不同滴灌处理下紫花苜蓿的耗水特征及作物需水量的估算

在鄂尔多斯地区对太阳能光伏提水地埋滴灌紫花苜蓿进行了需水规律的田间试验研究。试验设置高水分(30 mm)、中水分(22.5 mm)和低水分(15 mm)3个处理,采用FAO-56推荐的单、双作物系数法计算了作物需水量,并和实测值进行了对比。结果表明,太阳能光伏提水地埋滴灌紫花苜蓿条件下双作物系数法更接近实测值;作物耗水量主要取决于灌水量,呈正相关;建议采用中水分处理(22.5 mm)的灌溉制度,灌水周期4~5 d,遇到降水时灌水日期顺延,整个生育期的需水量为460 mm。     

北疆滴灌复播青贮玉米耗水规律初步研究

通过2011年滴灌复播青贮玉米小区试验,试验设置了165、210、255、300、345mm 5个水分处理,研究了不同灌溉定额下滴灌复播青贮玉米耗水规律及生长特性。试验结果表明:整个生育期内耗水强度呈现由低到高再到低的变化趋势,拔节期和抽雄吐絮期的耗水强度分别达到7.00～16.99mm/d和4.37～7.81mm/d,拔节期和抽雄吐絮期为需水关键期;通过试验数据拟合认为滴灌复播青贮玉米灌水定额在313.6～417.61mm较为适宜。     

不同灌水处理对滴灌春小麦生长及产量的影响研究

在新疆干旱区开展了滴灌春小麦需水规律及灌溉制度的田间试验研究,试验设置高水(405 mm)、中水(315 mm)、低水(225 mm)3种不同的灌溉定额处理,灌水周期相同,在需水高峰期为5d,其他时间为8～10 d.初步研究结果表明,高水处理与中水处理下的小麦株高和产量均明显高于低水定额,而中水处理与高水处理之间差异很小,中水分处理的产量最高;低水处理下的小麦生理出现了植株矮小、早熟的情况,并且产量最低,这说明低水处理下滴灌小麦出现了水分亏缺.但从水分生产率来看,低水处理下的最高,达到了2.87 kg/m3.综合初步研究成果,建议采用中水分处理(315 mm)的灌溉定额.     

日光温室延后栽培葡萄滴灌灌溉制度试验研究

以美国红提葡萄为试材,根据其在不同生育期的需水规律,以灌水次数、灌水周期、灌水定额为试验因素,对非耕地日光温室葡萄滴灌灌溉制度进行了研究。温室葡萄全生育期为228d,各生育期的灌水定额设有150、300和450m~3/hm~2 3个水平,灌溉周期设置16、20和25d3个水平,试验共设6个处理,每个处理3个重复,共设18个试验小区。经过灌水要素的优化选择,在滴灌条件下全生育期内最优平均灌水次数为14次,灌水周期为16d,次均灌水量310.71m~3/hm~2,适宜灌溉定额4 350m~3/hm~2,产量达到3.49万kg/hm~2。     

基于双作物系数法的新疆覆膜滴灌夏玉米蒸散量估算

为评估双作物系数法计算干旱区部分覆膜滴灌条件下夏玉米蒸散量的可靠性,于2016—2017年在新疆阿克苏地区开展了夏玉米蒸散量测坑试验研究,试验根据定灌水周期（W1、W2、W3）和变灌水周期（W4、W5）共设置5个处理,并分别采用稳定碳同位素法和水量平衡法,对双作物系数模型计算的夏玉米蒸腾量和蒸散量进行了验证。结果表明,双作物系数法计算的蒸散量与水量平衡法测定的蒸散量呈现出较好的相关性,全生育期蒸散量模拟值与实测值的均方根误差在10mm左右。双作物系数法计算的蒸腾量与稳定碳同位素法测得的耗水量亦呈现出较好相关性,模拟值与实测值的均方根误差在20mm左右。通过回归系数（b）、一致性指数（d）及均方根误差〖JP3〗（RMSE）的分析,认为双作物系数法可以估算并区分局部覆膜滴灌条件下干旱区夏玉米蒸散量,且2016年和2017年夏玉米全生育期内估算土壤蒸发量分别占蒸散量的21.33%和23.97%,作物蒸腾量分别占蒸散量的78.67%和76.03%。     

温室西红柿滴灌灌水制度试验研究

对温室樱桃、西红柿进行了滴灌灌水制度的试验研究。结果表明 ,根据西红柿不同生育期的生理特性及其需水特征确定其相应适宜的土壤含水率范围 (占田间持水量的百分比 )为 :苗期55%～ 70 % ,开花坐果期 65%～ 85% ,结果期 70 %～ 90 %。不同生育期的灌水定额为 :苗期 10～15mm,开花坐果期 15～ 2 5mm,结果期 2 0～ 30 mm。     

地埋滴灌对玉米耗水及水分生产率的影响

为合理制定玉米地埋滴灌灌溉制度,通过田间试验研究不同滴灌带埋深,不同滴头流量对玉米生长的影响,得出以下结论:在苗期-拔节D1(25 cm)埋深处理株高高于D2(35 cm)15%～30%,到了抽雄期以后D1略大于D2但各处理间无显著差异(p0.05);玉米株高Q2(1.38 L/h)Q1(1.05 L/h)Q3(1.90 L/h),Q2流量下的湿润体最适合玉米生长发育;D2(35 cm)埋深各处理叶面积指数低于D1(25 cm)埋深各处理4%～15%,滴灌带埋设较深时对叶片发育的影响作用大于滴头流量。D1处理生育期耗水量较D2处理高21.9 mm,Q2处理生育期耗水量最小为366.19 mm,滴头流量对玉米耗水影响较小。D1Q2处理产量最高,水分利用效率最大。通辽玉米地埋滴灌建议滴头流量1.38 L/h,埋设深度为25 cm,推荐灌溉制度为全生育期灌水7次,灌溉定额175 mm。     

覆膜和灌水量对农田水热动态和制种玉米生长的影响

覆膜和节水灌溉是我国西北旱区应对水资源短缺、提高作物水分生产率的主要措施。为了探索覆膜与灌溉制度对农田水热和制种玉米生长的综合影响,揭示农田耗水及水分利用效率的变化规律,于2017年在中国农业大学石羊河流域农业与生态节水试验站进行了制种玉米田间试验,设置覆膜与水分2个控制因素,覆膜分别为完全覆膜(M1)与不覆膜(M0)2个水平,水分设置5个水平W1、W2、W3、W4和W5,分别为当地传统灌溉定额的100%、85%、70%、55%和40%,灌水方式为滴灌,共10个处理。结果表明:相同灌水条件下覆膜相对于不覆膜处理,可减少棵间蒸发,增高生育前期土壤温度,使株高和叶面积指数的增长速率高于不覆膜,提前7～10d达峰值,增产达6.5%～44.6%,水分利用效率提高16.9%～50.4%。但覆膜可阻滞降雨入渗,以单次典型降雨32.4mm为例,覆膜较不覆膜降雨入渗百分比降低22.4%。相同覆膜条件下,土壤贮水消耗量随着灌水量的减少而增多,因此土壤贮水量随着灌水量的增加而增加。灌水量越多,制种玉米株高、叶面积指数和最终干物质累积量越高,而水分利用效率则越低。覆膜条件下,W1处理产量最高,W3次之,且两者之间无显著性差异,水分利用效率则为W5处理最高,W3次之。M1W3处理可以在保证较高产量的同时,水分利用效率较MIW1提高17.6%。综上,在当地制种玉米生产中,虽然覆膜可能减少地表降水入渗,但可以使生育期提前、减少棵间蒸发,对于节水增产有一定的促进作用。     

不同灌水定额对覆膜滴灌玉米生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响

为了探索适宜于赤峰地区滴灌玉米的灌水定额,在赤峰市松山区当铺地乡南平房村示范基地进行了大田试验,试验设置4个灌水定额水平,分别为180(GGDE1)、240(GGDE2)、300(GGDE3)、360(GGDE4)m3/hm2,研究了不同灌水定额对覆膜滴灌玉米生长状况、玉米产量和水分利用效率WUE的影响,分析了玉米耗水量与产量、边际产量、玉米水分利用效率之间的关系。结果表明:灌水定额300m3/hm2的处理玉米的株高、叶面积在玉米苗期、灌浆期表现出比其他灌水定额处理好;膜下滴灌玉米产量随灌水量的增加先增加后减小;穗重、行粒数、百粒质量等产量构成因素同样随灌溉定额增加呈递增趋势;穗长和穗行数规律性不强,各处理间差异不显著;玉米产量、水分利用效率均与玉米耗水量呈二次抛物线关系,玉米全生育期耗水量400.83~449.63mm是进行灌溉确定滴灌灌溉定额的主要研究区域。     

宁夏扬黄灌区玉米滴灌水肥一体化灌溉施肥制度试验研究

为了促进宁夏扬黄灌区玉米滴灌技术的推广应用,针对宁夏扬黄灌区规模推广玉米大田滴灌缺乏相关水肥一体化灌溉、施肥制度的突出问题,采用大田小区对比试验方法,开展了玉米滴灌水肥一体化灌溉、施肥制度试验研究。在综合分析不同灌溉量、施肥量对玉米生育期土壤含水率变化、耗水量、作物产量、水分生产效率的影响,研究提出了玉米生育期滴灌灌水定额225~450 m~3/(hm~2·次)、灌水11次、灌溉定额3 600 m~3/hm~2、纯施肥量459 kg/hm~2(其中N、P_2O_5、K_2O分别为255、123、81 kg/hm~2,分10次在每次灌水中部时段施肥)的水肥一体化灌溉、施肥制度。玉米大田滴灌产量达到17 250 kg/hm~2,水分生产效率达到2.80 kg/m~3以上。     

Peach orchard evapotranspiration in a sandy soil: Comparison between eddy covariance measurements and estimates by the FAO 56 approach

The evapotranspiration from a 3 to 4 years old drip irrigated peach orchard, located in central Portugal, was measured using the eddy covariance technique during two irrigation seasons, allowing the determination of crop coefficients. These crop coefficient values differed from those tabled in FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. In order to improve evapotranspiration estimates obtained from FAO tabled crop coefficients, a dual crop coefficient methodology was adopted, following the same guidelines. This approach includes a separation between the plant and soil components of the crop coefficient as well as an adjustment for the sparse nature of the vegetation. Soil evaporation was measured with microlysimeters and compared with soil evaporation estimates obtained by the FAO 56 approach. The FAO 56 method, using the dual crop coefficient methodology, was also found to overestimate crop evapotranspiration. During 2 consecutive years, measured and estimated crop coefficients were around 0.5 and 0.7, respectively. The estimated and measured soil evaporation components of the crop coefficient were similar. Therefore, the overestimation in evapotranspiration seems to result from an incorrect estimate of the plant transpiration component of the crop coefficient. A modified parameter to estimate plant transpiration for young, yet attaining full production, drip irrigated orchards is proposed based on field measurements. The method decreases the value of basal crop coefficient for fully developed vegetation. As a result, estimates of evapotranspiration were greatly improved. Therefore, the new approach seems adequate to estimate basal crop coefficients for orchards attaining maturity established on sandy soils and possibly for other sparse crops under drip irrigation conditions.     

Evapotranspiration components and dual crop coefficients of coffee trees during crop production

Quantifying crop water consumption is essential for many applications in agriculture, such as crop zoning, yield forecast and irrigation management. The objective of this study was to determine evaporation (E), transpiration (T) and dual crop coefficients (Ke and Kcb) of coffee trees during crop production (3rd and 4th year of cultivation), conducted under sprinkler and drip irrigation and no irrigation, in Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil. Crop evapotranspiration (ET) was measured by weighing lysimeters cultivated with plants of cultivar IAPAR 59, E was measured by microlysimeters installed on the lysimeters and T was obtained by the difference between ET and E. The crop coefficient (Kc) was determined for the irrigated treatments as the ratio between ET and the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Similarly, evaporation coefficient (Ke) and basal crop coefficient (Kcb) were determined as the ratio of E and T, respectively, to the value of ETo, which was estimated by the ASCE Penman-Monteith method on an hourly basis. The values of E and Ke varied due to atmospheric demand and water application method. Those factors, in addition to crop phenology and leaf area evolution, also influenced T and Kcb. Regardless irrigation treatment, the measured values of E represented 35% of ET, while T was 65% of ET. The recommended values of Ke were 0.46 and 0.26 for sprinkler and drip irrigation, respectively. The recommended values of Kcb were 0.52 and 0.82 for sprinkler-irrigated, and 0.5 and 0.65 for drip-irrigated treatments, varying as a function of daily ETo (ETo ≥ or <3 mm day⁻¹, respectively).     

内蒙古河套灌区主要粮油作物系数的确定

根据FAO-56作物需水量指南推荐的作物系数计算方法,分别计算内蒙古河套灌区磴口试验站小麦、玉米(覆膜与未覆膜)、油料向日葵3种作物的单、双值作物系数。结果表明,磴口试验站单值作物系数较双值作物系数值计算的ET值偏低,双值作物系数计算的ET值与实测结果更为接近,验证了双值作物系数在河套灌区的适用性。     

基于作物耗水特性的夹砂地膜下滴灌模式优选

在2个灌水水平下（I1：高水，I2：低水）以不同滴灌带间距（A1：1m，A2：0.5m）与覆膜方式（M1：全膜覆盖，M2：半膜覆盖）进行2a田间试验，结合作物产量、作物水分利用效率（WUE）以及产投比筛选适宜的膜下滴灌模式，并利用产量水分敏感系数（ky）确定最优的膜下滴灌模式。结果表明：在低频灌溉模式下，部分覆膜处理的蒸腾（ET）高于全覆膜处理，而产量和WUE低于全覆膜处理。尽管滴灌带间距对ET的影响不明显，然而在高水处理下，“一管单行”作物的产量与WUE高于“一管双行”。高频灌溉模式下，作物产量及WUE对灌溉量、覆膜方式、滴灌带间距的响应呈现耦合性。低频灌溉条件下，ky对灌溉量及滴灌带间距的响应均不显著，而部分覆盖处理WUE低，ky高，对水分胁迫的响应敏感。高频灌溉条件下，覆膜方式、灌溉量以及滴灌带间距均对ky 产生影响。高频灌溉条件下，ky能对经WUE筛选出的膜下滴灌处理进行进一步的优选。基于ky的结果，结合产量、水分利用效率与产投比，建议在高频灌溉条件下采取“全膜低水+一管双行”模式或“半膜高水+一管单行”模式，在低频灌溉条件下采取全膜高水模式。     

基于ISAREG模型的小麦间作玉米优化灌溉制度研究

以内蒙古河套灌区农业综合节水示范区小麦间作玉米实测资料为基础,运用Penman-Monteith法确定了参考作物蒸发蒸腾量。考虑间作条件的立体种植特征,确定了小麦间作玉米的综合作物系数。同时利用ISAREG模型对小麦间作玉米灌溉制度进行了评价,得到连续中旱处理关键生育期97mm处理在全生育期深层渗漏量为2.67%,灌水效率为99.42%,产量下降11.50%,较其他7个处理合理。根据作物在不同时期作物需水强度运用ISAREG模型模拟优化灌溉制度,获得适合当地的优选灌溉制度,即全生育期灌水5次,灌水时间分别为5月10日、5月24日、6月17日、7月10日、7月30日,灌水定额分别为75、80、90、90、80mm,为灌区节水优化管理提供了技术支持。     

通辽玉米滴灌灌溉制度

为更加合理制定玉米滴灌灌溉制度,以我国“节水增粮行动”为背景, 于2016年在内蒙古通辽开展玉米滴灌灌溉制度试验研究.根据试验区34 a的降雨资料进行降雨频率分析,选取不同水文年型的代表年,结合玉米滴灌试验得到实际耗水规律,对比6种灌溉处理在各生育阶段的变化情况,测定了株高、叶面积指数、玉米产量等指标.结果表明:中水处理作物性状及产量较高,且水分利用效率最高,为最佳灌水处理;以中水处理作为滴灌灌溉制度的参考依据,通过气象数据计算参考蒸发蒸腾量ET₀.利用实际耗水量获取各生育阶段作物系数,结合代表年型的ET₀计算需水量.根据降雨量,得到不同水文年型滴灌灌溉制度:枯水年覆膜滴灌灌溉定额1 575 m³/hm²,无膜滴灌灌溉定额1 785 m³/hm²;平水年覆膜滴灌灌溉定额1 125 m³/hm²,无膜滴灌灌溉定额1 425 m³/hm²;丰水年覆膜滴灌灌溉定额600 m³/hm²,无膜滴灌灌溉定额900 m³/hm².     

Soil water distribution, uniformity and water-use efficiency under alternate furrow irrigation in arid areas

Soil water distribution, irrigation water advance and uniformity, yield production and water-use efficiency (WUE) were tested with a new irrigation method for irrigated maize in an arid area with seasonal rainfall of 77.5–88.0 mm for 2 years (1997 and 1998). Irrigation was applied through furrows in three ways: alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), fixed furrow irrigation (FFI) and conventional furrow irrigation (CFI). AFI means that one of the two neighboring furrows was alternately irrigated during consecutive watering. FFI means that irrigation was fixed to one of the two neighboring furrows. CFI was the conventional method where every furrow was irrigated during each watering. Each irrigation method was further divided into three treatments using different irrigation amounts: i.e. 45, 30, and 22.5 mm water for each watering. Results showed that the soil water contents in the two neighboring furrows of AFI remained different until the next irrigation with a higher water content in the previously irrigated furrow. Infiltration in CFI was deeper than that in AFI and FFI. The time of water advance did not differ between AFI, FFI and CFI at all distances monitored, and water advanced at a similar rate in all the treatments. The Christiansen uniformity coefficient of water content in the soil (CU_s) was used to evaluate the uniformity of irrigated water distribution and showed no decrease in AFI and FFI, although irrigation water use was smaller than in CFI. Root development was significantly enhanced by AFI treatment. Primary root numbers, total root dry weight and root density were all higher in AFI than in the FFI and CFI treatments. Less irrigation significantly reduced the total root dry weight and plant height in both the FFI and CFI treatments but this was less substantial with AFI treatments. The most surprising result was that AFI maintained high grain yield with up to a 50% reduction in irrigation amount, while the FFI and CFI treatments all showed a substantial decrease of yield with reduced irrigation. As a result, WUE for irrigated water was substantially increased. We conclude that AFI is an effective water-saving irrigation method in arid areas where maize production relies heavily on repeated irrigation. Received: 16 October 1999     

Water use, crop coefficients, and irrigation management criteria for camelina production in arid regions

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is an oilseed crop touted as being suitable for production in the arid southwestern USA. However, because any significant development of the crop has been limited to cooler, rain-fed climate-areas, information and guidance for managing irrigated-camelina are lacking. This study measured the crop water use of a November-through-April camelina crop in Arizona using frequent measurements of soil water contents. The crop was grown under surface irrigation using five treatment levels of soil water depletion. The seed yields of treatments averaged 1,142 kg ha⁻¹ (8.0% seed moisture) and were generally comparable with camelina yields reported in other parts of the USA. Varying total irrigation water amounts to treatments (295–330 mm) did not significantly affect yield, whereas total crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) was increased for the most frequently irrigated treatment. However, total ET_c for the camelina treatments (332–371 mm) was markedly less than that typically needed by grain and vegetable crops (600–655 mm), which are commonly grown during the same timeframe in Arizona. The camelina water-use data were used to develop crop coefficients based on days past planting, growing degree days, and canopy spectral reflectance. The crop coefficient curves, along with information presented on camelina soil water depletion and root zone water extraction characteristics will provide camelina growers in arid regions with practical tools for managing irrigations.     

再生水灌溉下草地早熟禾耗水特征及灌溉制度研究

以再生水充分灌（A1）、再生水适宜灌（A2）、再生水轻微干旱胁迫（A3）、再生水中度干旱胁迫（A4）4种水分处理的田间试验为基础,结合水量平衡方程、Penman-Monteith公式、作物系数（KfC）和需水系数（A）的计算方法及当地1955--2002年气象资料,研究了再生水灌溉条件下早熟禾的耗水特性、结构组成和灌溉制度。结果表明,再生水灌水量与早熟禾（Poapratensis L.）生育期的总耗水量、耗水强度、灌溉水的消耗比例呈明显正相关,与降水消耗比例和灌溉水利用效率呈负相关,与剪草量和水分利用效率呈开口向下的二次抛物线关系;4种水分处理下,早熟禾的耗水量60％以上来自降水,A4处理的降水消耗比例达69．09％;作物系数与作物需水系数的变化规律相似,与灌水量呈明显正相关,在7、8月份最大达1.91～1．73（4种水分处理）。最后推荐出了25％、50％、75％和95％4种水平年的灌溉制度。