微喷灌正方形布置时喷头组合间距的确定

本文根据微喷灌系统全湿润喷洒灌溉的试验数据和生产考核,分析了微喷灌为正方形布置时,在相应的组合间距下,达到的均匀度指标。SWP-J,SWP-2折射式微喷头正方形布置时,建议其组合间距a×b采用0.7～0.8R,DLXD1.5离心式微喷头组合间距a×b=0.8～0.9R(风速在0～3.8m/s范围),此时喷洒均匀系数不低于0.85。     

喷灌系统灌水技术参数优化

为探索大尺寸半固定式喷灌系统适宜的灌水技术参数,通过田间试验研究不同工作压力、不同喷头间距以及不同风速组合条件下大尺寸半固定式喷灌灌水均匀度。试验结果表明,在推荐工作压力范围内,单喷头的喷灌均匀度系数随着工作压力的增加呈提高趋势;无风环境下,工作压力为425 k Pa时,喷头间距不大于35和39 m时,灌水均匀度可以达到90%和80%以上,喷头间距控制在35~39 m比较适宜;风速在0~1、1~3和3~5 m/s范围内,喷灌灌水均匀度达到75%以上的喷头间距组合分别为不大于39、30和20 m,说明风速在0~1和1~3 m/s范围时,喷头适宜间距分别为39和30 m,当风速超过3 m/s时,风速是影响喷灌均匀度系数的主要因子。大尺寸半固定式喷灌系统适宜的间距为30~39 m。     

动态水压坡地喷灌水量分布特性与均匀度研究

针对坡地喷灌水量分布不均匀、灌溉质量较低的问题,将动态水压供水技术引入坡地喷灌,以雨鸟LF1200型喷头为研究对象,分析了动态水压喷灌对喷头流量、射程、喷洒湿润面积、单喷头水量分布和组合喷头水量分布及均匀度的影响。结果表明:对于单喷头而言,采用动态水压喷灌的上下坡射程差在2.3 m左右,动压参数中动压振幅对射程影响较显著,动压喷灌时,振幅建议采用喷头正常工作压力范围内的较大值;单喷头水量分布均匀度在56%左右,动态水压参数对单喷头水量分布和喷灌均匀度影响不显著。在组合喷头的情况下,采用正三角形和矩形布置的均匀度高于正方形布置,其中采用矩形布置喷灌质量最佳。综合考虑工程投资、水量分布以及均匀度,动态水压喷灌时,当喷头采用三角形布置方式时,建议喷头间距为1.0～1.2R(R是喷头平地射程),当喷头采用矩形布置方式时,坡向间距宜采用0.6～0.8R,垂直坡向间距宜采用1.0～1.2R。     

动态水压坡地喷灌系统多目标技术参数优化

动态水压供水能够有效提高坡地喷灌水量分布均匀性.为优选出满足喷灌质量要求且经济投入较少双重目标的动态水压坡地喷灌技术参数,以喷头间距、布置方式和动压参数(基础水压、振幅)等需要优化的技术参数为投入指标,以喷灌强度、喷灌均匀度、初始投资和年运行费为产出指标,应用数据包络分析法(DEA)评价决策单元(DMU)有效性,并对非有效DMU进行改进;结合对抗型交叉评价对技术参数做优劣排序,构建了动态水压坡地喷灌技术参数的优化方法.以雨鸟R5000喷头为研究对象,在苜蓿种植面积为1 hm²的坡地上(坡度为10%)进行喷灌系统田间工程设计,最终优选出交叉评价效率最大的动态水压坡地喷灌技术参数:喷头宜采用间距为8 m的正方形布置,基础水压为300 kPa,振幅为50 kPa.     

摇臂喷头低压掺气情况下田间组合喷灌试验研究

为了对比掺气喷头与摇臂喷头对灌水均匀性改善的效果,采用田间组合喷灌试验的方法对比了两类喷头在较低工作压力时的性能.采用平均喷灌强度和喷灌均匀系数为主要评价指标,其中对于喷灌均匀系数主要讨论了工作压力和组合间距的影响.试验结果表明:掺气喷头和摇臂喷头的平均喷灌强度理论值与试验值差异在5%左右,说明低压、微风环境下试验的蒸发漂移损失小.在组合喷灌间距均为1.0R时,掺气方法提高喷灌均匀系数,使均匀系数达到并超过标准中规定的75%的要求.在1.0R,1.1R,1.2R这3种组合间距情况下,掺气喷头的喷灌均匀系数均高于同型号摇臂喷头2.2%~5.8%.     

考虑水滴运动蒸发的喷灌水量分布模拟

提出了有风条件下喷头水滴运动与喷灌水量分布模拟方法,并利用Visual Basic 6.0开发了喷灌水量分布模拟软件.该软件在已知单喷头的径向水量分布数据时,可以模拟出不同风速、风向、空气温湿度等环境条件下单喷头或多喷头组合的喷灌水量分布,计算出喷灌系统的组合喷灌强度、喷灌均匀系数和蒸发损失率.以9708A型喷头为例,分别对工作压力为0.20、0.25和0.30 MPa下单喷头径向水量分布以及喷灌系统组合间距为14 m x 14 m和14 m×12 m时的喷灌水量分布进行了模拟,并与实测值进行了对比,结果表明:模拟的单喷头径向水量分布与实测值总体一致,由模拟水量分布推算的喷头流量与实测值的相对误差为0.83％ ～8.01％;喷灌均匀系数模拟值与实测值的相对误差为0.69％～6.36％,蒸发损失率模拟值为0.51％ ～ 1.75％,小于实测的水量损失率.模拟了不同组合间距下的喷灌水量分布,得到的喷灌均匀系数模拟值与其他软件比较,相对误差在0.11％ ～2.44％之间.     

R2000WF喷头与摇臂式喷头组合喷灌均匀性的田间试验对比

为了比较Nelson公司生产的R2000WF喷头和相近摇臂式喷头的组合喷灌性能,分别对两种喷头采用正方形布置12m×12m和矩形布置12m×16m条件下的组合喷灌均匀性开展了田间试验研究。结果表明:在工作压力0.20～0.30MPa时,R2000WF喷头和摇臂式喷头的喷灌均匀系数Cu分别为0.78～0.85、0.68～0.83;由单喷头水力性能曲线组合模拟求得的Cu值也表明,在相同工作压力、组合形式及间距条件下,与摇臂式喷头相比,R2000WF喷头具有更高的喷灌均匀性,更适合于低压条件下工作。     

ZY-2喷头组合喷灌对农田小气候的影响研究

采用CR1000自动传感器,测试了ZY-2摇臂式喷头组合喷灌条件下,高度1、3、5、7、9 m处干湿球温度,目的是研究喷灌对不同高度处空气温度和相对湿度的影响。结果表明,组合喷灌导致1 m和3 m高度处空气温度降低和相对湿度增大,温差、相对湿度差最大值分别出现在12:00及16:00左右,温差值、相对湿度差最大值分别达到13.8℃、49.7%,最小值出现在05:00左右,分别为0.1℃、5.2%。组合喷灌对温度、相对湿度的影响一般是持续到喷灌结束后20 min。     

组合方式对喷灌均匀度的影响研究

【目的】研究喷头不同组合方式对喷灌均匀度的影响,得到最佳的组合方式。【方法】根据FYRB471 型喷头在不同工作压力下间距1 m采样所得的无风喷洒降水强度,针对喷头分别呈正三角形、正方形、正六边形等组合方式,拟合出了喷头在不同工作压力及组合间距下的降水强度,采用克里斯琴森均匀系数计算了相应的喷灌均匀度。【结果】当工作压力一定时,不同组合方式下的喷灌均匀度都随喷头间距的增大而减小;当喷头间距一定时,组合均匀度与工作压力正相关。当间距小于5.5 m时,不同工作压力下3 种组合方式的均匀度相差不大;当间距大于5.5 m时,随着工作压力或者组合间距的增大,正三角形组合方式所提供的喷灌均匀度最优,正方形组合方式次之,正六边形组合方式最低。正三角形组合方式喷头间距变大时,喷灌均匀度降低;工作压力过大或间距过小时会增加成本,因此农业生产可兼顾考虑效率和成本选择喷头的组合方式以及工作压力,制定合理的喷灌方案。【结论】当组合间距介于5.5 m和8.5 m之间,工作压力介于200 kPa 与320 kPa 时,应考虑采用正三角形组合方式,此时的喷灌均匀度最高,达80%以上;当组合间距小于等于5.5 m时,不同工作压力下的均匀度基本相同,应考虑采用正六边形组合方式,单个喷灌设备覆盖范围最广,成本最低。     

不同工况对喷灌水量分布的影响

为了探究不同工况对射流式喷头喷灌水量的影响,通过对射流式喷头在不同组合间距和工作压力下的水量分布数据进行分析,拟合出了喷头在不同工作压力及组合间距下的降水强度,采用克里斯琴森均匀系数和分布均匀性系数计算了相应的喷灌均匀度.结果发现喷头组合间距在1.0R~1.4R变化时正方形组合喷灌的CU值随喷头间距的增大呈下降趋势,CU值均大于70%;1.0R和1.2R组合间距下正方形组合喷灌低值区域的占比比三角形组合高,而1.4R的组合间距则与上述相反;当压力由0.1 MPa升至0.3 MPa时三角形组合喷灌区域的灌水峰值随着压力的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势;在正方形组合形式下增大工作压力有利于提高喷洒区域内的均匀性;压力损失并不总是降低喷灌的均匀性,0.2~0.3 MPa压力下,10%的压力损失对喷头喷灌均匀性几乎没影响;射流式喷头1.4 m安装高度、0.25 MPa压力下宜采用1.4R间距的三角形组合.     

Analysis of uniformity of sprinkle irrigation in a semi-arid area

One of the most appropriate sprinkler systems for arid or semi-arid areas – where a great deal of irrigating water is required – are the permanent set systems and the continuous-move laterals. To know the reality of water application in this type of areas, many field evaluations of solid set systems and centre pivot irrigation were conducted in Castilla-La Mancha region (Spain). The main factors affecting water application and evaporation and drift losses with these systems (pressure, wind speed, sprinkler type, etc.) were analysed. A set of performance guidelines and recommendations for the design and management of sprinkle irrigation is presented to attain the highest uniformity and efficiency in water application in semi-arid areas. To use working pressure as low as possible, but with sprinklers that produce a great deal of middle size water drops along with night irrigation for minimising evaporation and drift losses are important aspects.     

基于弹道理论有风条件下折射式喷头喷灌均匀度研究

为计算有风条件下折射式喷头水量分布及喷灌均匀度,以弹道轨迹理论为基础,依据风速分布模型,建立有风条件下折射式单喷头水量分布计算方法,采用该方法模拟出有风条件下Nelson D3000型喷头倒挂安装方式下水量分布特性,通过与实测资料进行对比,验证了模拟具有较高的准确度,可应用于有风条件下折射式喷头水量分布计算。在此基础上,选用4.76 mm(24号)喷嘴直径,模拟出不工况下单喷头水量分布,计算出组合情况下喷灌均匀度,分析了风速、风向、喷头间距、工作压力和安装高度5种因素对喷灌均匀度的影响,并对蒸发漂移损失进行了分析。结果表明:95%的置信区间下,喷头布置间距对喷灌均匀度的影响最显著,其次是安装高度和喷头工作压力,风速和风向对喷灌均匀度影响不显著。风速、喷头工作压力和安装高度都会对蒸发漂移损失产生影响,其中工作压力影响最大。当选用Nelson D3000型喷头在风速小于6 m/s的环境下喷灌时,应将喷头安装间距固定在2.13~3.04 m范围内。另外,该安装间距范围内,喷头安装高度和喷灌压力增大后,喷灌均匀度增大的效果不明显,因此应采用低压喷灌以降低喷灌系统运行成本;考虑到较高的喷头安装高度会产生较大的蒸发漂移损失,喷灌时还应适当降低喷头安装高度,以提高喷灌水分利用率。     

20PY2摇臂喷头掺气情况下的低压喷灌效果

20PY₂掺气喷头是以20PY₂摇臂喷头结构为基础,引入气液两相流理论得到的一种喷头.以20PY₂掺气喷头为研究对象,研究其低压下的喷灌效果,并对比摇臂喷头的喷灌效果.试验评价指标:平均喷灌强度、蒸发漂移量、喷灌均匀系数及分布均匀系数;变量:工作压力和组合间距.试验结果表明:与摇臂喷头相比,掺气喷头的射程变化不大,但掺气喷头的平均喷灌强度随工作压力递增,随着组合间距递减;低压下,掺气喷头在风速为1 m/s时的蒸发漂移量约为5%,其组合喷灌的最佳工作压力和组合间距分别为300 kPa和1.1R.掺气喷头喷灌强度峰值与谷值的阶梯性较好,同等数量测点的喷灌强度峰值区间和谷值区间平均值趋向于平均喷灌强度,峰值区间和谷值区间喷灌强度在灌溉总强度中的占比分别低于和高于摇臂喷头.因此,喷灌效果优于摇臂喷头.     

From on-farm solid-set sprinkler irrigation design to collective irrigation network design in windy areas

In this paper, a contribution to the design of collective pressurised irrigation networks in solid-set sprinkler-irrigated windy areas is presented. The methodology is based on guaranteeing minimum on-farm performance, using a historical hourly wind speed database and a ballistic solid-set irrigation simulation model. The proposed method was applied to the Montesnegros Irrigation District (central Ebro basin, Spain). The district irrigates an area of 3493 ha using an on-demand schedule. The average wind speed in the area is 2.8 m s⁻¹. An analysis of district water records showed that farmers often reduce water demand when the wind speed is high, but their irrigation decision making is limited by the capacity of the irrigation network and by the unpredictable character of local winds. Simulations were performed for 11 irrigation seasons, 2 triangular sprinkler spacings (18 m × 18 m and 18 m × 15 m), and 2 sprinkler models. The percentage of monthly suitable time for irrigation was determined for four management strategies. The first one was based on a wind speed threshold (3 m s⁻¹), while the other three were based on three levels (standard, relaxed and restrictive) of two irrigation performance parameters: the Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CU) and the Wind Drift and Evaporation Losses (WDEL). The standard strategy classified the time as suitable for irrigation when CU ≥ 84% and WDEL ≤ 20%. The thresholds limits of the irrigation parameters for the relaxed strategy were CU ≥ 80% and WDEL ≤ 25%. Finally, the restrictive strategy used thresholds of CU ≥ 90% and WDEL ≤ 15%. The suitable time for the first strategy (56%) was always lower than for the standard and the relaxed strategies (with respective average values of 75 and 86%), and higher than for the restrictive strategy (30%). In order to design the collective network, the hydrant operating time was equalled to the suitable time for irrigation. The differences in the cost of the collective network plus the on-farm equipment were particularly relevant between the restrictive strategy and the other three. Differences in suitable operating time were clear between sprinkler spacings, and less evident between sprinkler models. The application of the proposed methodology may be limited by the availability of historical wind speed records and CU estimates for different combinations of sprinkler models, sprinkler spacings and wind speed.     

Implementing irrigation: Water balances and irrigation quality in the Lerma basin (Spain)

The growing necessity to develop more productive agriculture has encouraged the expansion of new irrigated lands. However, water use in agriculture may affect the natural regimes of water systems. This study aims to analyze, for the first time, water use and its dynamics during the creation of a newly irrigated land. Water use was studied through the development of water balances and subsequent application of quality indices for irrigation in two unirrigated years (2004–2005) and three years of gradual implementation of irrigation (2006, 2007 and 2008) in the Lerma basin (752 ha, Spain). Increases in evapotranspiration, drainage and water content in the aquifer were verified during the gradual transformation into irrigated land. Water balances closed adequately, giving consistency to the results and enabling the application of quality indices for irrigation. Irrigation quality analysis showed a use of available water resources equal to 84%. However, the estimated irrigation efficiency presented lower values, mainly due to irrigation drainage (15%) and combined losses by both evaporation and wind drift of sprinkler irrigation systems (13%). The results indicate that the use of water in the Lerma basin is at the same management level of other modern irrigation systems in the Ebro basin, although there is still margin for improvement in irrigation management, such as reducing the irrigation drainage fraction and the evaporation and wind drift losses of sprinkler irrigation systems.     

Day and night wind drift and evaporation losses in sprinkler solid-sets and moving laterals

Wind drift and evaporation losses (WDEL) represent a relevant water sink in sprinkler irrigation, particularly in areas with strong winds and high evaporative demand. The objectives of this paper include: (1) characterize WDEL under day and night operation conditions for solid-set and moving lateral configurations; (2) propose adequate predictive equations; and (3) prospect the effect of sprinkler irrigation on the meteorological variables and on the estimates of reference evapotranspiration. A total of 89 catch can irrigation evaluations were performed in both irrigation systems and under day and night conditions. Different predictive equations of WDEL were proposed for combinations of the two irrigation systems and the two operation times. The equations were selected based on their capability to explain and predict WDEL. Most equations use wind speed alone as an independent variable, although some use relative humidity or combinations of both variables plus air temperature. In the semi-arid meteorological conditions of Zaragoza (Spain), the average WDEL for the solid-set were 15.4 and 8.5% during day and night irrigations, respectively. For the experimental moving lateral, losses amounted to 9.8% during the day and 5.0% during the night. The effect of sprinkler irrigation on the meteorological variables was moderate, with small increases in relative humidity (3.9%) and decreases in air temperature (0.5 °C) during the irrigation event and a few minutes afterwards. Consequently, reference evapotranspiration, estimated by the Penman-Monteith method, decreased during the irrigation event by 0.023 mm h⁻¹ on the average. This decrease represents 2.1% of WDEL, suggesting that the WDEL do not significantly contribute to satisfy crop water requirements, and therefore constitute a consumptive water loss.     

SIRIAS: a simulation model for sprinkler irrigation

Uniformity of distribution in irrigation systems plays an important role in the optimum use of irrigation water, with direct repercussions on water-use efficiency and production. To evaluate the effects of the wind on sprinkler water uniformity, it is necessary to measure infield water distribution under different wind conditions and then calculate the parameters that define water distribution. This paper perfects the SIRIAS simulation model for sprinkler systems, which can be used to design new irrigation installations or to improve existing ones. Using ballistic theory to simulate the trajectory of drops discharged by the sprinkler, the model obtains wind-distorted water distribution, with a new formulation for the air drag coefficient. It takes into account three options to distribute the evaporation and drift losses in the irrigation process. SIRIAS software has been programmed using Delphi language for Windows 95, 98 and NT.     

基于无线传感网络湿度自适应的折射式喷灌喷头设计

为了降低风和蒸发因素对喷灌效果的影响,针对我国农业种植的分散和多样性特点,提出了一种适用于生态农业的节水喷灌喷头结构,并设计了具有无线传感网络湿度自适应感应能力的电控阀门,可以根据土壤的湿度情况自动实时灌溉作业,从而有效节约了水资源。本设计的节水喷灌喷头在结构上增加了反向补气嘴,使喷头可以完成直射、步进和反向旋转动作,灌溉系统使用短距离无线通信协议,构建了无线通信网络,使用MSP4 3 0和CC2 4 2 0为主要部件搭建了硬件平台。利用田间试验的方法对喷灌喷头的性能进行了测试,结果表明:传感器采集数据的误差均在精度允许的范围内,采集数据的可靠性较好,节水喷灌喷头可以有效的节约利用水,节水率较高,并且灌溉耗时短,提高了灌溉的质量和效率。     

旋转式喷灌机的研究

针对现有的移动式喷灌设备在运用和管理上存在的管道拆装不便、费时费力以及造价较高等诸多问题，为了促进喷灌技术的不断提高与发展，研制了旋转式喷灌机。阐述旋转式喷灌机的设计原理，介绍已设计出的2种喷灌机及其性能，并将其特点与支管移动式喷灌系统进行了比较，该喷灌机具有成本低、移动方便、操作简单、维修方便、整机工作效率高、喷灌均匀性好和实用性强等特点，应用前景广阔。