华南沿海牡蛎重金属含量特征及其风险评估

根据2009年对华南沿海部分海域的近江牡蛎和太平洋牡蛎的监测数据,对产品中重金属元素Cd、Cu、Pb、As、Hg和Zn的含量水平、分布与变化特征进行了分析讨论;采用点评估方法,计算Cd、Cu、Pb、As、Hg和Zn的膳食暴露量,对牡蛎产品的食用安全性进行风险评估。结果表明,调查海域牡蛎样品中Cu、Zn、Cd的含量较高,其值分别为92.0、268、1.32 mg/kg(湿重,下同);Hg、As、Pb的含量低,其值分别为9.21、0.11、0.26 mg/kg。不同海域、不同养殖季节的牡蛎产品中重金属元素的含量具有明显的差异。与无公害水产品质量标准的限量值相比,调查海域牡蛎产品中Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、As的含量符合产品质量标准,Cd的含量超过产品限量标准值。由于元素间的相互作用,牡蛎产品Zn的含量高、Cd的含量低,Zn的可利用性阻止对Cd的吸收,牡蛎产品中的Cd不会对健康造成危害。风险评估的结果显示,每周食用适量的牡蛎,重金属的膳食摄入量低于世界卫生组织/联合国粮食和农业组织的食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)推荐的暂定每周耐受摄入量,处于安全范围内。     

微生态制剂在牡蛎净化中的应用

<正>近江牡蛎在我国贝类养殖,特别是南方贝类养殖中占有举足轻重的地位。随着近年来我国经济的高速增长,海洋污染,特别是海洋重金属污染已经日益威胁到我国贝类养殖产业的健康发展。王增焕等通过连续14年对广东沿海近江牡蛎金属含量的调查发现近江牡蛎体内的Cu、Zn含量分别达到了72.3mg/kg、203mg/kg,远远超过了其他生物体内的含量。     

乳山湾贝类体中重金属含量及其评价研究

研究了乳山湾6～9月间贝类体内Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg等重金属含量富集水平，结果表明，贝类体内以Cu、Zn含量最高，特别是牡蛎体内Cu含量在8月中旬高达69．09mg／kg·ww，较其他重金属含量高得多，反应了该湾受Cu污染较严重，但均未超过海洋生物体内有关软体双壳类的污染评价标准。     

广东沿海贝类4种重金属含量分析和评价

根据2007年6～9月对广东沿海4种贝类养殖区90个样品的检测结果，研究了贝类体内重金属的含量和累积，对贝类的质量安全进行评价。结果表明：（1）菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum体内含量大小顺序为铜（Cu）〉镉（Cd）〉铬（Cr）〉铅（Pb），太平洋牡蛎Crassostreagigas和近江牡蛎C．rivularis的大小顺序都是Cu〉Cd〉Pb〉Cr，而翡翠贻贝Pernaviridis的大小顺序则是Cu〉Pb〉Cd〉Cr；（2）菲律宾蛤仔、太平洋牡蛎和翡翠贻贝未受重金属污染，但部分近江牡蛎体中Cd和Cu含量已超过中国农业行业标准“无公害食品：水产品有毒有害物质限量”标准，应该引起重视。     

长江下游流域铜锈环棱螺体内重金属含量及风险评估

为掌握长江下游江段重金属的污染情况,选取长江安徽江段和太湖为采样点,铜锈环棱螺为研究对象,对其体内的重金属情况进行了监测。于2015年8月采集了35份铜锈环棱螺样品,用原子吸收分光光度计测定了螺肉中重金属的含量。结果表明,捕获的铜锈环棱螺体内有不同程度的重金属残留,Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn的残留均值分别为0.083、1.155、0.849、13.931和39.780 mg/kg。与国家相关标准作比较,Cr和Pb的超标率分别为14.29%和28.57%,其他元素均没超标。对采集地点的重金属含量分析,铜陵地区整体重金属水平含量较高,安庆地区Pb和Cr的含量较高。通过对人群食用风险评估表明,成人每周食用长江下游铜锈环棱螺Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn的摄入量相当于暂定每周耐受摄入量(PTWI)的3.32%、40.12%、0.93%和1.33%,因此,食用长江下游的铜锈环棱螺对一般人群带来重金属不良影响的可能性不大,但敏感人群对食用铜锈环棱螺的频率还应值得注意。研究结果为长江下游流域河流重金属污染的有效控制,实现科学的水环境管理提供依据,同时为长江下游水产品质量安全评估提供技术和数据支持。     

生态浮床对养殖水产品中重金属含量和肌肉品质的影响

为比较铺设海马齿生态浮床的鱼、贝混养池塘(实验塘)和鱼、贝单一养殖池塘(对照塘)的养殖质量,实验采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定黄鳍鲷、尼罗罗非鱼、鲻3种鱼的鳃、内脏和肌肉及近江牡蛎、泥蚶两种贝类软体部分的Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb 5种重金属含量,并进行食用安全性评价;同时,测定了两种模式下养殖的黄鳍鲷与尼罗罗非鱼肌肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸组成及一般营养成分,以进行肌肉品质评价。结果显示,实验塘中各种水产品食用部分的重金属含量均未超过国家水产品相关限量标准;对照塘中近江牡蛎软体部分中Cu和Cd的含量分别为57.113 mg/kg wet wt.和1.163 mg/kg wet wt.,泥蚶软体部分中Cd含量达到1.231 mg/kg wet wt.,均超过了限量标准。黄鳍鲷、尼罗罗非鱼、鲻3种鱼类肌肉的安全性评价结果显示,两组鱼肉的摄入均不会对人体健康造成潜在威胁。实验塘黄鳍鲷肌肉中的鲜味氨基酸含量显著高于对照塘,而实验塘尼罗罗非鱼肌肉中氨基酸总量TAA、必需氨基酸总量EAA、鲜味氨基酸含量DAA均显著高于对照塘(P0.05);实验塘两种鱼肌肉中粗蛋白和多不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,饱和脂肪酸含量低(P0.05)。研究表明,实验塘鱼体肌肉的营养价值高于对照塘,且肉质更加鲜美。     

大亚湾经济类海洋生物体的重金属含量分析

文章讨论了大亚湾主要经济类海洋生物体内重金属含量的变化特征及其富集能力.结果表明,甲壳类重金属元素的含量最高、头足类的含量次之、鱼类的含量最低.生物体重金属含量从高到低依次为锌(Zn)>铜(Cu)>铅(Pb)≈砷(As)>镉(Cd)>汞(Hg).大亚湾海域经济类海洋生物对Cu和Zn的富集能力最高,对As的富集能力最低.大亚湾经济类海洋生物体重金属含量低于"无公害食品-水产品有毒有害物质限量"标准值.潜在危害系数的计算结果表明,Cd、Pb和Hg存在一定的潜在危害,Cu的潜在危害性很低.     

淮南地区虾贝类重金属含量及评价

2006年5～6月,对淮南地区几种常见虾、贝类体内的重金属含量进行了测定.结果表明,淮南地区虾、贝类体内Cu、Zn、Pb重金属元素在样品中的检出率为100%.在虾类中,Cu检出量为1.01～1.87 mg/kg,Cd为0～0.15 mg/kg,Zn为10.87～12.43 mg/kg,Pb为0.52～0.78 mg/kg.在贝类中,Cu检出量为3.64～3.96 mg/kg,Cd为0.28～0.33 mg/kg,Zn为13.15～15.24 mg/kg,Pb为1.49～1.59 mg/kg.同种生物对不同的重金属含有不同的蓄积能力;不同生物对同种金属具有不同的含量水平,与其食性及生活环境有关.     

乳山湾水体重金属含量的季节变化与养殖贝类对水体重金属的生物富集效应

为了解乳山湾近岸海域重金属污染情况及养殖贝类对重金属富集情况,按春、夏、秋、冬四个航次采集湾内和湾外的表层海水,并于秋季采集湾内养殖的太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)分析海水及牡蛎体内Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Hg等7种重金属含量,评价海水质量与养殖贝类的食用安全。结果表明:乳山湾湾内湾外海域水质较好,除冬季Zn以及春、秋两季的Hg符合二类海水水质标准,其余点位均符合一类海水水质标准,海水水质为"清洁"。乳山湾湾内和湾外沉积物中各重金属的含量均低于第一类海洋沉积物标准,没有受到明显的污染。乳山湾内养殖牡蛎体内Cd和Zn的浓度远远高于湾内水体中重金属的浓度,表明太平洋牡蛎对重金属具有较强的富集作用,但仍符合二类海洋生物质量标准。     

2008年珠江口表层沉积物重金属含量及生态危害评价

2008年5、8月针对珠江口表层沉积物重金属的空间分布、相关性、超标倍数和超标率等进行了研究,并采用综合污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对其污染特征和生态危害进行了评价。结果显示:研究期间珠江口表层沉积物中重金属Cu为63.2 mg/kg、Zn为261.0 mg/kg、Pb为96.7 mg/kg、Cd为6.7 mg/kg、Cr为167.4 mg/kg。同一口门5种重金属相关极显著(P<0.01);每种重金属含量在各口门间相关极显著,表明其具有较强的同源性。珠江口水域重金含量表现出整体的超标现象,超标率均不低于87.5%,Cd超标倍数最大。综合污染指数法评价显示,重金属污染处重度水平,潜在生态危害指数法显示,重金属潜在生态危害处于较严重水平;Cd对污染和潜在生态危害贡献率最大。     

A comparison of the gametogenic cycle between the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the Suminoe oyster Crassostrea rivularis in Washington State

The gamotogenic cycle of the Suminoe oyster, Crassostrea rivularis, was compared with that of two groups of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) on an intertidal oyster bed in Oakland Bay, Washington. The Pacific oysters exhibited an earlier and more extensive development of gonad relative to C. rivularis. Resulting carbohydrate depletion was much greater in C. gigas relative to C. rivularis. Both groups of Pacific oysters spawned completely in mid-August. C. rivularis did not spawn but, rather, initiated phagocytosis of gametes by leucocytes. The implications of the results on the development of a marketable “summer” oyster are discussed.     

Transference of heavy metals (Hg,Cu, Pb and Zn) with the trophic structure in a polyculture pond: evidence from nitrogen stable isotope

Concentrations of heavy metals, including Hg, Cu, Pb and Zn, in sediment and different organisms as well as the transference through the food web in a polyculture pond were investigated. The δ¹⁵N values of consumers showed a gradual enrichment with increasing trophic positions from the filter‐feeding bivalves (δ¹⁵N = 10.93 on average) to the predators (δ¹⁵N ≥ 12.59 for all crustacean and fish). Concentrations of heavy metals in sediments followed the decreasing order: Cu ≈ Zn > Pb > Hg, while in organisms, the order was Zn > Cu > Pb > Hg. Concentration of Cu was negatively related to the δ¹⁵N values of the animal tissues (P < 0.05), indicating the decrease in the Cu concentration with increasing trophic positions. Concentrations of Hg, Pb or Zn did not show significant relationship to the trophic positions. Food sources and feeding guilds of organisms might be more important factors determining the heavy metal concentrations in the body tissues of aquatic animals than their trophic positions.     

海产品与淡水产品中重金属的差异性及其风险评价

为了解我国东部沿海地区海产品与淡水产品中重金属污染现状及摄入风险,实验分析了东部沿海地区市售的12种海产品和8种淡水产品,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定铅、镉、汞、砷、铬共5种常见重金属,根据单因子污染指数（P_i）和金属污染指数（MPI）评价其污染程度,比较不同水产品重金属含量差异及污染状况,并通过靶标危害系数（THQs）评价其健康风险。检测结果显示,海产品与淡水产品中,铅含量范围为ND～1.100 mg/kg,铅超标率为1.4%,各品种铅均值含量无显著差异。镉含量范围为ND～1.600 mg/kg,镉超标率为2.8%,长牡蛎、海湾扇贝镉均值含量高于其他品种。总汞含量范围为ND～1.900 mg/kg,蓝鳍金枪鱼总汞均值含量高于其他品种,其他品种总汞均值含量无显著差异。总砷含量范围为0.004～4.100 mg/kg,淡水鱼（乌鳢除外）总砷均值含量低于其他品种。铬含量范围为0.010～32.000 mg/kg,铬超标率为2.3%,鳙铬均值含量高于其他品种。单因子污染指数显示：不同品种的水产品都有一定的污染。重金属污染指数显示：污染指数呈现...     

闽江口表层沉积物中重金属含量分布特征及其潜在生态风险评价

对闽江口11个采样点的表层沉积物中重金属含量进行测定,结果显示各重金属含量分别为Cu4.8～34.3mg/kg(平均20.4mg/kg)、Pb12.4～28.9mg/kg(平均20.0mg/kg)、Cd0.064～0.393mg/kg(平均0.13mg/kg)、Hg0.01～0.2mg/kg(平均0.08mg/kg)、As3.8～12.5mg/kg(平均9.3mg/kg)。全部站位的重金属含量均符合国家海洋沉积物质量第一类标准,主要污染物是Cu、As和Hg。Cu、Pb含量空间分布特征相似;Cd、Hg、As含量空间分布特征不同;各元素含量均随着离岸距离的增大有递减的趋势。潜在生态风险评价结果表明,闽江口水域总体为轻微生态风险,重金属污染的风险系数较小,该水域重金属元素的污染风险系数大小顺序为:HgAsCdPbCu。     

对贝类产品标准中重金属限量指标的探讨

对我国现行的国家标准、行业标准及国外相关标准中有关贝类重金属的指标进行比较分析。在此基础上,结合我国目前贝类卫生状况调查结果以及国内外文献资料,对我国贝类标准中的重金属限量进行探讨,提出我国贝类标准中重金属的建议限量指标为:汞0.5 mg/kg,无机砷1.0 mg/kg,铅1.5 mg/kg,镉2.0 mg/kg(不包括牡蛎、扇贝、泥蚶),铜50 mg/kg,铬2.0 mg/kg。     

Influence of gonadal development on metal accumulation in the Portuguese oyster,Crassostrea angulata,in subtropical areas

Metal enrichment makes oyster considered to be an appropriate food source for trace elements, but excessive accumulation can threaten human health. Reproduction is an important biotic factor that affects the metal accumulation in oysters. However, the influence of continuous gonad development model on metal accumulation in some subtropical oysters is still unclear. The present study addresses the concentrations of trace metals and glycogen associated with the gonadal and somatic tissues throughout the reproductive cycle of diploid and triploid Crassostrea angulata cultured in Fujian, China. Cu, Zn and Pb contents of gonads were negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with gonadosomatic index (GSI). The correlation between Cd content and GSI was not significant. There was a positive correlation (p < 0.05) between GSI and Mn content in female gonads while the correlation was negative (p < 0.05) in males, indicating Mn plays an important role in gametogenesis of females. The effects of gonadal maturity and gender on metal accumulation in somatic tissue were not significant (p > 0.05). The concentrations of all metals in sterile triploids were not significantly different from those of the somatic tissue of diploids. Gonadal glycogen content showed a negative correlation with the GSI. However, somatic glycogen content was not affected by gonadal development, indicating that the energy consumed during gametogenesis comes mainly from recently ingested food rather than from energy stored in somatic tissue. The effects of the gonadal development on the metal accumulation in oysters varied according to the metal and tissue type.     

山东省主要贝类养殖区重金属环境状况及贝类安全风险分析

依据2014年8月对山东省近岸贝类养殖区的调查资料,研究了养殖区海水、沉积物和生物体中6种重金属的含量及富集情况,并对贝类养殖区进行质量及生态风险评价.结果显示,海水中重金属含量从高到低为As、Cu、Cr、Pb、Cd和Hg;沉积物中重金属含量从高到低为Cr、Pb、Cu、As、Cd和Hg;贝类体中重金属含量从高到低为Cu、As、Cd、Cr、Pb和Hg.生态环境质量评价结果表明,养殖区海水中重金属含量均符合Ⅱ类海水水质标准;沉积物重金属含量均符合Ⅰ类海洋沉积物质量标准;贝类体中Hg、Cd、Pb和Cr均符合《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》,Cu符合Ⅰ类海洋生物质量标准.贝类对重金属的富集能力从大到小为Cu、Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr和As,调查海域贝类体中的Cu、Cd富集系数较高,其他重金属富集系数相对较低.重金属质量安全风险分析表明,贝类体中Cd、Pb、As、Cr和Hg的膳食暴露量较低,处于安全范围内,但建议去除内脏后食用.     

The effect of temperature on physiological energetics of a fast‐growing selective strain and a hatchery population of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas)

Growth is an important aquaculture trait, which has been one of the most important traits for genetic improvement in aquatic species. Numerous fast‐growing domesticated aquaculture organisms are being cultured, but the physiological processes underlying growth remain largely unexplored. The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is one of the most widely farmed bivalves. In order to improve the productivity traits, a fast‐growing selective strain of C. gigas was established. In this study, we compared physiological energetics of the fast‐growing selective strain and an unselected hatchery population of C. gigas under different conditions of temperature. Components of energy gain (clearance rates, ingestion rates, absorption efficiency and absorption rates), energy loss (metabolic rates) and resulting energy budget (scope for growth) were analysed at four temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C). The results indicated that selective breeding oysters had a higher energy gain compared to unselected oysters, but the selected strain and hatchery population of oysters did not significantly differ in metabolic rates at all tested temperatures (p > 0.05). The enhanced energy gain resulted in almost two times higher scope for growth in selective breeding oysters compared with unselected oysters. Physiological characteristics of C. gigas were greatly affected by temperature and showed a fluctuation with the increase in temperatures. The selective breeding oysters outperformed those of hatchery population in growth performance by an increased energy gain along with a similar energy loss. This study provided insight into physiological energetics accounting for growth improvements in fast‐growing selective strain of C. gigas.