专家把脉 共商大计——写在辽宁省农产品加工发展论坛之后

近日，辽宁省农村经济委员会、辽宁省农产品加工行业发展推进小组办公室共同举办了辽宁省农产品加工业发展沦坛。特邀农业部农产品加工局原局长、中国休闲农业协会会长甘士明，农业部规划设计研究院院长朱明，沈阳农业大学副校长吕杰、食品学院院长孟宪军等省内外行业知名专家把脉，共商辽宁省农产品加工业发展大计。省农委党组副书记、副主任孙软主持会议。     

辽宁省农产品质量安全体系风险隐患分析

农产品质量安全体系是农产品质量安全工作的基础。针对辽宁省农产品质量安全体系建设中存在的问题开展调研,分析目前辽宁省农产品质量安全体系风险隐患,以期为全面促进全省农产品质量安全工作更好发展提供参考。     

辽宁省无公害农产品、绿色食品质量安全发展措施

近年来,农产品质量安全问题得到了高度重视。简述辽宁省无公害农产品、绿色食品的发展情况,详细介绍近年来辽宁省为确保无公害农产品、绿色食品质量安全所采取的主要措施,同时指出今后无公害农产品、绿色食品质量安全工作中需注意的问题,以进一步推进农业标准化工作。     

辽宁省农产品质量安全检测体系建设机构现状

各级农产品质量安全检测机构在保障辽宁省农产品质量安全方面发挥着重要作用,但在第三方检测机构的市场竞争下,原有的国有农产品质量安全检测机构发展面临前所未有的挑战。介绍辽宁省农产品质量安全检测体系发展现状,分析存在的问题,提出争取工作经费支持、逐步整合机构等发展对策。     

农产品质量安全监管策略探讨

农产品质量安全已成为我国备受关注的社会问题。针对辽宁省各地农产品质量监管难题,从行业角度提出农产品质量安全监管的策略和建议,为提高辽宁省农产品的质量安全及市场竞争力提供参考。     

辽宁省遭遇农产品技术贸易壁垒的特点及对策

为提高辽宁省农产品在国际市场上的竞争力,简述美国、日本、欧盟等发达国家实施壁垒的情况和WTO的相关规定,根据辽宁省农产品出口遭遇的技术贸易壁垒在检测指标、涉及范围、连锁反应、控制点4方面的变化趋势,提出切实可行的应对措施.     

陈政高出席农产品加工重大项目汇报会

2001年6月11日,辽宁省农产品加工重大项目汇报会在阜新召开。辽宁省省长陈政高出席会议并作重要讲话。辽宁省副省长赵化明主持会议。各市分管副市长、省直有关部门负责人出席会议。     

辽宁省农产品质量安全检验检测体系建设现状及对策建议

在深化改革食品安全建设工作的新形势下,农产品质量安全检验检测体系为“从农田到餐桌”全程质量管控提供了重要技术支撑。就辽宁省农产品质量检验检测体系的现状和存在的问题,提出一些对策及中肯建议,以促进辽宁省农产品质量安全检验检测体系全面发展。     

辽宁省农产品质量安全工作研究

农产品质量安全工作是我国农业和农村经济工作中的一项紧迫、重大任务。阐述辽宁省农产品质量安全工作完成情况及主要工作做法,分析现存的问题,提出今后的工作思路,为提升辽宁省农产品质量安全水平提供依据。     

辽宁省食品农产品出口示范区发展现状及对策

食品农产品出口示范区是促进农产品出口、推进现代农业发展的重要载体和有效途径。简要回顾与总结辽宁省食品农产品出口示范区建设与发展现状,分析当前存在的问题与不足,从实际出发进行思考并提出对策,以期为辽宁省食品农产品出口示范区的进一步发展提供参考。     

正视技术性贸易壁垒

随着贸易自由化,全球一体化的不断加深,在国际贸易领域,数量限制和高关税已经成为历史。WTO各成员国原则上已不能通过限制数量和高关税为国内产品提供保护。贸易壁垒也体现了消费者对产品安全和质量有了更高的要求,对环保的重视程度也越来越高。     

Barriers to water markets in the Heihe River basin in northwest China

Tradable water rights systems are becoming an important way to achieve distributive efficiency for water resources. However, it is not easy for countries or regions to establish water markets due to the existence of various barriers. In early 2002, the Ministry of Water Resources (MWR) of China initiated an experimental project—Building Water-saving Society in Zhangye City. This project was the first of its kind in China. The aim of the project was to establish a new water use rights (WUR) system with tradable water quotas and to reallocate water resources reasonably and efficiently through market-based instruments. This paper presents the research done on the system and water markets. It has been found that that the system is hard to implement well and that WUR trading is not popular. The barriers to implementing a WUR system are social and administrative in nature. WUR trading faces management, legal, administrative, and fiscal barriers. We discuss why these barriers exist and we provide policy recommendations to overcome them.     

绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响

以保护生态环境和人类健康为目的的绿色壁垒已经成为农产品贸易保护的有效措施。绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口带来了很多负面的影响,降低了我国农产品的国际竞争力。该文在分析绿色壁垒的产生原因、特点、表现形式以及对我国农产品出口产生的影响的基础上,提出了我国农产品突破绿色壁垒的对策。      

防风固沙草方格铺设机器人通过性研究

在沙漠沙土物理性能试验的基础上，对轮胎与沙土相互作用力进行计算，得到沙漠牵引车在行驶过程中产生的驱动力，进行了纵向铺草机构滚轮压草阻力试验，依据汽车地面力学理论对草方格铺设机器人的通过性进行了研究，结果表明所设计的机器人在沙漠中具有良好的通过性。     

Removing barriers to facilitate efficient water markets in the Murray-Darling Basin of Australia

We discuss the role and characteristics of water markets in Australia in facilitating efficient water allocation. Administrative, regulatory and/or political barriers to effective functioning of water markets are reviewed with a focus on the southern Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) region of Australia. A mathematical model is developed to estimate the costs of existing restrictions and the benefits from potential changes in water markets (e.g., removing barriers in temporary water markets). The modelling results reveal that expanding trade leads to an increase in mean annual net returns from AU $2502 million to AU $2590 million (i.e., an increase of AU $88 million). When the current volume restrictions, exchange rates, and trading charges are accounted for, mean annual net returns reduced from AU $2590 million to AU $2573 million (i.e., a reduction of AU $17 million). The exclusion of any of the three southern MDB states from the interstate water trading imposes significant costs. If South Australia, New South Wales or Victoria withdraws from the water market, net returns are reduced by AU $27 million, AU $31 million and $63 million, respectively. The paper outlines the policy implications of strategies to remove market barriers and to facilitate efficient and effective water trading.     

Gel-conditioned barriers for water management of sandy soils

Summary A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the effect of gel-forming conditioner (Jalma) at rates of 0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8% at four depths of gel-conditioned barriers: 0–0.05, 0.10–0.15, 0.15–0.20 and 0.20–0.25 m, on infiltration, intermittent evaporation, water conservation and soil moisture distribution for calcareous sandy soil (Typic Torripsamments) at two moisture regimes. Addition of 0.8% Jalma on surface significantly increased the time required for 50 mm to infiltrate (t₅₀) into the soil. However, with deeper subsurface barriers the rate of Jalma application had no significant affect on t₅₀ for the first cycle. Time required for 50 mm to infiltrate for any Jalma rate increased with the number of irrigation cycles due to cumulative increase of moisture of soil columns. The times required for 100 mm to infiltrate (t₁₀₀) increased with increased rate of Jalma application and decreased with the depth of the treated barrier. Surface treatment significantly reduced cumulative evaporation and thus increased the amount of water conserved (PWC). Sub-surface Jalma-treated barriers promoted evaporation and hence reduced the amount of water conserved. Soil moisture profile of the columns showed that Jalma-treated barriers may be used to establish zones of maximum water storage at various depths in a sand profile.     

草方格铺设机器人多体动力学仿真与试

采用Pro/E和ADAMS软件相结合的方法,建立了草方格铺设机器人动力学模型,同时探讨了二者联合建模仿真的一般步骤.模型添加必要的边界条件后,对纵向压轮和横向插刀正常动作时的草方格铺设机器人振动状态进行了仿真.通过仿真,得到了牵引车、纵向铺设机构、横向铺设机构、纵向压轮和横向插刀质心的位移、速度以及加速度曲线.分析了这些曲线出现波动的原因,为进一步的优化提供了数据.通过试验,得到实际状态下的试验曲线,并与仿真曲线进行对照,证实了草方格铺设机器人仿真模型和仿真结果的合理性和可靠性.     

Study on the performance of contour vegetative barriers in an arid region using numerical models

The purpose of the study was to evaluate and derive the optimum spacing of contour vegetative barriers (CVB) of locally adapted, drought resistant plant species as soil and water conservation measures for rainfed crop-fields in an arid region. Adapted perennial grasses performed the best and formed effective barriers against soil erosion. Runoff volume and specific peak discharge were reduced by 28 to 97% and 22 to 96%, respectively using CVB with negligible soil loss. The resultant increase in soil moisture storage increased pearl millet crop yield by 35%. Hydrologic processes with respect to crop response for digitally generated CVB layouts were simulated using the distributed numerical models SWAMREG (rainfall-runoff) and SWACROP (moisture storage-plant transpiration-crop yield), and a personal computer-based geographic information system (GIS) for designing optimum CVB spacing. Inputs needed for these models are soil hydraulic parameters, daily meteorological data, and crop characteristics. Simulated outputs were validated with the observed runoff, soil moisture storage and pearl millet yield data. At an optimum simulated vertical spacing of CVB between 0.5 and 0.6 m, 24% reduction in runoff resulted in better moisture regime and crop yield improvement by 70% over control.     

我国乳制品进口效率及潜力研究——基于随机前沿引力模型的分析

在我国乳制品进口依存度逐年增高和乳制品进口风险不断加大的背景下,基于保障乳制品进口安全的视角,利用2001—2020年我国同新西兰、澳大利亚、美国等12个国家乳制品的进口数据,通过时变随机前沿引力模型分析我国乳制品的进口潜力和进口效率,探究我国同多个国家进行双边贸易的影响因素,从乳制品进口的角度探求分散我国乳制品进口风险的途径。结果表明：2020年,我国自12个国家进口乳制品的平均进口效率为0.66;各国间的进口效率差异不大,存在一定的进口潜力待挖掘,但进口拓展空间仍然有限。我国的人口增长、GDP的增长与出口国人口的增长会促进我国乳制品的进口,距离因素会阻碍乳制品的进口;物流和基础设施水平的提高、经济自由度的提高、自由贸易协定的签署等可以提高进口效率。最后,提出加强物流和基础设施建设、改善贸易环境、增强区域一体化协同发展、“引进来”和“走出去”相结合、开拓多元化贸易市场及提高国内乳制品竞争力等政策建议。     

New technologies, marketing strategies and public policy for traditional food crops: Millet in Niger

New technology introduction in this semiarid region of the Sahel is hypothesized to be made more difficult by three price problems in the region. First, staple prices collapse annually at harvest. Secondly, there is a between year price collapse in good and very good years due to the inelastic demand for the principal staple, millet, and the large changes in supply from weather and other stochastic factors. Thirdly, government and NGOs intervene in adverse rainfall years to drive down the price increases. Marketing strategies were proposed for the first two price problems and a public policy change for the third. To analyze this question at the firm level a farm programming model was constructed. Based upon surveying in four countries, including Niger, farmers state that they have two primary objectives in agricultural production, first achieving a harvest income target and secondly achieving their family subsistence objective with production and purchases later in the year. Farmers are observed selling their millet at harvest and rebuying millet later in the year. So the first objective takes precedence over the second. A lexicographic utility function was used in which these primary objectives of the farmer are first satisfied and then profits are maximized. According to the model new technology would be introduced even without the marketing strategies. However, the marketing strategies accelerated the technology introduction process and further increased farmers’ incomes. Of the three marketing-policy changes only a change in public policy with a reduction of the price depressing effect (cereal imports or stock releases) substantially increases farmers’ incomes in the adverse years. In developed countries crop insurance and disaster assistance is used to protect farmers in semiarid regions during bad and very bad (disaster) rainfall years. In developing countries finding alternatives to the poverty-nutritional problems of urban residents and poor farmers to substitute for driving down food prices in adverse years could perform the same function as crop insurance in developed countries of facilitating technological introduction by increasing incomes in adverse rainfall years in developed countries.