地下水埋深对玉米生长发育及水分利用的影响

为研究地下水埋深对作物的生长发育及水分利用的影响,选择具有代表性的夏玉米为研究对象,借助地中渗透仪,通过人工控制设置不同地下水埋深（分别设置0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0和1.2 m）,探讨地下水埋深对不同生育期夏玉米的形态指标、产量、耗水量及地下水补给量的影响,分析不同地下水埋深条件下水分利用率差异.结果表明：地下水埋深对玉米株高的影响不具有统计学意义,而地下水埋深过浅或过深均会明显抑制植株叶面积指数和茎粗的增长（P〈0.05）,地下水埋深0.4 m时叶面积指数和茎粗最大.随作物生育进程,根系数量和根系干质量随地下水埋深增大,先减小后增大.玉米灌浆前,单株根系伤流量随地下水埋深增大而增大,而灌浆前后则无显著影响.地下水位埋深过深或过浅均影响穗长、秃尖长、穗粒数、百粒质量及经济产量.分析表明,0.53 m为当地玉米产量最优地下水位埋深.玉米生长期内0~80 cm土层土壤含水量随着地下水埋深增大而降低,同一地下水埋深处理玉米生育期内土壤含水量变化幅度较小.夏玉米全生育期耗水量、阶段耗水量及耗水强度随地下水位埋深增大而直线减少,回归方程在P〈0.01水平下具有统计学意义;同样夏玉米全生育期地下水补给量、阶段地下水补给量及地下水补给强度随地下水位埋深增大而直线减少,回归方程在P〈0.01水平下也具有统计学意义.玉米水分利用率随地下水埋深增大而增大,地下水埋深1.2 m处理水分利用率最高.研究成果对江淮丘陵区地下水资源利用及评价、玉米高产高效灌溉制度的制订具有实际意义.     

淮北砂姜黑土区地下水适宜埋深的探讨

首先分析了淮北砂姜黑土区降水、地表水、地下水、土壤水的特点，再根据这些特点提出了该区不同要求的地下水适宜埋深，包括防止作物受渍、受旱和提高作物产量、节约水资源、减轻洪涝渍灾害的地下水适宜埋深。     

地下水对作物生长影响研究

浅埋深地下水对作物的生长发育过程有着很大影响。通过对不同地下水埋深条件下冬小麦和移栽棉生长试验 ,探讨浅埋深地下水对作物生长的影响 ,为地下水浅埋区作物生长调控提供基础数据。试验表明 :对于冬小麦和移栽棉存在一个最优的地下水位 ,埋深分别为 1.5m和 1.3m。     

不同地下水埋深对土壤水、盐及作

对20个地中测坑进行不同地下水埋深下土壤水、盐运移及作物生长的分析，研究了地下水埋深对土壤水分利用效率（WUE）、养分(NO3--N)及作物生物性状指标的影响。结果表明：埋深为1.5～2.5m时，有利于作物生长，但从盐渍化控制角度看，地下水埋深宜控制在2.0m左右为宜；当地下水埋深大于2.0m时，目前的灌溉制度已经不能满足作物的正常生长需要，出现亏缺灌溉，需要增加灌水定额，本研究说明适宜地下水位的控制对于河套灌区节水改造具有重要的意义。     

浅地下水对作物生长规律的影响研究

通过开展不同地下水埋深条件下冬小麦和玉米全生育期潜水蒸发试验,探讨浅埋深地下水对作物生长规律的影响,为地下水浅埋区制定灌溉制度提供参考。试验结果分析表明,不同埋深的地下水对作物的生长发育过程有着很大影响,根系生长在分蘖期和拔节期受地下水位影响较大;而冠的生长则是在孕穗期到灌浆期影响较明显;作物的腾发量也不同。     

不同水分条件下冬小麦浅层地下水利用试验研究

使用蒸渗仪群开展了冬小麦对浅层地下水利用试验,讨论了在降雨、灌溉和不同地下水埋深等多种水分条件下冬小麦对浅层地下水的利用规律,并确定了适宜冬小麦生长的地下水埋深上限和相应的合理灌水量。结果表明,从返青至收获期,在40~150 cm埋深范围内,无灌溉无降雨条件下地下水对作物腾发的贡献率可达到90.0%以上,而降雨和灌溉处理的地下水贡献率减小到54.0%~78.9%。另外,无论是否有降雨影响,随着地下水埋深的增加,地下水贡献率都降低。试验结果还表明,150 cm是适宜冬小麦生长的地下水埋深上限,每公顷穗数较大是冬小麦产量高于其他埋深处理的主要原因。从返青至灌浆期,在150 cm埋深下,只需在拔节期灌水约60.0 mm,冬小麦产量就可达到8 846 kg/hm2,在无灌水和降雨时产量可达到拔节灌溉处理的80.0%左右。     

环境变化对河北省水资源量的影响

分析了气候变化、地下水超采、地表径流及粮食产量变化等方面对水资源的影响，结论认为，在新一轮水资源评价中，要充分考虑环境变化对水资源量的影响，加强地下水位大埋深条件下地表产流量、地下水补给量以及作物产量水平提高对水资源影响的实验研究，以提高新一轮水资源评价成果的精度。     

不同地下水埋深对土壤水、盐及作物生长影响的试验研究

对20个地中测坑进行不同地下水埋深下土壤水、盐运移及作物生长的分析,研究了地下水埋深对土壤水分利用效率(WUE)、养分(NO3-N)及作物生物性状指标的影响.结果表明:埋深为1.5～2.5 m时,有利于作物生长,但从盐渍化控制角度看,地下水埋深宜控制在2.0 m左右为宜;当地下水埋深大于2.0 m时,目前的灌溉制度已经不能满足作物的正常生长需要,出现亏缺灌溉,需要增加灌水定额,本研究说明适宜地下水位的控制对于河套灌区节水改造具有重要的意义.     

基于农作物与地下水作用试验的灌溉分区研究

通过不同地下水埋深对作物产量影响的试验,得到阜阳地区3种主要农作物在两种耕作土上的适宜地下水埋深及最优埋深,在无降水、干旱、灌溉及施肥等条件干扰下,亚黏土耕作时,小麦、大豆、玉米适宜的地下水埋深分别为0.6~1.5、0.4~1.0、0.4~1.0,最优地下水埋深分别为0.8、1、1.5 m;亚砂土种植条件下小麦、大豆、玉米适宜地下水埋深分别为0.4~1.5、0.6~1.5、1.5~2 m,最优埋深分别为1.0、1.5、1.8 m。在此结论的基础上,结合野外调查、实测等手段,获得阜阳地区地下水位埋深数据,研究了阜阳地区地下水埋深分布及其对灌溉的影响,并提出自然条件下不同农作物灌溉分区,为该地区节约地下水资源、科学灌溉,促进国家高标准农田高产高效等提供科学依据。     

不同地下水埋深对龟裂碱土水盐迁移和油葵产量的影响研究

为探讨龟裂碱土不同地下水埋深对土壤水盐迁移的影响及其变化特征，对宁夏银北前进农场龟裂碱土试验区0.8、1.0、1.2、1.5、1.8和2.0 m共6种地下水埋深下的土壤含盐量、含水率、地下水矿化度进行了原位监测，结果表明：土壤全盐与地下水埋深呈指数关系，土壤全盐与地下水矿化度呈明显的线性正相关。土层0～100 cm土壤不同地下水埋深条件下土壤全盐和碱化度变化为0.8 m>1.0 m>1.5 m>1.8 m>2.0 m;1.5 m地下水埋深是土壤水盐变化的转折点，地下水埋深0.8～1.2 m下各土层的全盐和含水率均较高。地下水埋深1.5～1.8 m土壤水盐变化较小。地下水埋深0.8、1.0和1.2 m的田块油葵出苗率、成活率、株高、茎粗、盘径和产量显著低于地下水埋深1.5、1.8和2.0 m的田块油葵。油葵适宜在地下水埋深1.5～2.0 m生长，地下水埋深1.5、1.8和2.0 m的土壤含水率、全盐和碱化度以及油葵出苗率、成活率、株高、茎粗、盘径和产量之间无显著差异。结果为龟裂碱土改良水盐调控提供依据，以及对干旱地区的环境保护和农业灌溉的发展具有重要的科学价值。     

On-farm water management in saline groundwater area under scarce canal water supply condition in the Northwest India

The study investigates the possibility of enhancing crop water productivity in the parts of Northwest India where groundwater quality is marginal and canal water supply is severely scarce. Soil, Water, Atmosphere and Plant (SWAP) model was calibrated and validated in three farmers’ fields with varying canal water availability and groundwater quality in the Kaithal Irrigation Circle of the Bhakra Canal system, Haryana. On the basis of predicted and observed soil water content, pressure heads, salt concentration at 2 week intervals and crop yields, the model was found suitable for use in the region. A few nomographs were prepared to provide a graphical method to predict the effect of different combinations of water quality and depth of water application on crop yield and soil salinity and to help develop some guidelines to the farming community. Water management alternatives at the field level were suggested to increase the yield and to maintain soil salinity below threshold level. The application of frequent irrigation in precisely leveled field would help in achieving 10% higher yield even when saline groundwater of 11 dS/m is used for irrigation.     

冬小麦对地下水利用的研究

本文分析了气象因素与作物对地下水利用量相关性,不同地下水位对小麦生态、生理和产量的影响。并应用土壤水动力学原理分析小麦各生育期根系吸水规律。提出不同土壤类型地下水适宜埋深,为黄淮平原节水灌溉和排水标准提供依据。     

内蒙古河套灌区咸水灌溉的环境效应分析

研究了咸水灌溉对土壤水盐动态、地下水位、地下水质、作物生长及产量的影响。灌溉水源为黄河水和高矿化度地下水混合。咸水灌溉期间,土壤盐分有所增加,通过控制咸水灌溉定额,以及进行合理的黄河水秋浇灌溉,可以达到年度内土壤盐分动态平衡。咸水灌溉条件下,作物长势及产量基本不受影响。适宜合理的咸水灌溉不会造成环境恶化,而且对缓解河套灌区水资源紧张的矛盾有着重要意义。     

冬小麦生长条件下土壤水与地下水转化试验研究

基于不同地下水埋深土壤水与地下水转化田间试验,探讨冬小麦生长条件下不同地下水埋深对土壤水与地下水转化的影响机理。试验结果表明,地下水埋深为1.5 m,在冬小麦需水高峰期,地下水为冬小麦生长提供的水资源量占耗水量的30%以上;随着地下水埋深增大,地下水对冬小麦需水的动态调节作用减弱;当地下水埋深为3.5 m,地下水已基本失去对冬小麦需水的动态调节能力。     

Exploring options for water savings in lowland rice using a modelling approach

Water-saving irrigation regimes are needed to deal with a reduced availability of water for rice production. Two important water-saving technologies at field scale are alternately submerged–nonsubmerged (SNS) and flush irrigated (FI) rice. SNS allows dry periods between submerged soil conditions, whereas FI resembles the irrigation regime of an upland crop. The effects of these regimes on the water balance and water savings were compared with continuously submerged (CS) and rainfed (RF) regimes.The crop growth model ORYZA2000 was used to calculate seasonal water balances of CS, SNS, FI, and RF regimes for two locations: Tuanlin in Hubei province in China from 1999 to 2002 during summer seasons and Los Baños in the Philippines in 2002–2003 during dry seasons. The model was first parameterized for site-specific soil conditions and cultivar traits and then evaluated using a combination of statistical and visual comparisons of observed and simulated variables. ORYZA2000 accurately simulated the crop variables leaf area index, biomass, and yield, and the soil water balance variables field water level and soil water tension in the root zone.Next, a scenario study was done to analyse the effect of water regime, soil permeability, and groundwater table depth on irrigation requirement and associated rice yield. For this study historical weather data for both sites were used.Within seasons, the amount of irrigation water application was higher for CS than for any of the water-saving regimes. It was found that groundwater table depth strongly affected the water-yield relationship for the water-saving regimes. Rainfed rice did not lead to significant yield reductions at Tuanlin as long as the groundwater table depth was less than 20 cm. Simulations at Los Baños with a more drought tolerant cultivar showed that FI resulted in higher yields than RF thereby requiring only 420 mm of irrigation.The soil type determined the irrigation water requirement in CS and SNS regimes. A more permeable soil requires around 2000 mm of irrigation water whereas less permeable, heavy soil types require less than half of this amount. We conclude that water savings can be considerable when water regimes are adapted to soil characteristics and rainfall dynamics. To further optimize water-saving regimes in lowland rice, groundwater table dynamics and soil permeability should be taken into account.     

地下水埋深与施氮水平对夏玉米生长及硝态氮量的影响

【目的】探讨华北地区夏玉米-冬小麦轮作体系下氮肥减施与地下水埋深的交互作用。【方法】借助大型地中渗透仪和Logistic作物生长模型,采用二因素完全随机区组设计:地下水埋深(G1:2.0 m、G2:3.0 m、G3:4.0 m),施氮量(N1:减氮20%、N2:常规施氮),以及不施氮不控水作为对照(WN),研究了华北地区地下水埋深和施氮水平组合对夏玉米生长、干物质量积累和硝态氮量的影响。【结果】所有处理夏玉米叶面积指数(LAI)在灌浆期最大,成熟期相同施氮水平,G1处理LAI显著高于G2、G3处理;N2水平下,G1处理玉米株高快速生长时间较G2、G3处理分别增加了3.99%、12.91%,但最大增长速率相对降低了9.69%、14.65%;N1水平下,G1处理籽粒干物质量显著高于G2和G3处理,N2水平下,G3处理籽粒干物质量显著高于G1和G2处理;N2水平下,G1处理硝态氮增量显著高于G2、G3处理,0~20 cm分别高出75.92%、90.03%,20~40 cm分别高出30.56%、130.95%。同一地下水埋深下,成熟期LAI表现为N2处理显著高于N1处理;0~20 cm与20~40 cm土层N2处理下硝态氮增量是N1处理的1.4~5.3倍和2.4~11.2倍;在G1水平下,N2处理株高快速生长期较N1处理增加了7.52%,而N1处理单株籽粒干物质量显著高于N2处理,高出9.13%;Person相关性分析表明,N2水平下,随着地下水埋深变化,0~40 cm土层硝态氮增量与产量显著负相关,R²为0.827~0.883。【结论】高氮与较浅地下水埋深组合促进了玉米营养生长,不利于玉米生殖生长和产量形成;低氮与浅地下水埋深组合有利于产量形成和减氮增效。     

An integrated model-approach to the effect of water management on crop yield

Quantifying the effect of drainage on crop yield is of essential importance in agricultural management. In this article a model is described with which this effect can be computed. For both arable land and grassland the factors acting in spring, summer and autumn are dealt with separately.Arable land. In spring sowing date is the main factor affecting the crop yield. Sowing date depends on the tillage conditions of the soil toplayer. By means of an existing model, the course in time of the soil water tension of the upper layer is simulated in connection with rainfall, evaporation, drain depth and drain intensity data. Using specific criteria on minimum soil water tension for tillage operations, the dates and number of workable days can be established from the model output. The expected yield depression is then derived, using an experimental relationship between yield depression and number of days of sowing delay.During the growing season the yield directly depends on the magnitude of the actual evapotranspiration. This value can be computed by means of a known evapotranspiration model for various drought frequencies, groundwater table depths in spring, drain intensities and amounts of water supplied. The yield can be obtained from the relationship between yield and relative evapotranspiration. Combining this yield with the yield depression obtained by means of the workability model gives the actual yield.In autumn crop yield is influenced by the working conditions during harvest. Via the workability model, the dates and the number of days available for harvesting are determined. Yields are derived from an experimental relationship between yield depression and number of days of earlier harvesting. An example is given for summer cereals growing on a heavy sandy loam soil under meteorological conditions prevailing in The Netherlands.Grassland. The effect of shallow groundwater table depths in winter and spring on the yield of the first and second cut can be determined with the workability model in an identical manner to that given for arable land. Because of lack of data, a slightly different approach was followed in this paper. With the workability model the course of groundwater table depth during winter and spring can be simulated and the mean depth determined. From the relation between yield depression and mean groundwater table depth over the period November through May the yield depression can be found. Combining this with the yield obtained with the evapotranspiration model gives the actual yield. An example representative for The Netherlands is given for grass on peat soil.     

Managing irrigation and drainage systems in arid areas in the presence of shallow groundwater: case studies

Two field studies were conducted on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley of California to demonstrate the potential for integrated management of irrigation and drainage systems. The first study used a modified cotton crop coefficient to calculate the irrigation schedule controlling the operation of a subsurface drip system irrigating cotton in an area with saline groundwater at a depth of 1.5 m. Use of the coefficient resulted in 40% of the crop water requirement coming from the groundwater without a loss in lint yield. The second study evaluated the impact of the installation of controls on a subsurface drainage system installed on a 65 hectare field. As a result of the drainage controls, 140 mm less water was applied to the tomato crop without a yield loss. A smaller relative weight of tomatoes classified as limited use, was found in the areas with the water table closest to the soil surface.     

基于水盐生产函数的绿洲灌区水盐调控研究

土壤次生盐碱化是新疆灌溉农业所面临的最大环境问题。灌溉农业的快速扩展与灌排系统不完善是造成土壤次生盐碱化发生与恶化的关键因素。以水盐生产函数为依据,计算了不同生育阶段及全生育期阶段棉花相对产量与土壤全盐的关系,依据该计算结果对塔里木灌区的土壤盐化程度做了初步划分。基于塔里木灌区地下水埋深较浅且多为微咸水的事实,比较深入地探讨了地下水合理的动态水位及作物对潜水利用问题。最后,提出了灌区水盐调控的对策,强调排水系统的通畅运行是控制土壤次生盐碱化的关键,通过排水系统和减少灌溉定额使作物生长期的地下水埋深控制在1.6~2.1 m内,不但可以减少排水成本,而且也可使作物充分利用地下水,同时促进塔里木河水质的改善。