水氮耦合对温室番茄光合和蒸腾速率的影响

试验设置固定隔沟灌和交替隔沟灌两种灌溉方式,每种灌溉方式设置2个灌水水平和2个施氮水平,共8个处理,展开不同水氮组合对温室番茄光合特性影响的研究。结果表明:追肥前番茄叶片光合速率日变化呈"双峰"曲线,追肥后出现"双峰"和"单峰"两种曲线。追肥前后番茄的蒸腾速率日变化均呈"单峰"曲线。追肥前,交替隔沟灌均能提高番茄叶片的光合速率和蒸腾速率,高水处理表现得更显著。追肥后,交替隔沟灌比固定隔沟灌能显著提高番茄叶片的蒸腾速率,交替隔沟灌高水或固定隔沟灌低肥处理均可明显提高番茄的蒸腾速率。     

不同灌水方式对覆膜谷子农艺性状及生理指标的影响

选取"张杂谷5号"作为试验材料,在内蒙古阿拉善左旗巴彦浩特镇希尼套海嘎查,设置了膜下滴灌、覆膜微喷灌、覆膜沟灌和露地沟灌4种灌水方式,灌溉定额均为3 750m3/hm2,并以露地沟灌作为对照进行了田间试验,研究了不同的灌水方式对干旱地区覆膜谷子农艺性状和生理指标的影响。结果表明,膜下滴灌谷子的株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累、穗长、穗质量和籽粒质量与覆膜微喷灌、覆膜沟灌和露地沟灌相比均有提高,产量为5 956.95kg/hm2,比覆膜微喷灌、覆膜沟灌和露地沟灌分别增产25.2%、27.1%和29.5%,增产显著,群体水分利用效率分别高23.4%、24.7%和28.9%,灌溉水分生产效率分别高25.2%、27.2%和29.3%,增加显著。膜下滴灌为当地适宜的节水灌溉技术,对干旱地区谷子的种植具有指导意义。     

滴灌水氮运筹对糯玉米生理和水分利用的影响

为了寻找交替滴灌下糯玉米适宜的水氮运筹方式,通过盆栽试验,研究了2种滴灌方式和7种施氮处理对糯玉米生理、干物质积累和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,与常规滴灌(CDI)相比,交替滴灌(ADI)显著提高叶片光合速率和WUE,耗水量降低19.7%~24.1%,而玉米干物质积累略有提高,玉米WUE提高34.9%~50.0%。与不施N肥(F0)相比,施氮处理叶片WUE显著提高6.6%~33.3%,CDI和ADI下地上部干物质量分别提高18.9%~53.7%和18.3%~62.0%,总干物质量分别提高18.3%~53.1%和19.8%~36.9%。此外,施氮处理和灌水方式存在着显著的互作效应,以ADI配合40%基肥+60%滴灌追肥(F4)处理对糯玉米生理、干物质积累和水分利用效率的效果最好。与F0-CDI相比,F4-ADI叶片WUE、地上部干物质量、总干物质量和玉米WUE分别提高121.1%、67.7%、66.8%和102.4%。因此在本试验条件下,交替滴灌配合40%基肥+60%滴灌追肥是最佳滴灌水肥运筹方式。     

微咸水-淡水交替灌溉对夏玉米光合日变化的影响

【目的】探究微咸水-淡水交替灌溉对夏玉米不同生育期内光合日变化的影响。【方法】以全生育期灌溉淡水处理(0.08 g/L Na Cl)为对照(CK),采用3种不同矿化度(1、3、5 g/L Na Cl)微咸水和淡水在夏玉米的3个不同生育期内(壮苗期、拔节抽雄期、灌浆成熟期)进行避雨盆栽交替灌溉试验。【结果】壮苗期及灌浆成熟期微咸水灌溉处理和CK的净光合速率(Pn)日变化均呈双峰曲线,壮苗期峰值出现在12:00和16:00,灌浆成熟期峰值提前至10:00和14:00。拔节抽雄期灌溉微咸水处理的Pn日变化呈单峰曲线,峰值提前至10:00。微咸水灌溉均引起夏玉米Pn和蒸腾速率(Tr)不同程度减小,导致水分利用效率(WUE)减小,玉米光合能力下降。壮苗期灌溉1 g/L微咸水和灌浆成熟期灌溉微咸水导致气孔导度(Gs)减小和胞间CO2摩尔分数(Ci)减小,通过气孔原因造成玉米光合作用减弱,而壮苗期灌溉3 g/L和5 g/L微咸水和拔节抽雄期灌溉微咸水导致Gs减小和Ci增大,通过非气孔原因导致玉米光合作用减弱。【结论】拔节抽雄期灌溉微咸水对夏玉米光合日变化影响最显著,壮苗期次之,灌浆成熟期最小,因此,微咸水-淡水交替灌溉制度应在夏玉米拔节抽雄期灌溉淡水,可在灌浆成熟期灌溉微咸水。     

不同灌水处理对马铃薯光合性能和产量的影响

通过马铃薯覆膜滴灌大田试验,研究了灌溉定额、灌水次数对马铃薯光合性能影响;研究了马铃薯光合性能对产量的影响特性.试验结果表明:在整个生育期内,马铃薯光合性能(蒸腾速率、气孔导度和光合速率)均呈先增后减的变化规律,在马铃薯块茎形成期最大、块茎增长期开始逐步减小,到成熟期骤减,几乎停止光合作用;覆膜滴灌马铃薯时,灌溉定额越大,灌水次数越多,蒸腾速率、气孔导度、光合速率就越大;蒸腾速率、气孔导度均与产量呈显著相关关系,光合速率与产量呈极显著相关关系.提高光合作用,将有助于作物产量的提高.     

软管节水灌溉技术的推广应用

软管节水灌溉技术的推广应用钟山县农机推广站刘碧珍软管灌溉技术即是用定位或移动式灌水机械和移动式灌水软管、管道代替田间的灌水渠，完成水旱田的畦灌、沟灌和淹灌，并可与喷灌和滴灌装置配套完成喷灌和滴灌的一项节水新技术。它具有输水速度快、水量损失少、省地、便...     

水分传感器位置及灌水阈值对膜下滴灌棉花生理指标及产量的影响

为了探索适宜的水分传感器位置、决策阈值因素对膜下滴灌棉花生理生长及产量的影响,通过大田试验,分别设置3种灌水阈值和决策传感器的二因素三水平完全处理试验。结果表明:水分传感器位置因素对棉花叶片光合特性(净光合速率Pn、蒸腾速率Tr、气孔导度Gs、胞间CO2浓度Ci、水分利用效率WUE)、棉花株高、叶面积指数达到显著性水平(P0.05),灌水阈值因素对棉花以上指标未达到显著性水平(P0.05),水分传感器位置与灌水阈值对棉花生理生长以及产量达到显著性水平(P0.05)。棉花叶片Pn、Tr、Gs和Ci、WUE最大值均在T5处理,气孔限制值Ls最大值在CK处理。棉花净光合速率与蒸腾速率、气孔导度之间密切相关,棉花产量与棉花净光合速率、叶面积有较好的相关关系,净光合速率与叶面积在一定程度上能反映棉花产量。根据试验结果,初步认定水分传感器位置在地表下40 cm、中等灌水阈值(T5)为适宜方案,可为新疆自动化控制灌溉提供理论依据。     

软管节水灌溉技术的推广应用

软管灌溉技术即是用定位或移动式灌水机械和移动式灌水软管和管道代替田问的灌水渠,完成水旱田的畦灌、沟灌和淹灌,并可与喷灌和滴灌装置配套完成喷灌和滴灌的一项节水新技术。它具有输水速度快、水量损失少、省地、便于操作的优点。广泛适用于水稻作物、旱地作物及林果等的灌溉。     

不同节水灌溉方式对小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响

为探讨不同节水灌溉方式对小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响,在通许试验基地进行了节水灌溉方式(滴灌、微喷灌、喷灌和小白龙)及灌水量(45、90、135mm)的大田试验,分别于拔节和灌浆前期灌水。结果表明:小麦收获时土壤储水量表现为滴灌微喷灌喷灌小白龙,总耗水量以滴灌和微喷灌方式下较少;小麦千粒重随灌水量增加有降低趋势,且在微喷灌方式下明显高于其他处理,而小麦群体、穗长、小穗数和穗粒数均以滴灌方式下表现较佳;灌水能增加小麦产量,水分利用效率随灌水量的增加而降低;以滴灌135 mm的产量最高,水分利用效率以滴灌45mm处理为最高。4种节水灌溉方式中,滴灌更有利于增产和节水,其次为微喷灌。     

水氮耦合对温室番茄产量和水分利用效率的影响

以番茄为试验材料,设置固定隔沟灌和交替隔沟灌两种灌溉方式,每种灌溉方式设置2个灌水水平和2个施氮水平,共8个处理,展开不同水氮组合对温室番茄产量、平均单果重和水分利用效率影响的研究,结果表明:增加灌水量可提高番茄的产量和交替隔沟灌溉下番茄的平均单果重。降低灌水量或施氮量时,水氮必须满足一定比例才可增加番茄平均单果重和提高交替隔沟灌下番茄的水分利用效率。水氮耦合、氮是影响番茄产量、平均单果重和水分利用效率的主要因素。水是影响番茄产量、平均单果重和固定隔沟灌番茄水分利用效率的主要因素。灌溉方式是影响番茄产量和水分利用效率的主要因素。     

烤烟控制性分根交替灌水的生理基础研究

针对我国干旱烟区水资源供需矛盾的现状，采用盆栽试验，研究分析了控制性分根交替灌水对烤烟生长发育和水分利用效率的影响，结果表明：控制性分根交替灌水量达到对照灌水量的2／3处理，烤烟干物质重减少15％，而耗水量下降了33．3％，水分利用效率大幅提高，节水效果明显；灌水量为对照灌水量的1／2时，节水效果不好，其水分利用效率低于对照处理。     

不同节水灌溉技术的节水机理试验研究

根据甘肃省特殊自然地理条件，对于喷灌、滴灌、渗灌及波涌灌几种方式下，小麦和玉米两种作物的灌溉节水机理进行了对比试验研究，分析了不同节水灌溉方式下这两种作物的节水性和生育动态。试验结果表明，在降雨、灌溉水量和前期土壤特性一定的情况下，在喷灌、滴灌、渗灌及波涌灌几种节水灌溉技术中，渗灌的节水性最好，依次为滴灌、喷灌、波涌灌。小麦和玉米在渗灌条件下产量比滴灌、喷灌和波涌灌都高，小麦渗灌产量比滴灌增加7．6％，比喷灌增加13．1％，比波涌灌增加22．4％。玉米渗灌产量比滴灌增加1．3％．比喷道增加6．3％。     

不同灌溉方法对冬小麦农田土壤温度的影响

田间试验表明,地面畦灌、喷灌和滴灌改变了土壤温度的剖面分布特征。喷灌和滴灌处理表层温度低于地面灌溉处理,而且剖面温差小。高频率的灌溉使得滴灌处理表层土壤温度低,最高温度分布在土壤20cm深度左右,剖面温度分布呈现"S"型特征。喷灌处理表层温度也较低,除表层外土壤温度的剖面分布可以近似为指数函数的分布特征。地面畦灌处理土壤温度的剖面分布表现出明显的指数函数分布特征。灌溉方法对土壤温度剖面分布特征的研究有助于分析不同灌溉方法的灌溉效应。     

Effects of different irrigation methods on shedding and yield of cotton

In general, cotton is irrigated by surface methods in Turkey although sprinkler and drip irrigation have been suggested as a means of supplying most types of crops with frequent and uniform applications of water, adaptable over a wide range of topographic and soil conditions. Recently, sprinkler irrigation systems have been introduced for cotton as a result of increased pressure to develop new irrigation technology suited to limited water supply as well as to specific topographic and soil conditions. In this study, the effects of three different irrigation methods (furrow, sprinkler and drip) on seed-cotton yield, shedding ratio and certain yield components are presented. The research was carried out in The Southeastern Anatolia Region (GAP) of Turkey from 1991 to 1994. The maximum cotton yields were 4380, 3630 and 3380 kg/ha for drip, furrow and sprinkler irrigation, respectively. Drip irrigation produced 21% more seed-cotton than the furrow method and 30% more than the sprinkler method. Water use efficiencies (WUE) proved to be 4.87, 3.87 and 2.36 kg/ha/mm for drip, furrow and sprinkler, respectively. Shedding ratios ranged from 50.8 to 59.0% (furrow), 52.9 to 64.8% (sprinkler), 50.8 to 56.8% (drip), depending on the amount of water applied. The shedding ratio for sprinkler irrigation was significantly higher than that of either furrow (P=0.10) or drip irrigation (P=0.05), resulting in lower seed-cotton yield for sprinkler irrigation. For all methods, a quadratic relationship was found between the amount of water applied and shedding ratios, with the least shedding occurring between 1000 and 1500 mm of water. Both limited and over-irrigation increased the shedding ratio for all methods. Accordingly, a lower boll number per plant and a lower seed-cotton yield were obtained from sprinkler-irrigated cotton; a significantly decreasing linear relationship between the shedding ratio and the total cotton yield and boll number per plant.     

Comparison of different irrigation methods based on the parametric evaluation approach in Dosalegh plain: Iran

Declining water resources and limited clean water reservoirs call for more efficient water use for food production in the future. The objective of this research was to compare different irrigation methods based on a parametric evaluation system in an area of 60,000 ha in the Dosalegh plain of the Khuzestan province, in the southwest of Iran. After the soil properties were analyzed and evaluated, suitability maps were generated for surface, sprinkler and drip irrigation methods, using Remote Sensing (RS) techniques and Geographic Information System (GIS). The results demonstrated that by applying sprinkler and drip irrigation instead of surface irrigation method, the land suitability of 23,790 and 33,261 ha (39.89%) in the Dosalegh plain will improve, respectively. The comparison of the different types of irrigation techniques revealed that the drip and sprinkler irrigations methods were more effective and efficient than that of surface irrigation for improved land productivity. However, the main limiting factor in using either surface or/and sprinkler irrigation methods in this area were soil texture, salinity, and slope, and the main limiting factor in using drip irrigation methods were the calcium carbonate content, soil texture and salinity.     

不同节水灌溉模式对白茶品质及茶园土壤重金属含量的影响

为探究不同节水灌溉模式对白茶品质及茶园土壤重金属含量的影响,设计不同灌溉方式(喷灌和滴灌)和不同土壤水分控制下限(65%、75%和85%),观测白茶水浸出物、游离氨基酸、茶多酚、儿茶素等品质指标及茶园土壤铬、砷、镉、汞、铜和铅含量,同时引入投影寻踪分类模型,基于高优白茶品质和低重金属残留对节水灌溉模式进行综合评价。结果表明:喷灌处理对白茶品质形成的促进效果优于滴灌,以75%控水下限的白茶品质最佳;但在相同控水条件下,滴灌在剖面尺度上对重金属的消减效果强于喷灌;投影寻踪分类模型分析结果表明,滴灌65%控水下限和喷灌75%控水下限的综合评价结果较优,其中喷灌75%控水下限节水灌溉方案的投影值达到1.821,该灌溉模式下白茶水浸出物、游离氨基酸、茶多酚和儿茶素含量分别为47.6%、6.66%、14.2%和12.5%,主根区土层(20~40 cm)六种重金属离子总体呈降低趋势。     

不同灌溉方式下玉米节水增产效果试验研究

在降雨、灌溉水量和前期土壤特性一定的情况下，对玉米在喷灌、滴灌、渗灌3种灌溉方式下的土壤水分变化特性和玉米生育特性进行了试验研究，分析了各种灌溉方式下玉米的生长特性和玉米地土壤水分的变化规律。试验结果表明：渗灌的节水增产效果最好，产量比滴灌增加1．3％，水分生产率由2．64kg／m^3提高到2．68kg／m^3；比喷灌增加6．3％，水分生产率由2．52kg／m^3提高到2．68kg／m^3。     

Effect of irrigation methods on root development and profile soil water uptake in winter wheat

The 2-year field experiments were carried out to research the effect of different irrigation methods, namely border irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and surface drip irrigation, on root development and profile water uptake in winter wheat. Results showed that the main root distribution zone moved upward under sprinkler and surface drip irrigation when compared to the traditional border irrigation. Profile root distribution pattern changed with irrigation methods. Soil profile water uptake was correlated to the root system and soil water dynamics. Due to the appropriate soil water and higher root density in the surface soil layer under sprinkler and surface drip irrigation, the main water uptake zone was concentrated in the upper layer. Because of the water deficit in the surface layer under border irrigation, water uptake in 50–100 cm depth was stimulated, which caused the main uptake zone downward. The amount and pattern of root water uptake varied with irrigation methods. This may provide valuable information on the aspect of agricultural management.     

不同灌溉技术条件对冬小麦生产的影响

为了研究并得到3种不同灌溉技术（滴灌、喷灌、漫灌）对冬小麦产量及其构成的影响,在中国农业大学吴桥实验站设计了滴灌、喷灌、漫灌的大田试验.3种灌溉技术条件下,其灌溉总量相同,漫灌和喷灌采用浇底墒水加浇两水,滴灌采用浇底墒水加浇四水的方式;从冬小麦整个生长期内的作物高度、叶面积指数、籽粒重等指标,考察不同灌溉技术对冬小麦生产及其构成的影响.结果表明：滴灌条件下,表层含水量下降速度最小,整个生长期,含水量高于喷灌和漫灌;滴灌处理的叶面积指数最高,其次是喷灌;在成熟期,滴灌条件下,作物高度比漫灌高12%,比喷灌高5%;滴灌和喷灌的条件下产量分别比漫灌高8.63%,7.75%;滴灌、喷灌、漫灌的籽粒千粒重分别为43.36,42.17和41.17 g,滴灌和喷灌籽粒重明显高于漫灌,且生物量分别比漫灌提高了6.9%,3%.这说明3种灌溉技术中,滴灌技术最有利于实现节水保墒、小麦增产,其次是喷灌.     

Comparison of sprinkler,trickle and furrow irrigation efficiencies for onion production

In the Mesilla Valley of southern New Mexico, furrow irrigation is the primary source of water for growing onions. As the demand for water increases, there will be increasing competition for this limited resource. Water management will become an essential practice used by farmers. Irrigation efficiency (IE) is an important factor into improving water management but so is economic return. Therefore, our objectives were to determine the irrigation efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and water use efficiency (WUE), under sprinkler, furrow, and drip irrigated onions for different yield potential levels and to determine the IE associated with the amount of water application for a sprinkler and drip irrigation systems that had the highest economic return.Maximum IE (100%) and economic return were obtained with a sprinkler system at New Mexico State University’s Agriculture Science Center at Farmington, NM. This IE compared with the 54–80% obtained with the sprinkler irrigation used by the farmers. The IEs obtained for onion fields irrigated with subsurface drip irrigation methods ranged from 45 to 77%. The 45% represents the nonstressed treatments, in which an extra amount of irrigation above the evapotranspiration (Et) requirement was applied to keep the base of the onion plates wet. The irrigation water that was not used for Et went to deep drainage water. The return on the investment cost to install a drip system operated at a IE of 45 was 29%. Operating the drip system at a IE of 79% resulted in a yield similar to surface irrigated onions and consequently, it was not economical to install a drip system. The IEs at the furrow-irrigated onion fields ranged from 79 to 82%. However, the IEs at the furrow-irrigated onion fields were high because farmers have limited water resources. Consequently, they used the concept of deficit irrigation to irrigate their onion crops, resulting in lower yields. The maximum IWUE (0.084 t ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ of water applied) was obtained using the sprinkler system, in which water applied to the field was limited to the amount needed to replace the onions’ Et requirements. The maximum IWUE values for onions using the subsurface drip was 0.059 and 0.046 t ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ of water applied for furrow-irrigated onions. The lower IWUE values obtained under subsurface drip and furrow irrigation systems compared with sprinkler irrigation was due to excessive irrigation under subsurface drip and higher evaporation rates from fields using furrow irrigation. The maximum WUE for onions was 0.009 t ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ of Et. In addition, WUE values are reduced by allowing the onions to suffer from water stress.