集雨种植模式对小麦-玉米周年农田土壤水分及作物产量的影响

[目的]针对关中地区冬小麦-夏玉米周年的生产特点,将垄沟集雨种植技术应用于作物周年生产,以期为冬小麦-夏玉米周年生产体系种植模式的改良提供依据。[方法]以西农979、郑单958为试验材料,设传统平作(CK)、垄沟配置为40cm∶40cm(R-F40)、40cm∶60cm(R-F60)、40cm∶80cm(R-F80)4个处理,探讨冬小麦-夏玉米周年生产条件下不同垄沟配置方式对农田土壤水分及作物产量的影响。[结果]小麦季R-F60和R-F80处理水分利用效率(WUE)增加;垄沟集雨各处理小麦籽粒产量随种植沟宽度增加呈上升趋势,其中R-F60、R-F80处理较CK仅减产1.75%、1.67%;集雨各处理灌溉水利用效率(IUE)显著提高,并随种植沟宽度增加增幅减小。在玉米季,集雨各处理WUE、产量显著提高,且随着种植沟变宽呈先增后降趋势。小麦-玉米周年WUE、产量显著增加,其中以垄沟配置为40cm∶60cm(R-F60)处理增幅最大,分别较CK增加12.75%、7.98%。[结论]垄沟集雨种植技术是调控作物高效节水的可行途径,其中R-F60处理是优化该地区冬小麦-夏玉米二熟制种植体系稳产高效节水的理想集雨栽培模式。     

沟垄集雨系统垄宽对玉米水分和养分利用效率的影响

为探索沟垄集雨模式下不同垄宽对玉米产量及水分和养分利用效率的影响,2019-2020年采用垄沟集雨种植方式,以传统平作(垄宽60 cm)为对照,研究3种沟垄比对玉米叶面积指数、地上生物量、水分利用效率、养分利用效率和产量的影响.研究结果表明垄沟集雨种植方式下,采用60 cm:60 cm沟垄比,两年平均叶面积指数最大,为2.9,较对照增加42.16％;产量最高,为13.13 t/hm2,较对照增加26.37％;水分利用效率最高,为27.15 kg/(hm2·mm),较对照增加42.37％;养分利用效率最高,为N:7.55 kg/kg;P:48.49 kg/kg;K:4.66 kg/kg,分别较对照增加177.57％,142.69％,59.58％.在华北地区,垄沟集雨种植方式下,垄沟比60 cm:60 cm,能够促进玉米增产和水肥高效利用.     

垄膜沟播垄沟宽对胡麻水分利用效率和产量的影响

【目的】探讨垄沟宽度对垄膜沟播胡麻水分利用效率和产量的影响,为提高垄膜沟播胡麻经济效益提供依据。【方法】对25 cm垄沟宽垄膜沟播(R25)、35 cm垄沟宽垄膜沟播(R35)、45 cm垄沟宽垄膜沟播(R45)和露地条播(CK)4个栽培条件下胡麻田土壤水分、胡麻生物量、水分利用效率、产量进行了比较分析。【结果】覆膜处理可缩短胡麻生育期2 d,不同处理间出苗率差异较大。胡麻种植区、覆膜区土壤水分垂直变化总体随土层增加呈增加趋势。R25、R35处理的生物量变化趋势一致,先上升后降低,鲜质量和干质量均在灌浆期达到最大值;R45处理和CK的生物量变化趋势一致,鲜质量在开花期最高,干质量在成熟期最高。R25处理的水分利用效率和产量均高于其他处理,R25处理水分利用效率较CK提高了32.81%,产量较CK提高了16.67%。【结论】垄沟宽度是影响垄膜沟播胡麻水分利用效率和产量的重要因素,较小的垄沟宽度(25 cm)有利于提高胡麻水分利用效率和产量。     

不同地面处理下的降雨入渗规律研究

近年来,膜下滴灌等节水灌溉技术的实施提高了水分利用效率,但膜下滴灌的起垄和覆膜的处理在一定程度上改变了农田下垫面条件,降雨的入渗过程会受到一定影响。为了分析膜下滴灌的覆膜及起垄对降雨入渗过程的影响,试验选取下垫面处理、降雨强度、土壤初始含水量3个影响因素,进行了遮雨棚内的人工降雨测坑试验。试验数据分析结果表明:降雨强度对降雨入渗量及入渗深度影响最大;不同下垫面处理中,平整裸地的入渗量及入渗深度最大,起垄次之,覆膜及起垄最小。在一定的降雨强度范围内,垄沟的集雨作用随着雨强的增加而增加,沟内的入渗量增加显著;在起垄及覆膜起垄条件下,膜上水分由于膜的不透水作用和垄沟的集雨作用,分别是膜边和沟中的降雨入渗量最大。当雨强继续增加时,垄沟的集雨作用被削弱,但膜的汇流作用仍然存在,覆膜区域下方的土壤水分都是由膜边的土壤水分经过侧向运移达到,土壤水分的二维入渗过程十分显著。     

垄作覆膜滴灌条件下温室盐碱土壤水盐运移规律研究

针对宁夏银北灌区水资源短缺和土壤盐渍化两大资源环境问题,将滴灌方式和垄作覆膜种植相结合,种植设施番茄等经济作物,以实现节水和盐碱地利用的目标,通过开展田间试验,研究盐碱土壤水盐运移规律。研究结果表明:在地下水浅埋区,垄膜滴灌技术可有效调控地下水埋深,耕作层土壤盐分含量保持在相对较低的水平;土壤含水量0~40 cm土层变化较大,1 m深度土层平均含水量规律为垄上大于垄沟、高垄上大于低垄上、高垄沟小于低垄沟;土壤全盐量的变化随土层深度增加而降低,0~20 cm土层变化幅度较大,1 m深度土层平均全盐量规律为垄沟大于垄上、高垄上小于低垄上、高垄沟大于低垄沟。     

种植模式和补灌对玉米生长发育及产量的影响

为探明全膜双垄沟播技术和集雨补灌对玉米生长发育及产量的影响,采用完全随机区组设计,分别在不同全膜双垄沟播种植模式与补灌措施下对玉米干物质积累、叶面积指数、叶片 SPAD 值、0~200 cm土壤水分等指标进行对比分析。结果表明:在欠水年补灌条件下,全膜双垄沟播(FMRF70)种植模式不仅能够显著促进玉米的生长发育,还有利于玉米籽粒性状表现。干物质积累增加2.51%~26.88%,叶面积指数增加5.06%~14.37%,叶片 SPAD 值增加1.56%~8.75%,穗长增加0.3%~13.3%、百粒重增加3.3%~4.7%。全膜双垄沟播(FMRF70)种植模式能够充分利用有限的水资源,使0~200 cm土壤平均贮水量增加8.0 mm^23.54 mm,经济产量和水分利用效率均表现为FMRF70>FP>FMRF60>FMRF50,产量增加19.20%~78.96%, WUE 提高15.97%~70.00%,差异显著( P <0.05)。可见,全膜双垄沟播(FMRF-70)种植模式结合灌浆期适量补灌是半干旱区适宜的种植模式。     

不同水氮处理对马铃薯土壤酶活性和产量的影响

针对宁夏中部干旱地区农田土壤生态环境问题,研究了不同水氮处理对马铃薯土壤过氧化氢酶活性和土壤脲酶活性及产量的影响变化规律.研究结果表明:在马铃薯0～20 cm土层中,土壤过氧化氢酶活性和脲酶活性均随马铃薯生育期阶段的推进呈现出先升高后降低的变化趋势;在垂直方向上,随着土层深度的增加,土壤过氧化氢酶活性呈现逐渐降低的变化趋势,而土壤脲酶活性则呈升高的变化趋势;中水中氮(W2N2)有利于增加土壤酶活性,而低水高氮(W1N3)则不利于土壤酶活性的提高;中水中氮(W2N2)处理的马铃薯产量和商品薯率最高,分别为53698.95 kg/hm2和96.4％;0～20 cm土层土壤过氧化氢酶活性与马铃薯产量呈极显著正相关,0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层土壤脲酶活性与马铃薯产量呈显著正相关.综合考虑,中水中氮(W2N2)为最佳的处理,有利于马铃薯产量、商品薯率的提高和土壤生态环境的改善.因此推荐W2N2处理(灌溉定额为1500 m3/hm2,施氮量为210 kg/hm2)作为宁夏中部干旱地区马铃薯种植的水氮管理模式.     

全膜垄作对旱作马铃薯土壤含水率、酶活性及产量的影响

为明确全膜垄作对黄土高原旱作马铃薯土壤保水改土效果及产量形成的影响,设全膜双垄垄上播(A1)、全膜单垄垄上播(A2)、全膜单垄垄上微沟播(A3)和露地常耕平作(CK)4种方式进行田间试验,分析了不同耕作方式对马铃薯田间土壤含水率、土壤酶活性和产量的影响。结果表明,全膜垄作均能提高各生育阶段0~100 cm土层土壤含水率,特别是对0~20 cm土层影响最为显著,在马铃薯需水关键期块茎形成期和块茎膨大期,0~100 cm土层土壤含水率A1、A2、A3处理较CK分别提高了27.93%、19.23%、34.93%和25.12%、26.94%、57.00%;全膜垄作均能显著提高马铃薯0~60 cm土层土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶活性,以0~10 cm土层酶活性最高,随马铃薯生育期推进,土壤酶活性呈先增加后降低趋势,在块茎膨大期达到最大;同时,全膜垄作均能增加马铃薯产量,由高到低次序为A3处理A1处理A2处理CK,其中A3处理比A1处理增加5.53%,比A2处理增加14.23%;A1、A2、A3处理的产量分别较CK提高了75.77%、66.56%、53.88%;与CK相比,全膜垄作不仅提高了马铃薯产量,而且降低马铃薯烂薯率和青薯率,其中全膜单垄垄上微沟播(A3)优于其他处理,可作为内蒙古黄土高原旱作区节水高产栽培模式。     

固定宽垄沟灌保护性耕作条件下松垄作业的试验

固定宽垄沟灌保护性耕作是将保护性耕作、固定道、垄作和沟灌等相结合的一项农业技术,该技术可通过松垄作业解决宽垄水分侧渗效果差的问题.从2005年开始,在西北灌区对固定宽垄沟灌保护性耕作条件下的松垄效应进行了系统的试验研究.试验结果表明,在0～100 cm深度范围内,松垄作业能促进水分向宽垄中央渗透,增强土壤的通透性,提高8%左右土壤含水量,并能增加2%左右作物产量.建议在采用固定宽垄沟灌保护性耕作技术的地区推广松垄技术.     

集雨模式对农田土壤水热状况与水分利用效率的影响

基于2 a田间试验数据,对比研究了不覆盖(CK)、垄覆白膜沟不覆盖(M1)、垄不覆盖沟覆秸秆(M2)、垄覆白膜沟覆秸秆(M3)和垄覆黑膜沟覆秸秆(M4)5种集雨模式对农田土壤水热状况及夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,垄沟覆盖集雨措施可显著提高土壤贮水量、土壤含水率及土壤储水亏缺补偿度(P0.05),其中全程覆盖处理(M3和M4)优于单一覆盖处理(M1和M2),垄覆黑膜处理(M4)优于垄覆白膜处理(M3)。黑色地膜较白色地膜可显著降低膜下(除表层)土壤温度(P0.05);沟内覆秸秆较沟内无覆盖可有效改善根层土壤温度。M4处理较优的水热条件可显著提高玉米经济产量和水分利用效率(P0.05),其2 a平均籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别较处理CK提高30.90%和57.49%,是陕西关中地区合理有效的集雨模式。     

Effects of rainfall harvesting and mulching technologies on water use efficiency and crop yield in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China

In semi-arid areas, crop growth is greatly limited by water. Amount of available water in soil can be increased by surface mulching and other soil management practices. Field experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 at Gaolan, Gansu, China, to determine the influence of ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting system (RFRHS), surface mulching and supplementary irrigation (SI) in various combinations on rainwater harvesting, amount of moisture in soil, water use efficiency (WUE), biomass yield of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L.) and seed yield of maize (Zea mays L.). In conventional fields without RFRHS, gravel-sand mulching produced higher biomass yield than plastic-mulching or straw-mulching. In plastic-mulched fields, an increasing amount of supplemental irrigation was needed to improve crop yield. There was no effect of RFRHS without plastic-covered ridge on rainwater harvesting when natural precipitation was less than 5 mm per event. This was due to little runoff of rainwater from frequent low precipitation showers, and most of the harvested rainwater gathered at the soil surface is lost to evaporation. In the RFRHS, crop yield and WUE were higher with plastic-covered ridges than bare ridges, and also higher with gravel-sand-mulched furrows than bare furrows in most cases, or straw-mulched furrows in some cases. This was most likely due to decreased evaporation with plastic or gravel-sand mulch. In the RFRHS with plastic-covered ridges and gravel-sand-mulched furrows, application of 30 mm supplemental irrigation produced the highest yield and WUE for sweet sorghum and maize in most cases. In conclusion, the findings suggested the integrated use of RFRHS, mulching and supplementary irrigation to improve rainwater availability for high sustainable crop yield. However, the high additional costs of supplemental irrigation and construction of RFRHS for rainwater harvesting need to be considered before using these practices on a commercial scale.     

夏玉米沟垄覆盖集水效果及生态效应研究

采用垄上覆膜集雨保墒、沟内种植的栽培方法,在半湿润易旱区的陕西关中红油土上进行了夏玉米田间试验,探讨覆膜集雨栽培对玉米产量、养分携出量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,覆膜集雨种植能明显提高夏玉米的籽粒产量、生物产量,有利于植株对养分的吸收利用;覆盖措施具有很好的蓄水保墒效果:在玉米灌浆期,覆膜使土壤0～100、0～200cm的贮水量分别比对照提高了8.2、17.1mm,覆膜覆草使土壤0～100、0～200cm的贮水量分别提高了13.6、23.0mm,覆膜覆草处理的集水效果更为显著,水分利用效率更高,平均每消耗1mm水分可生产玉米籽粒比覆膜处理提高了8%。     

Effects of gravel-sand mulch, plastic mulch and ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting system combinations on water use efficiency, soil temperature and watermelon yield in a semi-arid Loess Plateau of northwestern China

In the northwestern Loess Plateau of China, low precipitation results in poor crop yields, with a great fluctuation from year to year. The adoption of gravel-sand mulching has shown improvements in the growth of crops such as watermelon. The ridge and furrow rainwater harvest system (RFRHS) has been shown as an easy and efficient way to collect rainwater. A field experiment was conducted from 2007 to 2009 at Gaolan, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, to measure the effects of RFRHS, plastic mulch and gravel-sand mulch combinations on soil temperature, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) and watermelon yield. There were eight treatments: (1) flat gravel-sand mulched field, (2) RFRHS with a sand mulched furrow, entire plastic mulch and the ratio 1:1 of ridge and furrow, (3) RFRHS with a sand mulched furrow, entire plastic mulch and the ratio 4:3 of ridge and furrow, (4) RFRHS with a sand mulched furrow, entire plastic mulch and the ratio 5:3 of ridge and furrow, (5) RFRHS with a sand and plastic mulched furrow, bare ridge and the ratio 4:3 of ridge and furrow, (6) RFRHS with an entire plastic mulch and the ratio 4:3 of ridge and furrow, (7) conventional ridge planting with a plastic mulched ridge, and (8) flat gravel-sand mulched field plus 23 mm supplementary irrigation. Soil temperature for RFRHS with a gravel-sand plus plastic mulched furrow was slightly lower than that of flat gravel-sand mulch. The RFRHS caused a significant increase in watermelon yield and WUE. The increase in watermelon yield and WUE was greatly influenced by the ratio of ridge and furrow when RFRHS was combined with gravel-sand mulch. Watermelon yield was highest for the 1:1 ratio, and WUE was highest for the 5:3 and 1:1 ratios of ridge:furrow, and these were significantly greater than that of flat gravel-sand mulch, without or with irrigation. The use of ridge with plastic film mulch increased the beneficial effect of RFRHS on yield. The watermelon yield and WUE for non-plastic-mulched ridge were even lower than that of flat gravel-sand mulch. In summary, the findings suggest that RFRHS with gravel-sand mulched furrow plus plastic film mulch, and 1:1 ratio of ridge:furrow, would facilitate the use of limited rainfall most efficiently in improving watermelon yield, by reducing ET and increasing WUE in this semiarid region.     

非充分灌溉条件下不同栽培模式对玉米产量及土壤水分的影响

研究了大田玉米在非充分灌溉条件下,不同栽培模式对土壤水分、产量及其构成要素的影响。结果表明,全膜垄侧栽培、全膜垄沟、全膜双垄模式均能提高0～10cm土层的土壤含水率。主要生育期(抽雄期除外)内,全膜垄沟栽培模式土壤含水率高于其他处理。全膜垄沟栽培模式在苗期—大喇叭口期内耗水强度较低,但产量和水分利用效率最高,分别为17 153.91kg/hm2和37.59kg/(hm2.mm),具有显著的节水增产效应。     

Effects of different ridge:furrow ratios and supplemental irrigation on crop production in ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting system with mulches

The ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting (RFRH) system with mulches is being promoted to increase water availability for crops for higher and stable agricultural production in many areas of the Loess Plateau in northwest China. In the system, plastic-covered ridges serve as rainfall-harvesting zones and stone-, straw- or film-mulched furrows serve as planting zones. To adopt this system more effectively, a field study (using corn as an indicator crop) was conducted to determine the effects of different ridge:furrow ratios and supplemental irrigation on crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in the RFRH system with mulches during the growing seasons of 1998 and 1999.The results indicated that the ridge:furrow ratios had a significant effect on crop yield and yield components. The 120:60 cm ridge and furrow (120 cm wide ridge and 60 cm wide furrow) system increased yield by 27.9%, seed weight per head by 14.8%, seed number per head by 7.4% and 1000-seed weight by 4.7%, compared with the 60:60 cm ridge and furrow (60 cm wide ridge and 60 cm wide furrow) system. No differences in WUE were found between the two ratio systems. For corn and winter wheat, the optimum ridge:furrow ratio seems to be 1:1 in the 300-mm rainfall area, 1:2 in the 400-mm rainfall area and 1:4 in the 500-mm rainfall area. The optimum ridge:furrow ratio seems to be 1:3 for millet in the 300-mm rainfall area, although it is unnecessary to adopt RFRH practice in regions with more than 400 mm rainfall. The most effective ridge size for crop production seems 60 cm in the Loess Plateau. Implementing supplemental irrigation in the RFRH system is also a useful way to deal with the temporal problem of moisture deficits. In the case of corn, supplemental irrigation at its critical growth stage can increase both grain yield and WUE by 20%. The combination of in situ RFRH system with supplemental irrigation practice will make the RFRH system more attractive.     

Incorporation of ridge and furrow method of rainfall harvesting with mulching for crop production under semiarid conditions

A plastic-covered ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting (PRFRH) system combined with mulches was designed to increase water availability to crops for improving and stabilizing agricultural production in the semiarid Loess region of northwest China. The system was built by shaping the soil surface with alternate ridges and furrows along the contour. The plastic-covered ridges served as a rainfall harvesting zone and furrows as a planting zone. Some materials were also used to mulch the furrows to increase the effectiveness of the harvested water. This system can make better utilization of light rain by harvesting rainwater through the plastic-covered ridge. The field experiment (using corn as an indicator crop) showed that grain yields in the PRFRH system with mulches in 1998 and 1999 were significantly higher than the controls, with an increase of 4010–5297 kg per ha (108–143%). In most treatments, the water use efficiencies (WUE) were in excess of 2.0 kg m⁻³. The WUE values of corn in this system were 1.9 times greater than the controls in 1998 and 1.4 times greater than the controls in 1999. The plastic-covered ridge led to a yield increase of 3430 kg per ha (92%) in 1998 and of 1126 kg per ha (21%) in 1999 compared with the uncovered ridge. On average, the additional mulches in the furrow brought about a yield increase of 8–25%. Based on the results of this study and other researches, this technique can increase corn grain yield by 60–95% in drought and average years, 70–90% in wet years, and 20–30% in very wet years. The PRFRH system had the potential to increase crop yield and produced greater economic benefit, therefore it could be used in regions dominated by light rainfall of low intensity where crops generally fail due to water stress.     

滴灌施肥下不同栽培模式对马铃薯生长和水肥利用的影响

为了研究滴灌施肥灌溉条件下马铃薯配套的栽培模式,参考大型喷灌机灌溉条件下马铃薯的栽培模式,布置了"窄垄种植单行马铃薯"和"宽垄种植双行马铃薯"两种栽培模式,研究了滴灌施肥灌溉条件下两种栽培模式对马铃薯生长、产量和水肥利用效率等的影响。结果表明,在滴灌施肥灌溉下,通过负压计指导施肥灌溉,当滴头正下方20cm深度处的土壤水基质势低于-25kPa时进行施肥灌溉时,与"窄垄种植单行马铃薯"栽培模式相比,"宽垄种植双行马铃薯"的栽培模式能有效地改善根区土壤水分状况,促进马铃薯的生长,马铃薯不仅增产9.0%~18.0%,并且灌溉水利用效率提高了15.6%~46.0%,偏肥料生产力提高了17.5%~38.0%。     

不同种植模式冬小麦耗水特性及产量试验研究

通过田间试验,研究了两种种植模式（传统平作和垄植沟灌）不同水分处理对冬小麦耗水特性和产量的影响。结果表明：相较于传统平作种植模式,垄植沟灌冬小麦的全生育期耗水量减少26.26~31.92mm,穗粒数和千粒重分别增加6.09%和3.79%,增产150.57~237.63kg/hm2,水分利用效率提高9.43%~10.39%;两种种植模式的耗水量和产量与水分处理呈正相关,但随着水分控制下限的提高,水分利用效率则先增大后减小;确定垄植沟灌为冬小麦适宜种植方式,并在L-70水分处理获得了最优的水分利用效率,达到1.91 kg/m3,产量达到7589.96 kg/hm2。     

交替隔沟灌溉下玉米根长密度分布及水分利用

为了探明交替隔沟灌溉和常规沟灌条件下玉米根长密度的分布规律及水分利用效率(WUE),研究了2种沟灌方式下玉米根长密度的空间分布和水分利用情况。结果表明,玉米根长密度在根区水平向和垂向呈指数分布。交替隔沟灌溉促进了玉米根系的水平向伸展和下扎深度,常规沟灌在垄位的大密度根系分布集中在20～60cm。交替隔沟灌溉增大了根系下扎深度,有利于根系吸收深层土壤水分,在非充分供水条件下提高了作物的水分利用效率,交替隔沟灌溉水分利用效率较常规沟灌提高5%以上。