Irrigation facility relocations along the Arizona state route 85 corridor

In 1999 the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) began improvements along the State Route 85 (SR85) corridor between Gila Bend and Interstate 10 (I-10). At the time SR85 was a two-lane highway that carried a large volume of truck traffic between Interstate 8 near Gila Bend and Phoenix. The SR85 roadway improvements project is broken into phases. The first phase includes the construction of frontage roads and using these roads as a divided highway. Once the divided highway is completed, the final freeway cross section will be constructed between the frontage roads. The project impacted existing irrigation facilities for three irrigation districts located between the Gila River and I-10; the Arlington Canal Company, Buckeye Water Conservation and Drainage District (BWCDD) and Roosevelt Irrigation District (RID). The roadway improvements impact three main canals, turnouts from the main canal, main canal check structures, delivery structures, laterals, groundwater wells and tailwater collection systems. Three miles of irrigation facilities relocations were completed in various phases between 1999 and 2009. Total construction cost as of May 2009 is about $9.4 million. ADOT is currently working on 30% design plans for the main line between the Gila River and Broadway Road. The irrigation districts are coordinating with ADOT regarding the impacts to the irrigation facilities. In this paper we present the institutional and functional constraints to infrastructure modernization in an urbanizing area with historic irrigated agriculture. This process was complicated by the need to continue to operate the irrigation delivery facilities on an almost year-round basis.     

全国纯井灌区类型构成对灌溉水有效利用系数的影响分析

对2007—2012年全国纯井灌区不同类型有效灌溉面积占纯井灌区有效灌溉面积的比例与纯井灌区灌溉水有效利用系数进行多元回归分析,建立了灌溉水有效利用系数模型。结果表明,5种灌溉类型灌溉面积占比对纯井灌区灌溉水有效利用系数的影响程度为:微灌>喷灌>管道输水地面灌>防渗渠道地面灌>土质渠道地面灌;各省、全国纯井灌区灌溉水有效利用系数模拟值与实测值误差分别在±10%、2%以内。     

基于改进多目标决策模型的大桥水库灌区渠系自适应规划方法

提出基于改进多目标决策模型的大桥水库灌区渠系自适应规划方法,合理规划大桥水库灌区渠系配水,提高水资源利用率,降低无效弃水以及对生态环境的影响。以配水结束后灌区各渠系缺水量、渠道输水损失量以及农作物生产带来的灰水足迹三者最小为大桥水库灌区渠系规划多目标决策函数,以渠道输水能力、水量和时间为约束条件,构建大桥水库灌区渠系规划的多目标决策模型;以栅格法构建路径规划的运行环境,通过移动几率优化、信息素挥发系数自适应调整两方面改进蚁群算法,通过改进蚁群算法寻优获取渠道缺水量、输水损失量、灰水足迹最小的水库灌区渠系规划结果。实验证明：该方法可以有效规划大桥水库灌区渠系的水资源,规划后的灌区渠系在缺水量、渠道输水损失量以及灰水足迹方面都有较好的表现,且效率高、应用性强。     

灌区渠道防渗工程规划研究

针对渠道防渗中的一般问题 ,从不同层面上研究了进行规划的一些技术问题。包括渠道衬砌功能定位和灌区防渗的总体规划 ,并重点研究了井渠结合灌区的防渗效果分析 ;结合防渗效果和投资效益 ,研究了渠道防渗的优先级别选择和布局 ;根据渠道防渗将使水力要素发生显著变化 ,破坏原渠系的水位衔接 ,提出缩窄底宽、改变坡降和改变边坡的改造方案 ,通过图表 ,分析各种方案的技术可行范围。     

Integrated decision making for reservoir,irrigation, and crop management

An integrated approach to reservoir, irrigation, and cropping management which links four different models—a hydrologic model (PRMS), a crop growth simulation model (EPIC), an economic model based on linear programming, and a dynamic programming model—is developed and demonstrated. The demonstration is based on an irrigation district located in a subhumid climate with an irrigation reservoir large enough for over-year storage. The model is used to make repeated simulations for various planning horizons. Two different types of results are presented. The first provides the probability that each of the various farm plans (land/crop/water allocation) will be chosen as the optimum in the first year of the planning horizon. The second approach provides probability distributions of accumulated revenues over a chosen length of planning horizon. Each distribution is associated with an initial reservoir level and a particular farm plan in the first year of the planning horizon. The consequence of selecting certain farm plans at the beginning of a specified planning horizon is therefore quantified in a probabilistic way. Based on families of probability–revenue curves, an irrigation manager can simultaneously evaluate crop, irrigation, and reservoir management options.     

自压喷灌管网系统优化设计

着重研究了杈形自压喷灌管网系统的优化问题。根据各级管道的特点及相互关系，采用了线性规划与动态规划相结合的方法，用线性规划对各级管道进行优化；用动态规划寻求整个管网系统的优化方案。两种方法交替进行，最终求得管网系统投资最小的设计方案。这一方法便于计算机求解，具有占用内存少、运算速度快的特点。     

黄河下游水情变化特征与引黄灌溉的可持续发展

自 2 0世纪 70年代以来 ,黄河下游年径流量逐渐减少 ,年最大流量亦在减少 ,1 990～ 1 995年本区引黄水量达到 1 0 7.8亿 m3 ,实灌面积达到 2 2 2 .3万 hm2 。1 995～ 1 999年全区用水量为 1 3 0 .5亿 m3 ,其中 ,流域内占3 1 .7% ,流域外占 68.3 %。本区河南段以引黄渠系自流灌溉为主 ,井灌为辅 ;山东段则是渠系自流、河网调蓄提灌和机井提灌相结合的综合引黄模式。本区作物灌溉定额 ,小麦为 2 66～ 3 3 5 mm,玉米为 1 1 5～ 1 3 9mm,大豆为 1 75～ 2 0 3 mm,棉花为 1 96～ 2 49mm,水稻为 699～ 75 4mm。引黄灌溉的发展潜力为 1 1 5 .8亿 m3 ,冬春占3 3 .4% ,夏秋占 66.6%。通过发展工程节水 (将综合节水率提高 7.6% )、实施适水种植 (将小麦播种面积下调1 0 .1 % ) ,则可节水 1 4.8%。     

Performance assessment of Doroodzan irrigation network by steady state hydraulic modeling

There is a need for improvement in the operation and management of many irrigation and drainage systems worldwide. Computer models are used widely for better management. One of such models is HEC-RAS that was applied to Ordibehesht Canal at the Doroodzan irrigation network, northwest of Fars province in the southern Iran. The model was calibrated and validated for two irrigation seasons during 2001 and 2002. The present gate opening rules used to control the offtakes were simulated by the model and the discharge reductions were evaluated. Discharge reduction of offtakes due to discharge reductions at system source were evaluated by the model. Results show that the present rule is not appropriate for the present system. Fluctuations of discharge at the beginning of canal show considerable and nonuniform changes in discharge of offtakes along the Ordibehesht Canal. The head offtakes show more reductions in the water delivered than middle and tail offtakes. A new sensitivity indicator was defined and used to show the response of offtakes due to discharge changes at system source. The study also shows that HEC-RAS model can be used successfully for a large and complex irrigation system for evaluation of its performance in the absence of observed flow data and improvement of irrigation management plans.     

A study on construction costs per unit area of irrigation projects

The cost constructing for irrigation is often given in $/ha. In deciding whether a project is worth undertaking, it is important to weigh the anticipated benefits against the expected costs. In this study, unit area construction costs based on the way of project water supply (gravity, pump) and scheme type (classic canal, flume, pipe) were calculated for the 211 irrigation projects operated and constructed by DSI (State Hydraulic Works) in Turkey. In a case study of the 27 irrigation schemes constructed by DSI in the Büyük Menderes and West Mediterranean basins, construction costs per unit area, irrigation ratio, and amount of unproductive costs were determined. As a result, though the area of 76383 ha was constructed for irrigation schemes, this area wasn??t under irrigation services with several various reasons; therefore, 641 million $US according to water supply way, and 574 million $US to the scheme type were unproductive investment for irrigation projects researched in the basins.     

基于水量平衡下的灌区用水计划编制方法综述

为了精准指导农田灌溉,合理优化渠系输配水,提高水资源的利用率、灌区的管理水平和总效益,对灌区用水计划的编制方法展开了理论研究.将用水计划的编制过程概括为实时灌溉预报和渠系配水两部分,分别进行归纳整理和分析.在对国内灌区用水计划的编制方式进行了解的基础上,着重介绍了利用土壤水分平衡方程进行实时灌溉预报的方法,总结各参数预...     

Conjunctive use modeling for multicrop irrigation

A mathematical model is developed to arrive at an optimal conjunctive use policy for irrigation of multiple crops in a reservoir-canal–aquifer system. The integration of the reservoir operation for canal release, ground water pumping and crop water allocations during different periods of crop season (intraseasonal periods) is achieved through the objective of maximizing the sum of relative yields of crops over a year considering three sets of constraints: mass balance at the reservoir, soil moisture balance for individual crops, and governing equations for ground water flow. The conjunctive use model is formulated with these constraints linked together by appropriate additional constraints as a deterministic linear programming model. A two-dimensional isotropic, homogeneous unconfined aquifer is considered for modeling. The aquifer response is modeled through the use of a finite element ground water model. A conjunctive use policy is defined by specifying the ratio of the annual allocation of surface water to that of ground water pumping at the crop level for the entire irrigated area. A conjunctive use policy is termed stable when the policy results in a negligible change in the ground water storage over a normal year. The applicability of the model is demonstrated through a case study of an existing reservoir command area in Chitradurga district, Karnataka State, India.     

Application of unsteady flow hydraulic-model to a large and complex irrigation system

Canal hydraulic-models can be used to understand the hydraulic behavior of large and complex network, to evaluate their performance and to improve the operation and management of such systems at low cost. In this study, the canal hydraulic-model (CANALMAN) was applied to the right bank main canal (RBMC) of the Kangsabati irrigation project, West Bengal, India. The canal is 33.17 km in length and has eight distributaries. The model was calibrated for the irrigation period of 19 July–1 August 1997 and validated for 18–28 October 1997 and 23 July–5 August 1996. The observed and simulated inflow-rates were in close agreement with each other for both the calibration and validation periods. The calibration parameters, Manning’s roughness-coefficient and seepage-loss rate, were found to be 0.016 and 160 mm per day, respectively. The means of observed and simulated inflow-rates were not statistically different at 1% level of significance for both the calibration and validation periods. The calibrated model was subsequently used to study the adequacy of water supply during Kharif (rainy) season for the year 1996. Comparison between simulated (required) and observed (supplied) inflow-rates revealed that the supply of irrigation water was in excess most of the time. The average water supply during the entire Kharif season was about 13% higher than the model-simulated required flow-rate, which establishes the fact of over-irrigation in the head reach of the main canal system. The simulation results suggest that the CANALMAN-model can be successfully used for the operation and management of the RBMC of the Kangsabati irrigation project.     

基于多目标模糊规划的灌区多水源优化配置

以黑龙江省和平灌区为例,构建基于多目标模糊规划的灌区多水源优化配置模型,该模型能够在提高农业灌溉用水净效益的同时有效减少农业灌溉水量,促进和平灌区多水源高效配置。采用具有非线性隶属度函数的模糊多目标规划求解模型,得到不同流量不同水源下的最优配水方案。结果表明:不同流量水平下水稻不同生育阶段均存在缺水现象,低流量下需从柳河水库引入外调水才能保证水稻的最小需水量。为保证灌区整体效益,按照引水工程、提水工程、井灌工程的先后顺序进行配水,并得到多目标配水模型在不同情景下的运行稳定情况。该模型可以高效地进行灌区多水源在作物各生育阶段的优化配置。     

建立灌区农民用水者协会的探讨

建立农民用水者协会（ＷＵＡ），国家将支、分渠系灌溉工程的使用与管理权移交给农民，这符合我国政府关于水利工程分级管理的方针政策，对促进灌区工程体制改革，适应社会主义市场经济新要求，实现灌区自我维护，自我发展，经济自立，均具有较大的实践意义。１９９５年４月，湖北省人民政府办公厅３３号文同意在湖北省世行贷款项目区内开展经济自立灌溉区试点工作，并将漳河水库三干渠三分干灌区首批列入试点，在省世行贷款水利项目办公室和荆门市人民政府领导和支持下，通过一年的试点工作实践，先后组建了１１个农民用水者协会，并开始试运行。作者就组建农民用水者协会过程中涉及的有关问题从理论上进行了初步总结。     

模拟退火粒子群优化投影寻踪的渠道防渗模式评价

为了对渠道防渗工程的方案进行优选,采用模拟退火粒子群优化投影寻踪方法对渠道防渗模式进行优化评价.优化粒子群算法,使其在退火过程中接受优解,且还以一定的概率接受差解.同时利用模拟退火粒子群算法在搜索过程中具有概率突跳的能力,有效地避免搜索过程陷入局部极小解,提高了算法的收敛速度和精度.将该模拟退火粒子群算法与投影寻踪结合,建立了模拟退火粒子群优化投影寻踪模型,将该模型应用到灌区渠道防渗模式优化评价中,选取10个指标作为评判因子,提出适合该地区的干渠渠道防渗工程优化模式,其优劣排序依次为方案Ⅳ、方案Ⅱ、方案Ⅲ、方案Ⅴ、方案Ⅰ.研究表明模拟退火粒子群优化投影寻踪的评价模型对灌区渠道防渗模式进行综合评价是切实可行的,模拟退火粒子群优化投影寻踪的评价方法在解决实际问题中展示了其优越性,并取得了良好的应用效果.     

基于遗传算法的非充分灌溉下最优灌溉制度设计

建立了非充分灌溉条件下的作物最优灌溉制度的非线性规划模型。针对模型中目标函数高度非线性的特点,提出利用十进制编码的混合遗传算法来进行求解,并提出了有条件的随机生成的初始种群生成方式以及伪随机变异方式来处理线性约束条件的策略。实例研究表明算法以及约束的处理策略是可行的。     

Improved 0–1 programming model for optimal flow scheduling in irrigation canals

An improved 0–1 programming model was presented for optimal flow regulation and optimal grouping and sequencing of outlets in irrigation distributaries, under restrictions of both the rotational period and the incoming flow rate into distributaries. The problem was solved using a commercially available 0–1 programming software package. The example computations indicated that this model could effectively provide a constant flow rate into the canal during most of the rotation period, and thus reduce the frequency of headgate operation. This formulation also minimized the accidental water wastage by appropriately sizing the canal cross-section.     

Performance based irrigation planning under water shortage

A linear programming (LP) based optimization model and a simulation model are developed and applied in a typical diversion type irrigation system for land and water allocation during the dry season. Optimum cropping patterns for different management strategies are obtained by the LP model for different irrigation efficiencies and water availability scenarios. The simulation model yields the risk-related irrigation system performance measures (i.e. reliability, resiliency and vulnerability) for the management policies defined by the optimization model. The alternative strategies are evaluated in terms of all performance criteria (i.e. net economic benefit, equity and reliability) simultaneously through a trade-off analysis using a multi-criteria decision making method (compromise programming). For the case study of the Kankai irrigation system in Nepal, with equal preference to the objectives, a management strategy with equal share of water among the project subareas appears to be the most satisfactory alternative under water shortage conditions. The existing water allocation policy is not economically efficient. Deficit irrigation in Early paddy appears attractive under favorable hydrologic scenario, particularly if accompanied by measures to improve existing irrigation system efficiency.     

Performance assessment of irrigation water management of heterogeneous irrigation schemes: 2. A case study

The non-uniformity of soils, weather, fields, cropping pattern and canal systems in most surface irrigation schemes makes irrigation water management complex, but optimum performance is important particularly in irrigation schemes with limited water supply. This paper focuses on the performance of irrigation water management during the area and water allocation with a case study of an irrigation scheme in the semi-arid region of India. Often the irrigation managers or authorities of these heterogeneous irrigation schemes also need to deal with different allocation rules. The allocation plans and the corresponding water delivery schedules during the allocation process were estimated with the help of a simulation–optimisation model for different allocation rules based on cropping distributions (free and fixed), water distributions (free and fixed-area proportionate), irrigation depth (full, fixed depth and variable depth irrigation) and irrigation interval (from 14 to 35 days). The performance measures of productivity (in terms of net benefits and area irrigated), equity (in water distribution), adequacy and excess were assessed for these different allocation plans and schedules. These were further compared with the performance measures of the existing rule (fixed depth irrigation at a fixed interval). The analysis revealed that these performance measures are in some cases complimentary and in other cases conflicting with each other. Therefore, it would be appropriate for the irrigation managers to understand fully the nature of the variation in performance measures for different allocation rules prior to deciding the allocation plans for the irrigation scheme.     

适用半干旱灌区某次配水的优化模型

该文介绍了两种适用于半干旱灌区某次配水的实用优化模型。第一种以作物水分生产函数为基础,以全灌区净灌溉增产值最大为目标函数;第二种根据灌溉管理部门的要求,以某次灌水全灌区的水费收入最高为目标函数。这两种配水模型以陕西省洛惠渠灌区 1989、1990年夏灌的实际用水资料进行了验证,可供各自流引水灌区在渠系水量调配中实际应用。