行走式节水灌溉技术

行走式节水灌溉技术是我国北方地区在春季干旱缺水的条件下，主要在播种时定量施水采用的一种补墒办法。其原理是拖拉机牵引抗旱坐水播种机，在播种的同时，将种子发芽所需的水量施于种床内，湿润土壤并达到出苗墒情；或在中耕环节，以携带水箱的拖拉机，在苗间进行抗旱补灌的一种节水灌溉技术。其主要技术特点是：机动灵活，不受地形限制，利用各种水资源，不要求田间工程设施，只要有水源就可利用水罐将水拉到田问进行播种施水或苗期补灌作业。     

半干旱区坡耕地大豆抗旱保水技术集成模式对产量的影响

根据黑龙江省西部半干旱区的资源、环境及灾害特点,选取了坐水播种和苗期补灌2种抗旱节水技术和垄向区田保水技术,在甘南县国家863试验基地研究了该3项技术集成的增产效应,从增产角度提出了适合于黑龙江省西部半干旱区坡耕地的抗旱保水技术集成模式。     

节水抗旱组合技术措施对玉米产量影响的研究

以节水抗旱组合技术“机械化暗式坐水点播技术 机械化苗期补灌技术 垄作区田保水技术”的实施效果的实验研究为基础,采用SAS统计分析方法,对水分(播种期坐水量和苗期补灌水量)、垄作区田对玉米产量的影响进行了分析,建立了产量与水分、区田关系的数学模型。结果表明,在甘南县2003年实际条件下、玉米产量随坐水、补水量的增加而提高;区田起到了增产的效果,比较而言,灌水对产量的影响较为显著。     

机械化保护性耕作与行走式节水补灌技术的集成研究

针对我国北方干旱和半干旱地区因春旱引起的播种难出苗以及因土壤缺墒造成的诸多耕作问题,讨论了机械化保护性耕作技术和行走式节水补灌两项抗旱耕作适用技术的内容、特点及其发展历程;并对两项技术的共同性和互补性进行了分析;建议在研究、开发、试验、示范、推广和运用中集成配套,对两项抗旱耕作技术现有适用机械的主要结合点(免耕施肥坐水播种联合作业机)做进一步的研究,提高其通用性与精准性,以彰显免耕施肥坐水播种联合作业工艺的优势,达到干旱地区抗旱节水与增产节支的目的.     

我国行走式节水抗旱灌溉机的研究

行走式节水灌溉技术作为一项具有中国特色的节水灌溉工程技术,在提高农田灌溉水利用率和抗旱保苗方面效果显著.为此,介绍了行走式节水灌溉技术发展背景,并阐明了其概念;重点阐述了2BSF-4型免少耕施肥穴播穴灌机、2BSF-6型半悬挂免少耕施肥条灌条播机、8P-2型行走式多功能灌溉机等3类新型的行走式节水灌溉机具.同时,分析了行走式节水抗旱灌溉机具的研发示范推广和应用效益情况,并就行走式节水抗旱灌溉技术及其机具发展趋势提出了相应的见解.     

湖北省节水农业发展的研究

(接2002年第二期) 3实施一批重点科研项目 节水灌溉是一个复杂的技术体系，按照水资源利用的过程和环节，节水灌溉技术包括以下几部分内容：一是水资源开发与优化利用技术，如雨水集流技术，劣质水利用技术、灌溉回归水利用技术、井渠结合——地表水与地下水互补技术、储水灌溉技术等；二是输配水节水技术，如管道输水技术、渠道防渗技术等；三是田间节水技术，如喷灌、滴灌、微喷灌等技术，先进的地面灌水技术，注水灌抗旱保苗技术；四是灌区水的优化调配、量测和自动监控技术，如土壤墒情监测与灌水预报技术，灌区水系量测及优化调配技术等；五是农业耕作栽培节水技术，如耕作保墒、覆盖保墒、调整种植结构、优选抗旱作物品种等农业……     

北方半干旱区集雨补灌技术与灌溉制度研究

内蒙古准格尔旗属于黄土高原半干旱区,该区水资源严重缺乏,年内降雨时空分配极不平衡,造成降雨与作物需水期的严重错位,修建集雨蓄水工程进行集雨补灌有效缓解了水分供需错位的矛盾且为保证作物稳产高产提供了必要条件。采用工程集水、覆膜坐水、滴灌等措施,均能在一定程度上增加土壤有效水分,减少田间土壤水分损失,增加产量,达到防旱抗旱的目的。为此探讨了集雨补灌条件下所采用的灌溉技术以及灌溉制度的拟定,为集雨补灌旱作区节水农业的发展提供基本依据。     

节水抗旱种植模式的几点构想

文章从乾安县气候条件及种植模式的实际情况出发,阐述了节水灌溉的重要作用,以及采用根茬还田技术、机械轮翻技术、行走式节水灌补技术,抓住关键环节在抗旱增产、节本增效和实现生态农业等方面的优势.     

机械化旱作节水配套技术浅析

抗旱节水机械化技术是指：在降水偏少．又没有灌溉条件下,依靠机械化手段,改善土壤容重和水、肥、气、热问关系,蓄住天然降水,减少水分损失,提高水的利用率,保证农作物生长发育对各种营养的需求。目前我国正在试验、示范、推广的抗旱节水机械化技术项目主要有以下几种;     

果树根区补水注灌器设计

利用压力原理,提出补水注灌器的总体设计方案,进行预埋式注水管和移动注水罐等注灌设备的仿真设计,绘制零件图和装配图;本文提出的果树根区补水注灌器,可向果树根系区直接输送水分,增加注灌深度,有效地缩短水分补给途径,提高水资源利用率。     

陇东旱塬休闲期农田雨水收集及补灌技术研究

在陇东旱塬休闲期农田采用集流场收集天然降水,富集叠加于农田作物可有效提高单住面积产量和总产量,抗逆减灾。收集的雨水应按照作物灌溉制度,以圆艺作物为主要供水对象,大田作物上补灌应以稀植作物为主,密植作物为辅。同时,集流场雨季集流后,翌年可用于适雨型作物种植。     

不同灌溉模式与新型覆盖材料对农田土壤环境的影响

在介绍不同灌溉模式与农田覆盖措施重要性的基础上,根据近年来国内外关于不同灌溉模式与新型地膜覆盖对农田土壤环境影响的研究成果,概要描述了灌溉模式和新型覆盖材料对农田土壤物理环境和土壤酶活性的影响,在此基础上分析了新型覆盖材料与灌溉模式存在的些许问题及其解决措施,最后对未来农田灌溉与覆盖研究方向进行展望,旨在为农田灌溉模式与覆盖技术耦合的研究提供参考和依据。      

Effects of rainfall harvesting and mulching technologies on water use efficiency and crop yield in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China

In semi-arid areas, crop growth is greatly limited by water. Amount of available water in soil can be increased by surface mulching and other soil management practices. Field experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 at Gaolan, Gansu, China, to determine the influence of ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting system (RFRHS), surface mulching and supplementary irrigation (SI) in various combinations on rainwater harvesting, amount of moisture in soil, water use efficiency (WUE), biomass yield of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L.) and seed yield of maize (Zea mays L.). In conventional fields without RFRHS, gravel-sand mulching produced higher biomass yield than plastic-mulching or straw-mulching. In plastic-mulched fields, an increasing amount of supplemental irrigation was needed to improve crop yield. There was no effect of RFRHS without plastic-covered ridge on rainwater harvesting when natural precipitation was less than 5 mm per event. This was due to little runoff of rainwater from frequent low precipitation showers, and most of the harvested rainwater gathered at the soil surface is lost to evaporation. In the RFRHS, crop yield and WUE were higher with plastic-covered ridges than bare ridges, and also higher with gravel-sand-mulched furrows than bare furrows in most cases, or straw-mulched furrows in some cases. This was most likely due to decreased evaporation with plastic or gravel-sand mulch. In the RFRHS with plastic-covered ridges and gravel-sand-mulched furrows, application of 30 mm supplemental irrigation produced the highest yield and WUE for sweet sorghum and maize in most cases. In conclusion, the findings suggested the integrated use of RFRHS, mulching and supplementary irrigation to improve rainwater availability for high sustainable crop yield. However, the high additional costs of supplemental irrigation and construction of RFRHS for rainwater harvesting need to be considered before using these practices on a commercial scale.     

砾石覆盖条件下土壤水热效应对冬小麦田CO2排放的影响

通过2年田间试验,采用静态暗箱-气象色谱法监测冬小麦田CO_2排放速率和通量,并计算了生态系统净交换和收获指数。试验设置无覆盖对照(CK)、无覆盖补灌对照(WCK)、砾石覆盖(GM)和砾石覆盖补灌(WGM)4个处理。结果表明:2个生长季内砾石覆盖补灌处理各阶段土壤含水率和温度平均最高,其次为砾石覆盖处理,说明砾石覆盖的保水保温效果明显;土壤温度的变化规律与CO_2排放规律相同,土壤含水率变化规律与CO_2排放规律相反,土壤温度和含水率变化对CO_2排放具有显著的交互作用(P0.05);对影响农田生态系统CO_2排放的冬小麦生长参数和土壤理化特性进行相关矩阵和主成分分析,CO_2排放的分布与CK和WCK对照处理分布相似度较高,与GM和WGM砾石覆盖处理则完全相反;产量、收获指数、生态系统净交换的分布与WGM处理最为接近,其次为GM处理,说明砾石覆盖处理提高了产量,促进了生态系统净交换,降低了CO_2排放量。砾石覆盖结合关键生育期补充灌水的田间管理方式能有效改善土壤水热状况,减少农田生态系统CO_2排放。     

Crop coefficient, yield response to water stress and water productivity of teff (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)

In the semi-arid region of Tigray, Northen Ethiopia a two season experiment was conducted to measure evapotranspiration, estimate yield response to water stress and derive the crop coefficient of teff using the single crop coefficient approach with simple, locally made lysimeters and field plots. During the experiment we also estimated the water productivity of teff taking into account long-term rainfall probability scenarios and different levels of farmers’ skills. During the experimental seasons (2008 and 2009), the average potential evapotranspiration of teff ranged from 260 to 317 mm. The total seasonal water requirement of teff was found to lower in contrast to the assumptions of regional agronomists that teff water requirement is comparable to that of wheat and barley (375 mm). The average single crop coefficient values (k_c) for the initial, mid and late season stages of teff were 0.8-1, 0.95-1.1 and 0.4-0.5, respectively. The seasonal yield response to water stress was 1.04, which indicates that teff exhibits a moderately sensitive and linear response to water stress. The results suggest that teff is likely to give significantly higher grain yield when a nearly optimal water supply is provided. The study showed that, in locations where standard equipment is not affordably available, indicative (rough) crop evapotranspiration values can be obtained by using field plots and employing locally made lysimeters. The difference in economic water productivity (EWP) and the crop water productivity (CWP) for teff were assessed under very wet, wet, normal, dry and very dry scenarios. In addition two groups of farmers were evaluated, a moderately (I) and a highly skilled (II) group. The results showed that higher EWP and CWP were obtained under very wet scenario than very dry scenario. There was also a 22% increase in EWP and CWP under group II compared to group I farmers. The increase was due to a 22% reduction in unwanted water losses achieved through use of improved technology and better irrigation skills. Both EWP and CWP can be used to evaluate the pond irrigation water productivity (IWP) for a given climate, crop and soil type, and skill and technology level of the farmer. For special crops like teff extra criteria may be needed in order to properly evaluate the pond irrigation water productivity. During the experimental seasons, a high IWP for teff was attained when about 90% of the optimal water need of the crop was met. IWP can be used as an indicator as how much supplementary irrigation has to be applied in relation to the rainfall and other sources of water supply in order to assure greatest yield from a total area. However, the supplemental irrigation requirement of the crops may vary with season due to seasonal rainfall variability.     

节水灌溉技术中离心水泵的选配

节水灌溉机械化技术是通过合理配套灌溉机械设备,根据作物合理水量要求和土壤渗析速度,维持最佳水分输送速度,减少各种水分损失的机械化灌溉技术.因此,它对节约用水、改变农业生产的条件、抵御自然灾害、确保农作物的高产稳产具有十分重要的作用.在节水灌溉机械化技术中,离心水泵是灌溉机械的重要组成部分.为此,介绍了离心水泵的结构、工作原理、选择依据和选择原则,为促进新疆全面实现农业节水灌溉机械化提供了理论依据.     

基于云平台的智能灌溉控制系统研究

水肥作为影响作物生长的两大主要因素,其管理合理与否直接影响到作物的产量与品质。针对目前我国农业水肥管理中普遍存在的管理模式粗放、自动化程度低、水肥浪费严重等问题,借助无线通信技术、自动控制技术及传感器技术等现代技术,开发了一套集田间信息采集、远程自动控制、设备运行状态监测及灌溉过程调控等功能于一体的智能化灌溉控制系统,有效提高了田间管理的自动化程度和精细化水平,同时还可以对系统和各轮灌区的用水用电量进行精准计量,为灌溉水价计取和农业水价综合改革提供数据支撑,符合现代农业的发展需求。      

西瓜水肥一体化灌溉研究进展

水资源短缺和肥料利用率低是我国农业发展面临的突出问题。水肥一体化灌溉是将灌溉与施肥融为一体的灌溉模式，可根据作物不同生育时期需水需肥规律，将水分和养分定时定量按比例精准提供到作物根部。?本文综述了国内外水肥一体化灌溉及相关技术研究进展、西瓜全生育期水肥需求规律和水肥一体化灌溉模式对西瓜生长发育、产量及品质的影响，分析了水肥一体化灌溉面临的问题并提出相关解决方案。深入研究水肥一体化灌溉理论、优化灌溉设备、改变传统灌溉施肥方式可为指导西瓜节水、节肥、优质、高产提供理论依据。     

Estimating the potential of rainfed agriculture in India: Prospects for water productivity improvements

A detailed district and agro-ecoregional level study comprising the 604 districts of India was undertaken to (i) identify dominant rainfed districts for major rainfed crops, (ii) make a crop-specific assessment of the surplus runoff water available for water harvesting and the irrigable area, (iii) estimate the efficiency of regional rain water use and incremental production due to supplementary irrigation for different crops, and (iv) conduct a preliminary economic analysis of water harvesting/supplemental irrigation to realize the potential of rainfed agriculture. A climatic water balance analysis of 225 dominant rainfed districts provided information on the possible surplus runoff during the year and the cropping season. On a potential (excluding very arid and wet areas) rainfed cropped area of 28.5 million ha, a surplus rainfall of 114 billion m³ (Bm³) was available for harvesting. A part of this amount of water is adequate to provide one turn of supplementary irrigation of 100 mm depth to 20.65 Mha during drought years and 25.08 Mha during normal years. Water used in supplemental irrigation had the highest marginal productivity and increase in rainfed production above 12% was achievable even under traditional practices. Under improved management, an average increase of 50% in total production can be achieved with a single supplemental irrigation. Water harvesting and supplemental irrigation are economically viable at the national level. Net benefits improved by about threefold for rice, fourfold for pulses and sixfold for oilseeds. Droughts have very mild impacts on productivity when farmers are equipped with supplemental irrigation.     

中国农业节水喷微灌装备研究进展及发展趋势

喷灌装备还存在大型喷灌机单井水量不足、中小型喷灌机智能化程度不高、整机效率低、工况适应性较差、系列化程度不足等方面的问题,微灌灌水器不同水质下的抗堵性能还需进一步加强,微灌水肥一体化系统智能决策的精准算法、实用性和可靠性有待提高.对"十三五"以来在中国喷微灌装备研发方面取得的新进展进行综述,重点阐述了中小型喷灌装备、滴...