Ontology-based simulation of water flow in organic soils applied to Florida sugarcane

An ontology-based simulation (OntoSim) is a unique data modeling environment where soil–plant-nutrient processes are represented as database objects and the user-defined relationships among objects are used to generate computer code (Java) for running the simulation. The aim of this study was to model hydrologic processes of sugarcane-grown organic soils utilizing OntoSim in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) of South Florida. This OntoSim-Sugarcane model describes the complex hydrology of sub-irrigation and open ditch drainage commonly used on Florida farms.Model calibration was conducted by (i) selecting rectangular farm water management units (<12 ha), which are encompassed with farm ditches, from two farms in the EAA, (ii) assembling all relevant input data including water tables (WT) recorded at the monitoring farm well of each unit, and (iii) optimizing the fits between the simulated and observed daily WT during two consecutive water years (WY). By calibrating two site-specific parameters – lateral saturated hydraulic conductivities of soil profiles and vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity of the underlying limestone bedrock – good agreement between simulated and observed daily WT was obtained (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient >0.65; coefficient of residual mass <1%) within the units during WY96–97 (May 1995–April 1997). The validation of the model during subsequent WY98–99 at both units also showed Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency >0.55 and coefficient of residual mass <3%. It indicated that OntoSim-Sugarcane is able to simulate daily fluctuations of WT within the farm units and estimate lateral drainage/sub-irrigation and deep seepage that significantly contribute to the water balance at farms in the EAA. Thus, it can be a promising management tool to provide farmers with accurate assessment of water movement in this agricultural area.     

Simulation of energy utilisation of bovine animals

Energy equations for partitioning energy utilisation in the bovine animal were written and utilised in a dynamic simulation model of beef animal growth. Mathematical models for the rates of anabolism and catabolism of stored products in the animal's body are presented. Estimates of the parameters used in the models were developed using experimental results and an experimental feeding trial. Computer simulations of a growing beef animal were compared with independent experimental data. Results indicated that the developed model can estimate bovine growth performance and the rates and modes of heat production under varying thermal and nutrient environments.     

The Common Modelling Protocol: A hierarchical framework for simulation of agricultural and environmental systems

A modular approach to simulation modelling offers significant advantages for its application to agricultural and environmental questions, including re-use of model equations in different contexts and with different user-interfaces; configuration of model structures that are most appropriate to a given problem; and facilitation of collaboration between modelling teams. This paper describes the Common Modelling Protocol (CMP), a generic, open and platform-independent framework for modular simulation modelling that is in widespread use. The CMP is distinguished from existing simulation frameworks by taking an explicitly hierarchical view of the biophysical system being simulated and by representing continuous and discontinuous processes equally naturally. Modules of model logic are represented in the CMP by entities known as “components”. Each component may possess “properties” that convey the value of the quantities in its equations and “event handlers” that compute model logic. Low-level information-transfers in the CMP are carried out by means of a message-passing system. Co-ordinated sequences of messages carry out tasks such as initialization, exchange of variable values and the control of computation order. Extensible Markup Language (XML) is used in the protocol for tasks such as denoting data types, submitting simulations for execution and describing components to user-interface software. Examples are presented showing how the CMP can be used to couple modules developed by different teams and to configure a complex model structure. The choices and trade-offs encountered when building a framework for modular simulation are analyzed, using the CMP and other simulation frameworks as examples. The kinds of scientific issues that arise when the CMP is used to realize collaboration between modelling groups are discussed.     

基于多体动力学的双横臂独立悬架线刚度的计算

建立了以扭杆为弹性元件的双横臂独立悬架系统的空间多体系统模型，推导出了系统的动力学方程和双横臂独立悬架系统刚度计算公式，并用所编制的软件进行了悬架刚度的计算。在求解系统的动力学方程时，提出了解决动力学方程求解过程中“违约”问题的一种新方法，其基本思想是当约束方程不满足时，进行系统装配。通过应用此方法的软件，对具体车型进行了悬架系统刚度仿真计算。计算结果与试验相当吻合，说明文中所建的模型和提出的约束稳定的方法是正确的。     

面向产品创新的科学原理知识管

为了使科学原理知识更好地启迪设计人员进行创新设计,通过分析科学原理知识的分类及映射关系,提出并建立了科学原理知识在产品创新设计中的应用过程模型;在此基础上,根据领域本体构建原则,对功能和效应的领域本体词汇进行了扩展,建立了科学原理知识本体模型,并以OWL语言加以实现;开发了基于本体模式的科学原理知识管理原型系统,讨论了系统的构建机制及语义检索技术.最后,给出系统应用实例,说明了系统的有效性.     

A simulation model of a lowland sheep system

A simulation model of a lowland sheep system has been constructed. Biological components are modelled using state variables and flow equations, the variation between animals in a flock being simulated using random number generators. The model was validated against experimental results. Management rules were included to evaluate the effect of different management regimes on biological and economic output from the system and some example results are presented.     

基于螺旋理论的球面并联机构动力学解析模型

提出了一种应用螺旋理论建立球面五杆并联机构动力学解析模型的方法。应用螺旋理论导出了球面五杆机构的一、二阶影响系数。基于凯恩方程和数值一符号方法，把机构的广义坐标以及构件的惯性参数和几何参数处理为符号量，将动力学模型矩阵的推导问题转化为特定条件下运用运动学和动力学公式求解驱动力的问题，建立了球面五杆并联机构的动力学解析模型。给出了动力学模型矩阵元素的解析代码生成和仿真计算实例，并讨论了球面机构的构件尺寸参数和惯性参数对机构驱动力矩的影响。     

条码技术在轮胎信息管理中的应用

针对轮胎信息管理中手工抄录轮胎号不便的问题,提出了一种基于条码识别技术的胎号信息采集方法.企业管理系统利用条码技术控制轮胎生产过程的各道特定工序,自动记录管理和控制信息,以建立轮胎生产数据库.通过用条码唯一地标识轮胎,轮胎企业可实现对每条轮胎在整个生产和销售过程中的追踪,提高信息化管理的程度.     

Generating crop sequences in land-use models using maximum entropy and Markov chains

Farm management models often produce average crop shares over a number of years, whereas models from the natural sciences often require inputs of sequences of crops grown on a specific field over several years. In interdisciplinary modelling, this difference can be a relevant obstacle. To bridge this gap, an approach is presented that allows disaggregating results from farm management models to the level required by many natural science models. The approach presented includes two methodological innovations: first, minimum cross entropy is used to ensure a unique solution when modelling a linear programming model at the field level, even when objective and constraint coefficients are identical for different fields. Second, the use of a calibrated Markov chain approach allows the creation of land-use sequences that are closer to the linear programming model’s results than an unconditional stochastic simulation would be. The calibrated Markov chain makes use of a prior matrix of transition probabilities that can be empirically derived. Both simulations and analytical calculations with case study data show that the variances of the Markov chain approach are systematically lower than those yielded by a simple stochastic simulation approach. The approach introduced in this paper can improve the coupling of farm-level economic models with natural science models at the field level.     

基于UG自动编程技术的拖拉机零件数控加工技术研究

随着现代农业自动化水平的不断提高,更多具有自主作业能力的自动化农业机械被运用到了农业生产过程中,但农机需要精度较高的零部件与之匹配才能实现精准化作业。为了提高拖拉机零件的数控加工效率和精度,将UG软件引入到了零部件的数控加工工艺设计过程中,根据零部件的模型进行了工艺分析和参数确定,在确定好刀具和坐标系、加工工序及刀具走刀路径后,采用UG自动编程技术生成了加工代码,从而有效地提高了数控加工的效率和质量。为了验证方案的可行性,以拖拉机轴类的数控加工为例,对方案进行了可行性验证。验证结果表明:采用UG软件可以自动生成刀具的加工轨迹,并实现加工过程的仿真模拟,最后形成加工代码,证明在拖拉机零部件的数控加工过程中使用UG自动编程是可行的。