密集排水孔幕饱和-非饱和全精细

对于有密集排水孔幕的工程渗流问题，只进行稳定饱和渗流分析往往是不够的，饱和-非饱和排水子结构分析方法正是解决了这一问题，同时为了全面精细地模拟排水子结构的实际渗流状态，首次提出了全精细数值模拟的理论和方法。在针对2类不同排水孔提出不同的完整水力学模型的基础上，详细讨论了不透水边界、已知结点水头边界、饱和逸出面边界、降雨入渗边界、非饱和蒸发入渗边界等有关子结构排水孔及其它表面可能存在的边界条件的分类处理方法，特别针对顶排型排水子结构排水孔内部水位提出了严密的数学处理方法。工程算例表明，本文提出的针对密集排水孔幕的全精细数值模拟方法是正确的，可以解决相关的工程渗流问题。     

果树蓄水坑灌法单坑水分入渗数值模拟及分析

根据果树生理特性与土壤水动力学理论，建立了非恒定水位复杂边界条件下的蓄水单坑均质土入渗及土壤水分运动的数学模型，并采用交替方向隐式差分法进行求解。其模拟结果与实测结果吻合较好，表明利用该方法模拟蓄水单坑的水分入渗问题是可行的。用本模型模拟了不同条件下的入渗过程，并对入渗规律的影响因素进行了分析，为蓄水坑灌理论与灌水技术要素的深入研究做了一些基础性的工作。     

河套灌区排水工程管理的数值模拟研究

利用SWAP(Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant)模型对河套灌区的永联试验区进行了排水工程管理的数值模拟研究,分析了排水沟的间距和深度对田间水均衡要素的影响。结果显示,现有排水沟深度下的排水沟间距调整对区域排水和潜水埋深的影响不明显,但当排水沟深度增加时,排水沟排水量和控制区域的潜水埋深发生显著变化。根据模拟结果,认为永联试验区的排水沟间距取500 m,深度取2.5 m较为适宜。     

蓄水多坑入渗条件下土壤水分运动建模与试

针对蓄水坑灌坑内水头高且非恒定和土壤入渗边界复杂的特点,建立了蓄水多坑三维入渗及土壤水分运动数学模型,采用ADI交替方向隐式差分格式结合Gauess-Seidel迭代法对模型进行求解,并进行了试验验证,结果表明计算值与实测值吻合较好,说明所建立的数学模型正确,采用的数值求解方法是可行的.     

农膜残留对砂壤土和砂土水分入渗和蒸发的影响

通过室内试验设置5个不同残膜量(0、50、100、200、400 kg/hm~2)处理,研究不同残膜量对砂壤土和砂土水分入渗湿润锋、入渗速率、累积入渗量、土壤累积蒸发量和蒸发速率的影响,并评价了主要土壤入渗、蒸发模型在农膜残留土壤的适用性。结果表明:随着土壤中残膜量增多,砂壤土和砂土入渗速率变慢,土壤湿润锋运移相同距离所需时间均显著增加,其中运移30 cm时,砂壤土残膜量400 kg/hm~2处理(SL5)比无残膜处理(SL1)运移时间增加了27.56%;相同入渗时间内累积入渗量随残膜量增加均显著减小(P0.05),入渗结束后SL5处理比SL1处理累积入渗量减小了52.01 m L(23.12%);残膜量增加导致蒸发速率、累积蒸发量都显著减小(P0.05),蒸发结束后SL5处理比SL1处理累积蒸发量减小了30.63%,且不同残膜量对砂壤土的影响大于砂土。对4个土壤水分入渗及蒸发模型进行拟合,结果显示Kostiakov和Philip入渗模型均能较好模拟残膜条件下土壤水分入渗,其中Philip入渗模型拟合精度高于Kostiakov入渗模型,且对砂土中农膜残留下的土壤水分入渗模拟效果更好;Black蒸发模型随着残膜量增加拟合精度下降,而Rose蒸发模型受残膜量的影响较小,更适合于农膜残留土壤累积蒸发量估算。     

辽源市地下水水位动态特征分析及预测研究

利用辽源市1980-2011年地下水动态监测数据,采用地质、水文地质学理论和方法,分析研究区地下水动态变化规律,及地下水动态类型。同时运用BP神经网络模型对辽源市地下水水位进行模拟预测。结果表明:研究区的地下水动态类型主要有降水入渗-蒸发型、径流型、降水入渗-开采型;利用BP神经网络技术建立辽源市地下水位预测模型,预测结果较为理想;研究区地下水位多年来呈下降趋势,2006-2012年地下水位下降2m左右。通过对辽源市地下水动态特征的研究,为今后对辽源市地下水的研究和生产、生活的开采利用提供了科学依据和指导意义。     

半干旱巨厚包气带区污染物运移模拟研究

污染物在巨厚包气带中的最大入渗量、运移时间及过程,对于地下水污染防治与监测具有重要意义。而包气带水分、溶质模拟可以提供水分的最大入渗量及入渗时间,是将包气带-饱和带结合起来实现对污染物运移全过程刻画的基础。本文以我国半干旱黄土塬巨厚包气带地区为试验点(厚度达80m),进行了野外包气带取样和包气带水分、溶质模拟。结果表明在上边界近饱和情况下水分入渗量可达10m/a,经过1.59年污染物可进入饱和带。该数值可作为地下水模拟预测的基础。建议今后地下水环境影响评价中应重视包气带的采样与模拟以确定污染物入渗量及入渗时间。     

地中仪地膜棉灌溉试验特征分析

利用不同地下水埋深的地中仪进行地膜棉的灌溉试验，分析了地膜棉不同生育期时蒸发、入渗的变化特征：受地膜棉的蒸腾作用，灌溉入渗量随其日耗水量增加而显著减少；棉花根系吸水影响深度与其日耗水强度成指数关系，其根系吸水最大影响深度为2．76m；棉花根系利用地下水量随埋深增加而减小，棉田最佳的灌水湿润深度应小于1．0m，当灌水湿润深度超过1．5m时，其根系不能更多利用地下水，即可认为是深层入渗。     

施水播种条件下灌溉水入渗模型研究

运用土壤动力学原理建立了灌溉水入渗的数学模型，并进行了实际灌水的试验验证，试验结果表明所建模型的模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。应用模型模拟分析发现：适量增加沟宽或回土量可以减小入渗时间，缩短播种机排水口至排种口距离。     

引黄灌区引水补源优化运行模型研究

应用非线性优化理论，并基于Philip入渗方程和其它边界约束条件，建立了引水补源区优化运行数学模型。模型目标是确定在补源区自然物理条件、地下水流运动、入渗以及连续方程等约束下，使得入渗量最大的运行准则，应用非线性优化规划法对模型求解，得到了满意效果。以黄河下游陈垓引黄灌区1993年3月对灌区下游补源区一个单周期引水补源过程为例，计算了一次引黄最大优化入渗补源量，本方法对开辟学术研究新思路，指导生产实践具有重要参考价值。     

基于Modflow-Hydrus耦合模型的改良盐碱土水平井排水效果分析

为了提高盐碱土改良水平,确定科学合理的灌排工程设计方案,建立饱和-非饱和土壤水分运移Modflow-Hydrus耦合模型,对试验区不同情景水平井的排水效果进行模拟分析.结果表明:当地下水位埋深较小时,季节变化对地下水综合补给强度有明显影响,当地下水位埋深大于6 m,不同时段地下水综合补给强度均趋于常数,当地下水位埋深较大时,通过厚层包气带的降水补给均匀;断续排水时单个水平井400 m控制范围内,潜水位显著下降,具有良好的疏干效果,降深与水平井的年抽水强度成正相关;天然环境条件下,区内降水入渗补给和潜水蒸发保持平衡,以试验区中心向外扩展,排水试验有效改善8倍试验区面积范围内降水入渗-潜水蒸发环境,使包气带土壤水分进入饱水带,潜水水位呈下降趋势.研究成果为盐碱土壤改良的水平井施工设计提供理论参考.     

Effect of mole submergence on the life of mole channels

It has been suggested that submergence of mole channels in field drainage systems will cause their premature collapse and lead to a failure of the system. Limited experience on Field Drainage Experimental Unit's sites has not supported this view.An experiment was set up on a clay soil with a good moling potential, and where a previous moling had lasted up to 5 years. In a pumped drainage scheme submergence was examined to determine if it was a cause of mole channel failure. Isolated plots were subjected to short (usually less than 3 h) and long periods (up to 20 days) of submergence. The hydrological performance and the condition of the mole channels was monitored for 5 years.Short periods of submergence did not appear to have a substantial effect on the mole drainage system and a 4–5-year life of the mole channels could be expected. Longer periods of submergence did not cause any immediate deterioration but the gradual collapse of the roof and side walls, which was the normal mode of failure, became more accentuated. This effect reduced the life of the mole channels to 3–4 years, although 3 years after moling the watertable control of the submerged plots was substantially better than similar adjacent undrained land.     

农田排水条件下降雨补给与地下水埋深关系的试验研究

以室内一维土柱试验和室外水平衡小区观测资料为基础 ,对农田排水条件下降雨入渗补给与地下水埋深关系进行了分析 ,根据降雨、蒸发与地下水埋深关系相似的规律 ,仿照国内外排水计算中较为广泛应用的阿维里扬诺夫经验公式的结构形式 ,建立起降雨入渗补给与地下水埋深的关系 ,并采用室内外试验资料对该关系式进行了验证。     

Surface drainage requirement of crops: Application of a piecewise linear model for evaluating submergence tolerance

Crop tolerance to land submergence is an important criterion for designing a surface drainage system for agricultural lands. This paper collates the available data from various places in India related to the studies on the submergence tolerance of crops. The paper hypothesizes that a piecewise linear model could be used to describe crop response to land submergence. According to this hypothesis, there would be no yield decline for a few initial days of submergence. If submergence continues beyond this period then there would be linear decline in yield. The unknown parameters in the model are: optimum yield, threshold time and the slope which represents the per cent yield reduction per day of additional submergence beyond the threshold.Data in respect of wheat, pigeon peas, cowpeas, pearlmillet, maize and groundnuts indicate that the model describes the data well, although in many cases the threshold is 0.0. The yield reduction varies from 5.3 to 23.2% for each day of submergence beyond the threshold. It appears that to allow for more than 1–2 days of submergence will result in more than 10% reducation in yield of dryfoot crops. For the maize crop, the seedling stage is the most sensitive stage followed by the silking stage. The grain formation stage is the least sensitive, although even at this stage the threshold is 0.0 and yield reduction is 9.3% for each day of submergence beyond the threshold. The data for 9 test crops from Texas and Venezuela were well described by the model. It is concluded that the piecewise linear model is a useful tool for describing submergence tolerance of crops and for working out surface drainage requirements for a given level of yield reduction. Frequency analysis of the daily rainfall data from some selected locations indicates that there is every likelihood of submergence at most of the stations. It is suggested that there is an urgent need for developing wet farming techniques analogous to dry farming techniques.     

Drainable surplus assessment in irrigated agriculture: field application of the groundwater approach

To assess the drainable surplus of an irrigated area, a methodologybased on a groundwater-balance approach was developed and appliedin Schedule I-B of the Fourth Drainage Project near Faisalabad inPakistan. To determine the seasonal net recharge in this area, anumerical groundwater model was run in inverse mode. The data inputfor the model consisted of the geometry of the aquifer system, theaquifer parameters, and historical watertable elevations. The seasonalnet recharge values, calculated from the individual recharge anddischarge components, were tuned with the results of the inversemodelling. The advantage of such an integrated approach is that allthese components are linked. The design net recharge was estimatedfrom the historical net recharge of the wettest monsoon in the studyperiod. Its rainfall recharge values were then substituted for those of adesign monsoon. In this substitution procedure, the rainfall rechargemethodology and parameters were adopted from the tuning procedure.From this design net recharge, estimates could be made of the requireddrainable surplus, with and without drainage simulation.     

翼柱型量水槽水力特性分析与对比

【目的】为探究翼柱型量水槽在自由出流和淹没出流时的量水性能。【方法】试验观测10种流量条件下,量水槽进口到出口13个测流断面的水位,对自由出流和淹没出流两种工况下的水面线、佛汝德数、测流精度等水力参数进行分析与对比。【结果】自由出流状态下在断面11到断面12之间形成了临界流,流量在0.044 m3/s以下时没有产生临界流从而得到了U形渠道翼柱型量水槽的最小工作流量。翼柱型量水槽过槽流量与上游水深具有良好的相关关系,通过拟合得到了自由出流和淹没出流状态下的流量公式,其中自由出流状态下最大误差为-2.54%,淹没出流下为6.50%,二者平均误差均小于0.3%,满足现行渠道量水规范的误差要求。本文拟合的淹没出流流量公式最大淹没度高达0.958,适用范围较大。此外,U形渠道翼柱型量水槽具有较大的自由出流范围,临界淹没度可达0.890。【结论】经试验确定临界流断面位于距进口约为量水槽4倍翼高处。翼柱型量水槽可满足小比降既成渠道的测流要求,进一步解决了量水槽流量公式在淹没出流情况下测流误差较大的问题。     

The influence of early sowing of wheat and lupin crops on evapotranspiration and evaporation from the soil surface in a Mediterranean climate

The losses of water by evapotranspiration and evaporation from soil were investigated during two seasons from wheat and lupin crops sown at two times. Evapotranspiration was measured using ventilated chambers and microlysimeters were used within the chambers to measure evaporation from the soil surface. These techniques allowed the partitioning of evapotranspiration into its two components. In the early part of the season, evaporation from the soil surface was greatest beneath late-sown crops. Larger canopies, associated with early sowing, reduced evaporation during the energy-dependent first stage. The greater losses beneath late-sown crops were not sustained as surface soil water contents declined, decreasing the influence of canopy area on evaporation. Early sowing may increase evapotranspiration early in the season and thereby decrease the risk of drainage losses contributing to groundwater recharge. However, the magnitude of the hydrological advantages from early sowing is likely to vary each year according to seasonal climatic conditions.     

淹没条件下自激脉冲射流冲蚀试验研究

为了对比不同淹没条件下连续射流和低压大流量自激吸气式脉冲射流冲蚀效果,利用自行研制的射流冲蚀系统进行了射流冲蚀石蜡效果试验研究,得到不同淹没水深下射流打击力、吸气量、石蜡冲蚀深度、石蜡冲蚀体积和石蜡冲蚀表面积等.结果表明：在不同淹没水深下,连续射流打击力大于吸气脉冲射流,而吸气脉冲射流打击力又大于不吸气脉冲射流打击力,且随着水深的增大,自吸气与不吸气之间脉冲射流打击力差值越来越小;当淹没水深较小时（≤30 m）,由于气体对石蜡剥蚀作用较强,连续射流冲蚀深度小于吸气脉冲射流,而当水深较大时（≥40 m）,由于吸气量变小,剥蚀作用减弱,冲蚀深度则相反;在冲蚀面积和体积上,在各种淹没水深下吸气脉冲射流冲蚀效果均好于连续射流,且随着水深的增加,两种射流的冲蚀面积和体积逐渐变小,差值也越来越小.     

节水灌溉条件下宁夏银北灌区地下

根据灌区引水、排水、降水及蒸发等长观资料，分析讨论了宁夏银北引黄灌区大气降水、地表水、地下水相互转化规律及其时空分布状况。采用有限元法，建立了银北灌区地下水动态数值模型。在此基础上，研究了采取节水灌溉措施后，灌区地下水动态。首先按照优化后的灌区作物种植结构及相应的灌溉定额，反推灌区灌溉引水量。然后，通过相关分析，得到与灌溉引水量相对应的沟排量。最后，用反推所得数据及典型年份的降水和蒸发资料，进行了地下水动态趋势分析和数值模拟计算，给出了模型的预测结果，并将预测结果绘制成相应的地下水等水位线图。     

荆门和桂林灌溉试验站蒸发皿蒸发变化规律及其影响因素的初步分析

以湖北荆门灌溉试验站和广西桂林灌溉试验站的蒸发皿蒸发和气象要素实测资料为例,采用线性趋势线法分析蒸发皿蒸发量的变化趋势以及气温、降雨量、风速、日照时数、日较差和相对湿度等6个气象因子的变化趋势,采用单因素相关分析和多元线性回归分析,研究了气象因子对蒸发皿蒸发的影响。分析结果表明,荆门灌溉试验站1973~2003年蒸发皿蒸发呈下降趋势,其主要影响因素是相对湿度的增大、风速的减小和日较差的减小,桂林农田灌溉试验站1980~2003年蒸发皿蒸发呈上升趋势,其主要影响因素是日较差的增大。