变化与饲料中相应脂肪酸含量变化基本一致,椰子油(CO)组组织中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量最高,苏子油(PO)组组织中亚麻酸(ALA)和n-3 PUFA含量最高,葵花籽油(SO)组组织中亚油酸(LA)和n-6 PUFA含量最高,而鱼油与葵花籽油1∶1混合油(FO/SO)组组织中脂肪酸较为均衡。黄颡鱼血清中的总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLOB)、白蛋白/球蛋白(A/G)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆固醇(CHOL)、甘油三酯(TG)、血糖(GLU)、肌酸激酶(CK)含量不受饲料脂肪源的影响。各组黄颡鱼肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽S转移酶(GST)活性有显著差异。椰子油(CO)组的SOD和GST活性最高,而MDA含量最低。研究表明,在添加豆油的基础上,椰子油、苏子油、葵花籽油和鱼油与葵花籽油1∶1混合油都可以用作黄颡鱼饲料的脂肪源;证实了鱼体组织中脂肪酸组成基本可以反映饲料脂肪酸组成,并且说明了黄颡鱼具有延长和去饱和ALA和LA的能力。     

饲料锌水平对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、组织积累和抗氧化功能的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源,七水硫酸锌为锌源,在基础饲料中分别添加锌0,50,100,150,200,400mg/kg,制成6种含有不同锌水平的精制饲料(19.95,71.06,118.50,174.00,226.10和411.20mg/kg),投喂初始体重为(62.89±0.51)g的星斑川鲽幼鱼66d,研究饲料锌水平对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体成分、组织锌积累及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,随着饲料锌水平的增加,星斑川鲽的增重率(WGR)显著升高(P<0.05),在174.00mg/kg锌饲料组达最大值,而锌水平高于174.00mg/kg时,其增重率和特定生长率(SGR)变化不显著(P>0.05),SGR和WGR的变化趋势相同,且SGR的最大值及饲料系数(FCR)的最小值均出现在174.00mg/kg锌饲料组;全鱼营养成分各处理组间均无显著差异(P>0.05),锌添加量为0mg/kg饲料组的肌肉脂肪含量显著高于其它各组(P<0.05);411.20mg/kg锌饲料组的全鱼、脊椎骨和肌肉中锌积累量显著高于其它各组(P<0.05),当饲料锌水平为118.50～411.20mg/kg时,全鱼、脊椎骨和血清中锌积累量显著高于...     

黄斑蓝子鱼LC-PUFA 合成代谢与渗透压调节的关系研究

为探讨黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus canaliculatus)长链多不饱和脂肪酸(long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,LC-PUFA)合成代谢与渗透压调节的关系,本研究以鱼油(FO)和混合植物油(苏子油与双低菜籽油,VO)为脂肪源配制两种等氮等脂饲料,投喂饲养在3种盐度(10、20和32)下的黄斑蓝子鱼幼鱼8周后,分析了各处理组幼鱼的生长性能和鳃的磷脂脂肪酸组成、Na+/K+-ATPase(NKA)活力及其基因表达。结果显示,相同盐度下,VO组和FO组鱼的生长性能差异不显著(P0.05);FO组鱼鳃磷脂中的n-3 LC-PUFA含量显著高于VO组(P0.05),但VO组鱼的n-6 LC-PUFA水平显著高于FO组(P0.05);VO组鱼鳃的NKA酶活力及其m RNA表达量都显著高于FO组(P0.05)。不同盐度下,无论VO组还是FO组的鱼,盐度10组鱼的生长性能显著低于盐度20和32组(P0.05),而其鳃的LC-PUFA含量、NKA酶活力及其m RNA表达量都显著高于盐度20和32组(P0.05),各指标在后两个盐度组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,盐度10对黄斑蓝子鱼具有一定的胁迫性,导致其生长性能较差。摄食鱼油脂肪源饲料,可以提高鱼鳃磷脂的n-3 LC-PUFA水平;而摄食植物脂肪源饲料时,鱼体可能通过自身合成的n-6LC-PUFA调控鳃的NKA基因表达及其酶活力以调节渗透压。     

饲料脂肪水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼生长、体组成及脂肪沉积的影响

本实验以我国重要的海水养殖鱼类大黄鱼[初始体质量(13.57±0.33)g]为研究对象,在浮式网箱中进行为期8周的摄食生长实验,探讨饲料脂肪水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼生长、体组成及脂肪沉积的影响。采用3×2双因子实验设计,其中饲料脂肪水平分别为9%、12%和15%,投喂频率分别为2次/天和1次/天。结果表明:投喂频率对大黄鱼特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FER)均有显著影响(P<0.05),而饲料脂肪水平仅对FER有显著影响(P<0.05)。2次/天投喂组的大黄鱼末体质量和SGR均显著高于1次/天投喂组,而饲料效率显著低(P<0.05)。在2次/天投喂时,各个饲料脂肪水平对SGR和FER没有显著影响(P>0.05)。而在1次/天投喂时,随着饲料脂肪水平的提高,SGR和FER均显著提高(P<0.05)。2次/天投喂组的大黄鱼全鱼水分含量显著低于1次/天投喂组,而粗脂肪含量显著高(P<0.05)。大黄鱼全鱼粗脂肪含量随着饲料脂肪水平的增加而显著升高(P<0.05)。然而在1次/天投喂时,饲料脂肪水平未对全鱼体粗脂肪含量产生显著影响(P>0.05)。大黄鱼的肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量、肝体比(HSI)以及脏体比(VSI)受到了饲料脂肪水平的显著影响(P<0.05)。在2次/天投喂时,肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量、HSI以及VSI随饲料脂肪水平的升高而显著增加(P<0.05);而在1次/天投喂时,各个饲料脂肪组大黄鱼肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量、HSI以及VSI均无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料脂肪水平和投喂频率仅对大黄鱼的生长、饲料效率的影响存在显著的交互作用(P<0.05),而对大黄鱼体组成、形态学指标以及肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量无显著的交互作用(P>0.05)。     

牛磺酸及相关氨基酸对鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)幼鱼生长及组织氨基酸含量的影响

以平均体重为(8.13±0.05)g的鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)幼鱼为研究对象,探讨了在低鱼粉饲料中添加牛磺酸、蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸对鲈鱼幼鱼生长及鱼体氨基酸组成的影响.分别在基础饲料中添加0(对照组T-0)、1.0％牛磺酸(T-1)、2.0％牛磺酸(T-2)、0.5％蛋氨酸(M-0.5)和0.5％半胱氨酸(C-0.5)制成5种等氮等脂的实验饲料,在室内流水养殖系统中进行为期70 d的养殖实验.结果显示,T-1、T-2、M-0.5和C-0.5组鲈鱼幼鱼的终末体重、特定生长率(SGR)、增重率(WGR)和摄食率(FI)均显著高于T-0组(P＜0.05);饲料中添加牛磺酸、蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸均可提高鱼体粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量(P＜0.05),鱼体水分含量则呈现出相反的变化趋势;T-I、T-2组肝脏、肌肉中的牛磺酸含量显著高于T-0组(P＜0.05),但M-0.5、C-0.5组肝脏、肌肉中牛磺酸含量与T-0组无显著差异(P＞0.05);T-1、T-2和C-0.5组肝脏的必需氨基酸及总氨基酸含量均高于T-0组(P＜0.05),但M-0.5组肝脏必需氨基酸及总氨基酸含量与T-0组无显著差异(P＞0.05);T-1、T-2、M-0.5和C-0.5组肌肉的必需氨基酸含量均高于T-0组,但只有M-0.5组显著高于T-0组(P＜0.05);T-1、T-2和M-0.5组肌肉的总氨基酸含量高于T-0组(P＜0.05),C-0.5组与T-0组无显著差异(P＞0.05).研究表明,饲料中添加牛磺酸、蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸均可提高鲈鱼幼鱼的生长,同时可以改善鲈鱼肝脏和肌肉中的氨基酸沉积.     

Effects of dietary alpha‐linolenic acids on growth performance,lipid metabolism and antioxidant responses of juvenile Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii

Five isonitrogenous diets were formulated with graded alpha‐linolenic acid (LNA) levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg) to investigate LNA requirement of juvenile Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii. Weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed LNA5 and LNA10 were significantly higher than those in other groups, while the feed conversion ratio of these two groups was lower than others. Dietary LNA increased n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and n‐3/n‐6 ratio, but decreased saturated fatty acid contents in the liver. DHA in the fish tissue also increased with the increased dietary LNA. The superoxide dismutase activity was highest in fish fed LNA5. Fish fed LNA10 showed the highest catalase activity and the highest malondialdehyde content. A 459‐bp fragment of Δ6 fatty acid desaturase and a 474‐bp fragment of elongases of very long chain fatty acids 5 were cloned and analysed. The expressions of these two genes were higher in fish fed LNA15 and LNA20. The highest hepatic lipase activity occurred in fish fed LNA 20, and the malate dehydrogenase activity peaked in the LNA5 group. Based on SGR and FCR, the range of optimum dietary LNA concentration for juvenile Russian sturgeon is recommended at 6.85–10.69 g/kg.     

Echium oil increased the expression of a Δ4 Fads2 fatty acyl desaturase and the deposition of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in comparison with linseed oil in striped snakehead (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Channa striata</Emphasis>) muscle

Despite the potential of vegetable oils as aquafeed ingredients, a major drawback associated with their utilization is the inferior level of beneficial n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). Echium oil (EO), which is rich in stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n-3), could potentially improve the deposition of n-3 LC-PUFA as the biosynthesis of LC-PUFA is enhanced through bypassing the rate-limiting ?6 desaturation step. We report for the first time an attempt to investigate whether the presence of a desaturase (Fads2) capable of ?4 desaturation activities and an elongase (Elovl5) will leverage the provision of dietary SDA to produce a higher rate of LC-PUFA bioconversion. Experimental diets were designed containing fish oil (FO), EO or linseed oil (LO) (100FO, 100EO, 100LO), and diets which comprised equal mixtures of the designated oils (50EOFO and 50EOLO) were evaluated in a 12-week feeding trial involving striped snakeheads (Channa striata). There was no significant difference in growth and feed conversion efficiency. The hepatic fatty acid composition and higher expression of fads2 and elovl5 genes in fish fed EO-based diets indicate the utilization of dietary SDA for LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Collectively, this resulted in a higher deposition of muscle eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) compared to LO-based diets. Dietary EO improved the ratio of n-3 LC-PUFA to n-6 LC-PUFA in fish muscle, which is desirable for human populations with excessive consumption of n-6 PUFA. This study validates the contribution of SDA in improving the content of n-3 LC-PUFA and the ratio of EPA to arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) in a freshwater carnivorous species.     

Fish proteins not lipids are the major nutrients limiting the use of vegetable ingredients in catfish nutrition

The objective of this study was to determine the major nutrient limiting growth and lipid metabolism in African catfish fed diets composed of vegetable ingredients. Four diets were formulated from contrasted meal (fish meal: FM; vegetable meal: VM) and oil (fish oil: FO; vegetable oil: VO) sources. Replacement of FO by VO did not affect specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency, whereas lower values were recorded in the case of FM replacement. LC‐PUFAs muscle contents were higher in fish fed control FMFO diet than in fish fed vegetable ingredients. However, the decrease in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentration in FMVO group was limited compared to VM groups despite the same low DHA level in those three diets. These results may suggest an activation of LC‐PUFA biosynthesis from PUFA precursors brought with vegetable oils in FMVO group. This hypothesize is reinforced by the significant stimulation of elovl5 gene expression in liver and intestine from fish fed FMVO. Therefore, this study demonstrated that African catfish is able to bioconvert LC‐PUFAs at a significant biological level when FO is replaced by VO whereas the use of plant proteins has strong detrimental effects on growth performances.     

Vegetable oil blend as alternative lipid resources in diets for gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata

The recent decreasing worldwide supplies of marine oils have forced the aquaculture industry to investigate alternative lipid sources for use in marine fish feeds. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of dietary replacement of fish oil by vegetable oils on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) growth performance, nutritive utilization, body composition, and fatty acid profile as well as feed cost. Two dietary vegetable oil (VO) mix blends (VO1 and VO2) in which: sunflower (SO), cottonseed (CO) and linseed (LO) for VO1 or soybean oil (SBO) for VO2, were tested as 60% fish oil (FO) substitutes versus the 100% FO control or reference diet (FO). Three iso-proteic (46% CP) and iso-lipidic (18%) experimental diets were hand fed, twice a day, 6 days a week to apparent visual satiety to triplicate groups of seabream growers (average initial weight, 130.9 ± 3.44 g), until fish reached market size (300–400 g/fish) after 20 weeks at mean ambient temperature 27.0 ± 1.8°C. All experimental diets were well accepted by seabream growers regardless of the different lipid sources used, as overall mean feed intake (FI) and daily intake (DFI) were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among dietary treatments. In terms of growth performance, fish fed VO1 diet (with LO) exhibited a relatively lower, but significant (P < 0.05), total weight gain (WG) than fish fed all FO diet (FO). However, mean value of WG of fish fed either vegetable oil-tested diet was nonsignificantly different. Feeding seabream growers vegetable oil (VO) diets (VO1 or VO2) had no significant effect on specific growth rate (SGR), daily weight index (DWI), or feed conversion ratio (FCR) among dietary treatments. Consumption of VO for 20 weeks did not significantly alter the major nutrient composition of fish, but the muscle fatty acid (FA) profile was significantly altered compared to the reference FO diet. Comparatively reduced levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), as well as elevated levels of linoleic and linolenic acids (LA and LNA) compared with fish fed the FO were noticed. In terms of economics, 17 or 20% reduction in Kg feed cost was obtained for diets VO1 or VO2, respectively. In terms of growth performance and cost, VO2 diet showed slight relative superiority over VO1 diet. However, in terms of liver structure morphology, VO1 diet (with LO) has resulted in less fat-infiltration and altered hepatic cells than VO2 (with SBO). As these traits do not affect yield or the price paid for the fish, VO2 diet has therefore been considered better than VO1 as complementary lipid sources for gilthead seabream grower diets.     

Influence of dietary linoleic acid (18:2n‐6) and α‐linolenic acid (18:3n‐3) ratio on fatty acid composition of different tissues in freshwater fish Songpu mirror carp,Cyprinus Carpio

Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic purified diets were formulated to feed Songpu mirror carp for 60 days. The control diet (CD) was only supplemented with soybean oil. The other five experimental diets contained soybean oil, linseed oil and lard oil blended at various inclusion levels to attain different linoleic acid (LA)/α‐linolenic acid (LNA) ratios (0.53, 1.04, 2.09, 3.95, 6.82) with a constant total C₁₈ polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; LA+LNA, 2% dry weight) content. The fatty acid (FA) profiles of hepatopancreas, dorsal muscle, intestine, intraperitoneal fat (IPF), spleen and kidney reflected those of the diets, but with some differences. The spleen showed the lowest correlation with diet compared with other tissues, followed by the hepatopancreas (P < 0.05). The intestine and IPF showed relatively higher correlation. On the other hand, the control group had the lowest tissue‐diet correlation, followed by the LA/LNA0.53 group (P < 0.05), whereas the LA/LNA2.09 showed the highest. The LA/LNA ratios in the tissues were up‐regulated in the LA/LNA0.53, 1.04 groups and down‐regulated in the LA/LNA3.95, 6.82 groups. This was due to when LA (or LNA) was highly added in diet, the decrease in this FA was huge in tissue. The contents of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids increased in the control group, but seemed not influenced by dietary LA/LNA ratios. These results demonstrated that the FA deposition was tissue‐specific, and also influenced by the dietary FA composition in the experimental fish. Finally, we suggest that 2.09 is the optimal LA/LNA ratio (2% C₁₈ PUFA) of Songpu mirror carp for fillet FA composition.     

饲料中不同脂肪酸搭配对仿刺参幼参生长和体组分的影响

在水温13．0～23．0℃下，将平均质量1.45g的仿刺参Apostichopus japonicus幼参放养在容量50L（45cm×31cm×30cm）的水槽中，投喂以鱼粉、虾糠和玉米蛋白为蛋白源，添加马尾藻粉、海泥、贝壳粉和黄原胶等粗蛋白12．70％和粗脂肪5．48％的饲料。在饲料中含有不同比例的亚油酸（LA）、α-亚麻酸（LNA）、二十二碳六烯酸（22：6n-3）（DHA）和二十碳五烯酸（20：5n-3）（EPA），以橄榄油平衡脂肪含量，以贝壳粉平衡其他成分，配制成LA和LNA的比例分别为20：0（S1）；20：1（S2）；1：2（S3）和2：1（S4）；LA、LNA、DHA和EPA的比例分别为6：1：5：0（S5）；10：1：30：5（S6）和10：5：6：1（S7）的膏状饲料。80d的饲养表明，幼参摄食只添加橄榄油（S1）、添加橄榄油和亚油酸（S2）的饲料时生长最慢，显著低于其他各组的幼参（P〈0．05）；摄食只添加亚麻酸（S3）或亚油酸和亚麻酸（S4）的饲料时，生长较慢，二者差异不显著（P〉0．05），但均显著低于摄食添加DHA（S5）和EPA＋DHA（S6）的幼参（P〈0．05）；摄食添加上述4种脂肪酸（S7）饲料时，生长最快，即LA，LNA，DHA和EPA的比例为10：5：6：1时，体壁最厚，肠道中淀粉酶和蛋白酶的有效活力最高，对饲料脂肪和蛋白质的消化率显著高于其他各组（P〈0．05）。摄食实验饲料的仿刺参体内蛋白＋脂肪十灰分的含量之和（平均85．79％）远大于初始刺参（79．70％）的相应之和，由高至低依次为：S2（90．57％）〉S1（87．97％）〉S3（85．78％）〉S4（85．29％）〉S7（84．19％）〉S5（83．79％）〉S6（82．97％）。仿刺参摄食后体内18碳脂肪酸含量呈负增长，而体内EPA的含量均呈正增长，且恒定变化在4．36％～6．83％之间，表明饲料中的18碳脂肪酸能转化为仿刺参体内的EPA。添加了4种脂肪酸的S4、S5、S6和S7组幼参肠过氧化氢?     

Alternative vegetable lipid sources in diets for grouper, Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton): effects on growth, and muscle and liver fatty acid composition

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different oils on growth performance and lipid metabolism of the grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Five experimental fish meal‐based isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated containing either 5.5%‐added fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SBO), corn oil (CO), sunflower oil (SFO) or peanut oil (PO). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 20 fish (initial body weight 13.2±0.02 g) grown in seawater at 28.0–30.5 °C for 8 weeks. Fish were fed twice a day to visual satiety. No significant differences in the survival, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio or hepatosomatic index were found between fish fed the FO or vegetable oils (VO) diets. Dietary lipid sources did not affect whole‐body composition among grouper fed the various diets. Muscle of fish fed the FO diet had significantly higher levels of 14:0, 16:0, 16:1n‐7, 20:5n‐3[eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)] and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)+EPA (except for PO fed fish) compared with those of fish fed VO diets. However, the levels of 18:1n‐9, 18:2n‐6 and DHA/EPA ratios in the muscle of fish fed FO diet were significantly lower than those of fish fed the VO diets. The liver of fish fed the FO diet had significantly higher levels of 18:0, 20:5n‐3, 22:6n‐3, n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids and DHA+EPA than those of fish fed the VO diets, whereas increases in 18:1n‐9, 18:2n‐6 and mono‐unsaturated fatty acid levels were observed in the liver of fish fed the VO diets.     

豆粕替代鱼粉对牛蛙生长、体组成、消化酶活力及肝脏生化指标的影响

为减少牛蛙饲料鱼粉使用量以降低养殖成本,研究了豆粕替代饲料中不同比例的鱼粉对牛蛙的生长性能、体组成、肠道消化酶活力和肝脏生化指标的影响。用豆粕分别替代0%、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的鱼粉配制出6种等氮等能的实验饲料,每组饲料设3重复,养殖牛蛙60 d。结果显示,豆粕替代鱼粉对牛蛙摄食率、成活率、肝体指数、脏体指数、蛙体水分和灰分含量、蛙腿肌肉组成以及肝脏丙二醛含量的影响不显著;豆粕100%替代鱼粉显著降低牛蛙增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率、蛋白质累积率;随豆粕替代鱼粉比例的提高,牛蛙的肥满度和后腿指数呈下降趋势,替代100%鱼粉显著降低牛蛙肥满度,替代60%鱼粉显著降低牛蛙后腿指数;替代80%鱼粉显著降低牛蛙全体粗蛋白的含量;牛蛙全体粗脂肪含量随替代鱼粉比例的提高呈上升的趋势,替代100%鱼粉组粗脂肪含量最高;随着替代比例的提高,牛蛙肠道蛋白酶的活力显著降低,而肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力显著提高。豆粕替代鱼粉显著影响肝脏超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活力,其中超氧化物歧化酶活力最低值出现在替代80%鱼粉组,过氧化氢酶活力最低值出现在替代100%鱼粉组。基于以上实验结果,建议牛蛙饲料中豆粕可替代鱼粉的比例为60%~80%。