新型地下灌溉技术的试验研究

针对地下灌溉中容易出现的埋在地下的灌水器的堵塞现象和土壤含水率的分布问题,提出一种新型地下灌溉技术。新型地下灌溉技术将水(或水肥的混合液)和空气充分混合为一体,由埋于作物下方的灌水器以一定的压力输出水气二相流,由气相流带动水分在土壤中浸润、扩散,从而将水(或水肥的混合液)送达作物根部,是一种高效节水灌溉技术。用气相流带...     

新型压/吸气排水式蒸渗仪的设计与应用

设计了一种适用于测定作物蒸散量、不影响农田耕作的压／吸气排水式蒸渗仪。通过对布有12个该型蒸渗仪的田间进行测试,表明蒸渗仪集水效果明显,含泥沙量极少。     

新疆小麦推广滴灌技术的思考

1关于小麦滴灌技术 目前,世界上最为先进的微灌技术就是滴灌,滴灌技术融合农业节水理念,采用专门的灌溉设备,通过地下地上的管网络系统,将水分经过滴流或者是细流的方式,灌溉于植物根部。同时,这项技术有效利用了地心引力和土壤毛管的作用,将水分均匀分散到植物根层,便于作物吸收,提高作物灌溉的效率。总的来说,这是一种精准、高效、节水的灌溉技术。     

土壤水势控制在农业灌溉应用中的研究进展

土壤水势控制在灌溉水资源高效利用以及精确灌溉控制系统等领域发挥着重要的作用,从土壤水势控制灌溉技术在节水灌溉、水土资源化利用和精确灌溉自动化系统中的应用等方面总结了国内外基于水势控制灌溉技术应用的研究进展.根据不同水势控制灌溉下的作物生理指标制定相应的土壤水势范围控制灌溉,一方面可以用于节水灌溉,获得较高的作物产量、质量和灌溉水利用效率;另一方面可以快速高效的制定咸水和盐碱土资源化利用中作物的灌溉制度;而土壤水势与作物需水的密切关系、土壤水势传感器的精确响应和传输则为精准灌溉提供了理论与技术支持.最后指出土壤水势控制应用与发展所面临的问题并展望了未来的发展方向.     

不同时间尺度节水灌溉水稻腾发量特征与影响因素分析

利用自制小型蒸渗仪系统在江苏省昆山市试验研究基地测定了2015年水稻生育期稻田蒸散量和土壤蒸发量,分析了节水灌溉稻田蒸散量、水稻蒸腾量和土壤蒸发量在水稻生育各期的日变化规律和稻季逐日变化趋势及分配特征,分别讨论了不同时间尺度上蒸腾量和蒸发量与净辐射(Rn)、叶面积指数(LAI)、饱和水汽压差(D)、空气温度(Ta)、风速(V)和表层土壤含水率(W)的相关关系。结果表明,节水灌溉稻田蒸散量(ET)与水稻蒸腾量(T)均呈明显的倒"U"型单峰变化趋势,变化规律也基本保持一致。土壤蒸发量(E)在水稻生育前期也呈倒"U"型单峰变化,之后没有明显的日变化特征。夜间蒸腾量正负波动,水汽凝结对蒸渗仪的测量产生了不可忽视的影响。水稻生育期的T与ET逐日变化趋势及波动状况也都基本一致,总体上为先增加后减小,高峰期出现在分蘖后期。以分蘖后期为界,之前稻田蒸散以蒸发为主,之后以蒸腾为主。从水稻移栽到乳熟,E/ET从接近1逐渐减小至0.19,黄熟期略有增加。在小时和日时间尺度上,影响节水灌溉稻田蒸腾量与蒸发量的主要因素不完全相同,影响程度也不相同。Rn和LAI分别是小时和日尺度上水稻蒸腾量最主要的影响因素,而LAI和D则分别是两尺度上土壤蒸发量最主要的影响因素。在所有因素中,LAI对两时间尺度蒸腾量和蒸发量均有显著影响(α0.001)。尺度差异的分析对田间水分管理及水转化研究都有重要的现实意义。     

干旱胁迫下茶园节水灌溉技术研究进展

随着全球气候变化和水资源短缺，干旱胁迫对茶叶生产的制约作用日益凸显。从干旱胁迫对茶园影响的内在机理和外在表现着手，结合我国茶区节水灌溉技术应用现状，从工程措施、农艺措施、抑蒸集水措施和管理节水等方面总结茶区节水灌溉技术，探讨茶园节水抗旱发展趋势，为茶区规划和茶业持续发展提供技术支持和理论依据。      

不同灌溉方式下施用生物炭对土壤水盐运移规律及玉米水分利用效率的影响

【目的】研究不同灌溉方式下生物炭对土壤水盐运移特征、作物生长及水分利用效率的中长期综合影响效应,推荐适宜的灌溉方式和生物炭用量,为内蒙古河套灌区农田水资源高效利用及盐碱化耕地治理提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】以灌溉方式、玉米秸秆生物炭用量为二因素,设计完全随机区组田间小区试验,共设置6个处理,其中灌溉方式为地下水滴灌、地下水畦灌、黄河水畦灌,生物炭用量为0、30 t/hm~2。生物炭在2016年玉米播种前施入土壤表面并通过旋耕机混入土壤耕层,2017年和2018年不再施用生物炭。2018年玉米生长季考察并分析不同灌溉条件-生物炭耦合处理下的土壤水分动态、降盐效果、玉米产量、蒸散量和水分利用效率。【结果】地下水滴灌条件下,与未施加生物炭的处理相比,施加生物炭的脱盐量增加13.3%,作物蒸散量提高10.5%,水分利用效率6.0%,产量提高3.5%。而畦灌条件下,施用生物炭的处理的脱盐量增加5.0%,蒸散量提高1.3%,产量提高4.8%,水分利用效率增加3.1%。【结论】生物炭施用后的第3年仍能抑制不同灌溉方式下玉米农田0～100 cm土壤的盐分积累,提高作物水分利用效率,增加作物产量,相比而言,膜下滴灌下施用30 t/hm~2的生物炭的节水降盐增产效果更优。     

冬小麦田棵间蒸发的试验研究

利用大型称重式蒸渗仪和微型蒸渗仪研究了冬小麦生育期间逐日蒸散和蒸发过程 ,分析了蒸发占蒸散的比例及其随叶面积指数和表层土壤含水量的变化关系、灌溉后土壤蒸发的变化过程     

宁夏扬黄限额灌溉区降水资源就地高效利用技术集成研究

结合宁夏中部干旱补灌区水资源与限额供水的特点,集成覆盖保墒技术、大田微集水技术、限额补充灌溉技术、抑制蒸腾技术,提出多因素组合的玉米、马铃薯降水资源高效利用集成模式,开展多因素正交组合模式试验研究。在试验监测的基础上,综合分析作物玉米、马铃薯的需水关键期,将多年平均降水量与各作物需水过程进行比较,分析作物的缺水期和缺水程度;在充分利用降水资源的前提下,采用限额灌溉技术在作物需水关键期进行补充灌溉,分析土壤含水率、作物产量、水分利用效率,提出适宜宁夏中部干旱区限额补充灌溉的降水资源高效利用模式。     

基于ZigBee和模糊控制决策的自动灌溉系统的设计

针对节水灌溉受多种因素影响难以建立精确控制模型的特点,为了实现作物的自动、实时与适量灌溉,设计了基于ZigBee和模糊控制决策的全自动灌溉系统。该系统通过ZigBee无线传感器网络采集土壤水势与环境气象信息,由农田蒸散量和土壤水势作为输入,以作物需水量为输出,采用模糊推理规则,使用分段模糊控制策略获得了作物的需水量,构成智能灌溉系统;采用ARM9微处理器,基于嵌入式Linux开发了网关节点,实现了数据的汇聚和GPRS通信方式的远程数据及命令转发。试验结果表明:该系统能快速准确地计算出作物的需水量,经济实用,有效地实现了全自动节水灌溉,特别适用于中小型灌溉区域的精细灌溉。     

基于遥感的农业用水效率评价方法研究进展

遥感技术的发展为区域尺度蒸散发计算、作物分布识别及估产提供了一条有效途径,为基于遥感信息的灌区灌溉水利用效率及作物水分利用效率定量评价奠定了基础。回顾总结了遥感蒸散发模型、瞬时蒸散发升尺度方法、日蒸散发插值方法、作物分布识别方法及作物估产模型的研究进展,评述了遥感蒸散发及作物估产结果在灌区灌溉水利用效率及作物水分利用效率评价中的应用情况。提出了相关领域需要进一步研究的问题,包括适合非均匀下垫面特点且具有较强物理基础的灌区遥感蒸散发模型、日蒸散发插值中灌溉或降雨引起土壤含水量突变情况的处理、农田蒸散发中灌溉水有效消耗量的准确估算、能适应复杂种植结构并且适用于多年的作物分布遥感识别模型以及精度较高且可操作性强的遥感估产模型等。     

关中地区夏大豆蒸发蒸腾及作物系数的确定

作物系数-参考作物蒸发蒸腾量法是作物需水量计算最普遍采用的方法。作物系数作为该方法的重要参数,它的确定已成为作物需水量研究的关键问题。依据2005-2007年3年田间试验资料,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算了关中地区夏大豆全生育期间参考作物蒸散量,并利用农田水量平衡方程及土壤水分胁迫系数计算了作物实际蒸发蒸腾量,由此计算了大豆各生育阶段的作物系数,并分析了大豆作物系数变化规律。结果表明:关中地区大豆全生育期间参考作物蒸散量平均为524.6 mm;大豆作物系数全生育期平均为0.82,在开花~结荚阶段最大,平均为1.22,其次为结荚~成熟阶段,平均为1.05,播种~幼苗最小为0.26;在关中气候背景下,大豆作物系数与大于10℃积温具有较好的二次多项式关系。     

Assessment of alternative water management options for irrigated agriculture

A simulation study on alternative water management strategies was carried out for Sirsa Irrigation Circle in Haryana, covering an area of about 4800 km². Results showed that crop evapotranspiration and soil salinity development under reduction in canal water supply and increase in groundwater use, are largely influenced by the amount and distribution of rainfall. Reduction in canal water supply by 25% during the rainy season is unlikely to have any adverse effect on the salinity development in the study area. Reduction in crop evapotranspiration due to decreased canal water supply can partly be compensated by the increase in groundwater use. Leaching of salts due to monsoon rains in the study area shows that groundwater of even relatively poor quality can be used for irrigation without excessive long-term build up of soil salinity under deep groundwater depth conditions. However, increased groundwater extraction without associated actions will not be very effective to solve the problem of rising groundwater levels.     

Integrating remote sensing and a process-based hydrological model to evaluate water use and productivity in a south Indian catchment

The combined use of remote sensing and a distributed hydrological model have demonstrated the improved understanding of the entire water balance in an area where data are scarcely available. Water use and crop water productivity were assessed in the Upper Bhima catchment in southern India using an innovative integration of remotely sensed evapotranspiration and a process-based hydrological model. The remote sensing based Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) was used to derive an 8 month time series of observed actual evapotranspiration from October 2004 to May 2005. This dataset was then used in the calibration of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). This hydrological model was calibrated by changing 34 parameters to minimize the difference between simulated and observed actual evapotranspiration. The calibration efficiency was assessed with four different performance indicators. The calibrated model was used to derive a monthly basin water balance and to assess crop water productivity and crop water use for the irrigation year 2004-2005. It was found that evapotranspiration is the largest water loss in the catchment and total evaporative depletion was 38,172 Mm³ (835 mm). Of the total evaporative depletion 42% can be considered as non-beneficial and could be diverted to other beneficial utilization. Simulated crop water productivities for sugarcane, sorghum and winter wheat are relatively high at 2.9 kg/m³, 1.3 kg/m³ and 1.3 kg/m³, respectively. The frequency distributions of crop water productivity are characterised by low coefficient of variation, yielding limited scope for improvement in the agricultural areas under the current cropping systems. Further improvements in water productivity may however be achieved by shifting the crop base from sugarcane to a dual crop and introducing a fallow period from March to May or by converting non-productive rangelands to bio fuel production or other agricultural land uses.     

节水灌溉的作物需水量试验研究

对节水灌溉条件下的冬小麦、夏玉米、棉花和水稻需水量进行试验研究 ,结果表明 ,节水灌溉模式对作物需水量变化产生较大影响。与浅水灌溉模式相比 ,控制灌溉模式的水稻需水量减少 3 4.6% ,覆膜旱作节水模式的水稻需水量减少 3 9.94%。采用节水灌溉模式后 ,冬小麦需水量减少 1 0 %左右 ,夏玉米需水量减少1 3 % ,棉花需水量减少 3 0 %。因此 ,对大田农作物进行高效节水灌溉 ,能在获得高产 (增产 )的前提下 ,较大幅度地减少作物的蒸发蒸腾量 ,其中无效蒸腾量的减少成为主要因素之一     

FAO-56 methodology for the stress coefficient evaluation under saline environment conditions: Validation on potato and broad bean crops

This study aims at validating the methodology proposed by Allen et al. (1998) to calculate the stress coefficient Ks (ratio between actual and maximal evapotranspiration) under saline environment conditions not affected by soil water shortage. Validation was performed in Mediterranean region (Bari, southern Italy) on two crops: a winter crop (broad bean) and a spring crop (potato) grown in lysimeters, on clay and loam soils, having different levels of salinity. Preliminary observations were carried out to verify that the conditions established by Allen et al. (1998) for applying this Ks calculation methodology were fulfilled.The measured Ks values showed an evolution during the growing cycle. Ks values were close to 1 after emergence, and decreased at the end of the growing cycle. Contrarily, the calculated Ks values showed steady values during the whole crop cycle, being lower than the measured Ks. Only at the end of the crop cycle the calculated Ks values approached those measured. The various causes of differences between measured and calculated values of Ks are analyzed in this study.The observed differences between calculated and measured values of Ks led to an underestimation of calculated actual evapotranspiration (AET), at different stages in the crop growing cycle, by an average of 12%. The analysis of seasonal evapotranspiration as a function of soil salinity allows for a modulation of this mean value. The underestimation was quite negligible (close to 4%), if the average value of ECe during the crop cycle was close or lower than 3 dS m⁻¹. On the contrary, the underestimation in evapotranspiration was close to 20% when the ECe raised up to 6 dS m⁻¹.An underestimation of calculated AET in saline environment conditions, by the methodology proposed by Allen et al. (1998), causes the appearance of an additional water stress, mainly when soil salinity, increases due to the combined effect of soil water shortage and water quality. Different solutions are proposed to improve the calculation of AET in this condition.     

作物水、肥动态生产函数-修正Morgan模型

根据作物生长的特点及影响作物产量的主要因素,采用相对腾发量作为水分亏缺影响函数,并引入肥料效应函数,建立了修正Morgan模型.该模型可模拟干物质的积累过程对水、肥的响应,跟踪作物生长过程,动态仿真性强,可进行实时操作,为科学节水、合理施肥提供依据;且该模型所用参数相对较少,易于使用.     

浅埋区地下水--土壤水资源动态过程及其调控

分析了冬小麦生长期地下水-地下水资源量动态过程和地下水、土壤水分变化特征.结果表明,在地下水浅埋区地下水对土壤水的补给为农田蒸散的重要的水分来源,现行的灌溉制度不考虑这一作用,过多的灌溉量不仅会消弱地下术对土壤水的补给,而且多余的土壤水分还会下渗补给地下水,造成水资源的无效损失和动力能源的损耗.为了提高作物水分利用效率,提出了相应的地下水-土壤水资源调控措施.     

Correcting soil water balance calculations for dew, fog, and light rainfall

In Mediterranean climates, adoption and use of the ET-based scheduling method is limited to regions characterized by considerable contributions to evapotranspiration from fog interception, dew, and light rainfall. While the crop evapotranspiration is often accurately estimated, the water balance is frequently in error because a considerable portion of the energy expended is used to vaporize water from the plant surfaces rather from inside the leaves (i.e., transpiration). Growers in regions with considerable fog, dew, and light rainfall are hesitant to use ET-based scheduling because the cumulative crop evapotranspiration between irrigations is often considerably higher than the soil water depletion. A correction for these surface contributions is clearly needed to improve the water balance calculations and to enhance adoption of the ET-based scheduling method. In this paper, we present a simple, practical method to estimate the contribution of fog interception, dew, and light rainfall to daily crop evapotranspiration, and we show how to use the method to improve water balance calculations.     

参考作物潜在腾发量多时间尺度研究

受作物本身生理机制以及近地层气象因子非线性、非平稳化随机变化的影响,参考作物潜在腾发量时序过程具有周期特性。基于此,根据小波分析原理,以韶山灌区30年参考作物潜在腾发量时间序列为样本,研究了参考作物潜在腾发量时序过程的多时间尺度特征,为该地区作物需水预测、农业水资源可持续利用提供了重要的理论依据。