分根区交替灌溉下水分亏缺对夏玉米生长和水分利用效率的影响

为探讨玉米节水灌溉方式的理论依据,通过桶栽试验研究了分根区交替灌溉(APRI)方式下,不同生育期水分亏缺对夏玉米生长、干物质累积质量、籽粒产量、总耗水量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明:常规灌溉(CI)方式下,苗期和全生育期水分亏缺的株高、叶面积和总耗水量均显著低于充分灌溉,但苗期水分亏缺可以提高WUE.相同的灌水方式和亏缺时期,中度亏缺的根干物质质量、地上和总干物质质量以及籽粒产量均显著高于重度亏缺;相同的灌水方式和灌水水平,苗期水分亏缺的株高、叶面积、根干物质质量、地上和总干物质质量以及总耗水量均显著的低于灌浆期,但籽粒产量和WUE均显著高于灌浆期;相同的灌水水平和亏缺时期,APRI的根干物质质量和总耗水量均显著低于CI的,但APRI的籽粒产量和水分利用效率均显著高于CI的.本研究结果表明,APRI在苗期进行中度亏缺有利于营养生长的调控,并达到节水高产,提高WUE的目的.     

The effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on rapeseed (Brassica napes) production in South-Eastern Australia

Summary A field trial was conducted to determine the response of rapeseed (Brassica napus cv. Marnoo) to two irrigation treatments and six nitrogen fertilizer treatments. Dry matter accumulation, leaf area development and seed yield were measured. The dry matter and seed yield response to applied nitrogen was greater under irrigated compared to rainfed conditions. Maximum seed yield (approx. 3.8 t ha^–1) was obtained from the irrigated treatment receiving 100 kg N ha^–1 applied at sowing. This high rate of N application at sowing led to more rapid leaf area development and higher maximum LAI compared to treatments supplied with split application of the same amount of N at sowing and rosette stages. Greater partitioning of dry matter into the leaf component and higher specific leaf areas under the higher N regime were largely responsible for this increase. Higher maximum LAI's were associated with greater numbers of pods per plant, which combined with longer leaf area duration led to higher final seed yields.     

Irrigation effects on the growth, yield, and water use efficiency of alfalfa

A field study was conducted in the semiarid region of northern Sudan to investigate the effects of variable irrigation on the growth, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Treatments were 65 mm of water applied every 7 days, 80 mm of water applied every 10 days, or 104 mm of water applied every 13 days. The heavy, infrequent irrigation reduced stem height, stem density, leaf area index (LAI), total biomass production, and the WUE of alfalfa plants. Maximum yields for six harvests were 15.3, 12.9, and 11.2 ton ha^–1 and the WUE values were 0.12, 0.10, and 0.08 ton ha^–1 cm^–1 for the frequent, less-frequent, and infrequent irrigation regimes, respectively. In all the treatments, alfalfa dry matter yield was positively correlated with stem height and LAI. The relationship between dry matter yield and total water use was a linear function (R ²=0.99), regardless of the irrigation treatment. Alfalfa growth, yield, and WUE remained high during the relatively cool months and declined during the hot period under the three water regimes. It was concluded that alfalfa grown under semiarid conditions should be watered lightly and frequently to attain high yields and high WUE. Received: 19 February 1996     

微喷补灌对夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】提高夏玉米用水效率。【方法】2018—2019年设置4个微喷补灌处理,分别以0～10(W10)、0～20(W20)、0～30(W30)和0～40(W40)cm为目标湿润土层,补灌的目标土壤含水率为相应土层的田间持水率,补灌时期均为夏玉米播种时、拔节期开始时和抽雄期开始时;以传统畦灌模式(CK)为对照,研究了不同微喷补灌方案对夏玉米形态发育指标、产量构成、耗水量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。【结果】随着补灌目标湿润土层深度的增加,夏玉米株高、叶面积指数(LAI)、地上部干物质量和籽粒产量等指标呈逐渐增大或先增大后减小的趋势,当目标湿润土层达到20cm后,继续增加灌水量对夏玉米生长的促进效应减小,W20处理的各项指标均能获得较高值。耗水量和WUE受补灌目标湿润土层深度影响显著,其中,耗水量随目标湿润土层深度的增加而增大,WUE则与之相反。W20处理与CK和高水分(W40)处理相比,籽粒产量无显著差异,但灌溉用水量减少47.33%～54.73%,耗水量显著降低9.86%～13.85%,WUE显著提高11.48%～19.26%。【结论】建议试验区夏玉米微喷补灌的目标湿润土层为0～20 cm,目标含水率为田间持水率。     

Water use efficiency of winter-sown chickpea under supplemental irrigation in a mediterranean environment

Chickpea is one of the major legume crops grown in the West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region. It has considerable importance as a food, feed and fodder. Traditionally, it is sown in spring as a rainfed crop in the region, which has highly variable and often insufficient rainfall. It is, therefore, largely raised on residual moisture, which results in low and variable yields and discourages farmers from investing inputs in its production. In the early 1990s, a winter-sown chickpea technology was developed that outweighs spring-sown chickpea in terms of productivity, water use efficiency and other traits. Limited supplemental irrigation can, however, play a major role in boosting and stabilizing the productivity of both spring-sown and winter-sown chickpea. Therefore, we investigated the effect of supplemental irrigation and sowing date on yield and water use efficiency in winter-sown chickpea.An experiment was carried out over four cropping seasons (1997–2001) at ICARDA’s main station at Tel Hadya, Aleppo, northern Syria (mean annual rainfall 330 mm). A cold-tolerant chickpea cultivar with improved resistance to ascochyta blight (ILC 3279, released as Ghab 2 in Syria) was grown in rotation with wheat. The experiment included three sowing dates (late November, mid-January, and late February) and four levels of supplemental irrigation (SI): full SI, 2/3 SI, 1/3 SI, and no SI, i.e. rainfed. The plots were replicated three times in a split-plot design, with date of sowing being the main plot treatment. Soil water content was monitored at approximately at 7–14-day intervals using a neutron probe. Crop evapotranspiration was determined for each subplot during each time interval, from sowing to harvest, using the soil-water balance equation. Water use efficiency was determined as the ratio of crop yield per unit area to seasonal evapotranspiration.The results showed that chickpea yield per unit area increases with both earlier sowing and increased SI. However, water use efficiency under supplemental irrigation decreases with earlier sowing, due to the relatively large increase that occurs in the amount of evapotranspiration at early sowing dates. The study’s results indicated that a 2/3 SI level gives the optimum water use efficiency for chickpea under supplemental irrigation. Under rainfed conditions, however, it was found that sowing chickpea around mid-January resulted in the highest WUE. The analysis also proposed a function, based on regression, which relates winter-sown chickpea yield to water use and which is applicable under both supplemental and rainfed conditions.     

锦州市不同播期对玉米生长发育的影响

为确定锦州地区玉米最适宜播期，探讨锦州地区不同气候条件下玉米叶面积指数（LAI）与干物质的关系，选用2个不同玉米品种农华101和丹玉39于8个不同播期开展分期播种试验，观测玉米不同生育期时间、LAI、干物质积累和生长率。试验结果表明，玉米过早播种并不一定使发育期提前；在整个发育期中，农华101的播期越晚LAI越高，第7期干物质积累效果较好，生长率最大；丹玉39早播和晚播玉米LAI、干物质积累和生长率均较低，第4～6期玉米LAI较高，干物质积累效果最好，生长率最大。      

不同灌水量对加工型马铃薯产量及生态生理指标的影响

在西北绿洲生态条件下,研究了不同灌水处理对马铃薯产量及生态生理指标的影响。结果表明:处理间单位面积块茎产量、单株结薯数、株高、水分利用效率、叶面积指数、干物质积累量、光合速率、蒸腾速率均存在着显著或极显著的差异。块茎产量和水分利用效率均以灌水定额为1650 m3/hm2(处理5)最高。在马铃薯水分临界期,不同灌水处理的马铃薯单叶光合速率和蒸腾速率的日变化曲线均呈双峰曲线,峰值分别出现在10:00~12:00和14:00~16:00。产量最高的处理5在12:00前基本具有最高的光合速率,而蒸腾速率在各时间段都没有体现出明显的优势。     

黑河中游春小麦产量与水分利用效率研究

为了确定黑河中游地区的最佳灌溉制度,研究了不同灌溉定额下春小麦的株高、叶面积指数、地上干物质累积量和产量及其构成要素的变化,并对水分利用效率、耗水量和产量进行了相关性分析。结果表明,不同灌溉处理间,春小麦的株高、叶面积指数、干物质累积量在各个生育期的变化速率和增长量有明显差异,且产量及构成要素之间呈现显著性差异。水分利用效率与产量之间呈二次曲线关系。420mm是该地区春小麦的最佳灌溉量。     

亏缺灌溉对南疆棉花生长和水分利用的影响

针对南疆地区水资源短缺、作物水分利用效率低等问题,以棉花为试验材料进行田间小区试验,在棉花现蕾期、开花期以及结铃期分别设置3个亏缺灌溉水平(W₁:50%ET_c,W₂:65%ET_c,W₃:80%ET_c,ET_c为作物蒸发蒸腾量),以全生育期100%ET_c灌溉处理为对照(CK),研究膜下滴灌条件下,不同生育期亏缺灌溉对棉花生长、产量、氮素吸收和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:现蕾期亏水对棉花株高、叶面积指数、地上干物质生长、氮素吸收和产量有不同程度的抑制效应,但复水后补偿效应显著,其中轻度亏水(W₃)在籽棉产量减少3.48%的条件下,WUE高达1.57 kg/m³,显著高于CK的1.48 kg/m³;开花期亏水,棉花的各项生长指标均有显著降低,复水后补偿效应不显著,不利于棉花生长发育;结铃期亏水对棉花地上干物质累积、氮素吸收和产量均有显著的抑制效应,但在W₂和W₃水平下,WUE均达1.51 kg/m³.综合考虑在保证棉花产量的同时达到节水增产的目的,可在棉花蕾期进行80%ET_c灌水,其他生育阶段实施充分灌溉,来控制营养生长,促进生殖生长,获得更高的水分利用效率.     

膜下调亏滴灌对制种玉米耗水规律及产量的影响

通过大田膜下调亏滴灌试验,测定了制种玉米叶面积指数、耗水量和产量等指标。结果表明,拔节—抽穗期缺水抑制了叶面积的生长,对产量负面影响极为显著,水分利用效率显著降低;灌浆—成熟期缺水对叶面积指数和产量影响甚微,而水分生产效率却显著提高,通过建立产量与叶面积指数以及叶面积指数与日耗水强度模型,提出了在抽穗期充分供水,苗期和成熟期减小供水、保持适度的水分亏缺的制种玉米节水高产水分调控模式。     

不同灌溉模式对黄淮海平原区夏玉米生产性状及水分利用率的影响

为了探明黄淮海平原区不同灌溉模式对夏玉米生产性状和水分利用效率的影响,2018-2019连续2年设置覆膜浅埋滴灌(T4)、浅埋滴灌(T3)、覆膜滴灌(T2)、地表滴灌(T1)和传统畦灌(CK)等5种灌溉方式实施大田对比试验,测定了玉米株高、叶面积指数(LAI)、地上部干物质累积量、产量及产量构成因素以及水分利用效率(WUE)等指标。结果表明,各滴灌处理玉米株高、LAI、地上部干物质累积量、籽粒产量、穗粒数以及WUE均显著高于CK(p<0.05),但各灌溉处理间有效穗数和千粒重无显著差异(p>0.05)。各滴灌处理玉米性状和WUE整体表现为T4>T3>T2>T1,但T4和T3处理差异不显著(p>0.05),说明浅埋滴灌下玉米覆膜对其生长指标及WUE提升效果不明显。覆膜浅埋滴灌和浅埋滴灌均可显著提高玉米产量和WUE(p<0.05),2018年T4(T3)产量分别较CK、T1、T2高17.2%(15.9%)、9.5%(8.2%)、6.0%(4.9%),水分利用效率高33.3%(31.3%)、12.1%(10.3%)、7.0%(5.3%)。2019年T4(T3)产量分别较CK、T1、T2高10.2%(7.9%)、7.0%(4.8%)、5.2%(3.0%),水分利用效率高30.5%(25.2%)、17.5%(12.7%)、14.8%(10.1%)。覆膜浅埋滴灌和浅埋滴灌均具有节水、增产作用,且二者产量和水分利用效率差异不明显,浅埋滴灌由于地表无覆膜,不仅节约成本且能有效避免残膜污染,因此是黄淮海平原区玉米节本增产的最佳灌溉方式。     

黄淮海平原播前土壤水分对冬小麦产量的影响

通过2个生长季的田间试验,研究了黄淮海平原播前土壤水分对冬小麦生长发育、籽粒产量及水分利用的影响。结果表明,在播前不灌水条件下,越冬期或返青期灌水都可以获得较高的籽粒产量和水分利用效率,表明播前土壤贮存的水分可以满足冬小麦返青以前对水分的需求。在播前储水灌溉条件下,越冬期不需要灌溉,返青期是适宜的灌水时间;在拔节期或灌浆期灌水都会降低冬小麦的产量和水分利用效率。     

Response of normally sown and paired sown cotton to various quantities of water applied through drip system

The field experiments were conducted for 2 years to evaluate the response of normally sown and paired sown cotton in terms of seed cotton yield and water use efficiency (WUE) at various levels of water applied through drip system. Drip irrigation under normal sowing resulted in an increase in seed cotton yield of 14 and 32% during first and second year, respectively, when same quantity of water was applied through drip and check-basin. Drip irrigation under dense paired sowing, in which the quantity of water applied was 75% as compared to drip under normal sowing, produced equal seed cotton yield during first year but yield increase of 27% was observed during second year. Drip irrigation under normal paired sowing, in which the quantity of water applied was 50% as compared with drip under normal sowing, resulted in a reduction in seed cotton yield of 11 and 15% than normal sowing during first and second year, respectively. However, at equal levels of water applied, dense paired sowing produced 12 and 23% higher seed cotton yield than normal sowing during first and second year, respectively. Similarly, normal paired sowing produced 6 and 14% higher seed cotton yield than normal sowing during first and second year, respectively, The present study revealed that dense paired sowing produced highest yield and water use efficiency along with reduction in cost owing to lower number of laterals required.     

盐渍土区微咸水灌溉对冬小麦的影响

河北省黑龙港地区储有相对丰富的浅层地下微咸水。为合理开发微咸水资源，研究了不同灌水（灌水期、灌水量和水质）对冬小麦生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明：咸淡轮灌与灌淡水相比，早期干物质积累慢，LAI低，但后期积累养分能顺利转移到穗部，灌浆速度较快，也能获得高产。冬后关键期灌水，咸淡轮灌比灌淡水处理LAI较低，但茎叶干物质积累量较多的转移到籽粒中，灌浆速度快，两者籽粒产量无显著差异。关键期灌水的籽粒产量略低于充足灌水处理，而水分利用率较高。在此基础上，施肥处理的LAI、灌浆速度和籽粒产量显著大于不施肥处理。     

Effects of deficit irrigation scheduling on yields and soil water balance of irrigated maize

This paper presents the findings of the effect of some selected deficit irrigation scheduling practices on irrigated maize crop in a sub-catchment in south western part of Tanzania. Field experiments, in which maize (TMV1-ST) variety was planted under total irrigation, were conducted during the dry seasons of 2004 and 2005. Surface irrigation method was used and the crop was planted in basins. The seasonal water applied ranged from 400 to 750 mm. Soil moisture content from both cropped and bare soils, leaf area index, dry matter, and grain yields were measured. The dry matter yield ranged between 6,966 and 12,672 kg/ha, and grain yields obtained were between 1,625 and 4,349 kg/ha. The results showed that deficit irrigation at any crop growth stage of the maize crop led to decrease in dry matter and grain yields, seasonal evapotranspiration and deep percolation. Deficit irrigation in any one growth stage of the maize crop only seems to affect grain production and no significant effect on biomass production, but deficit irrigation that spanned across two or more growth stages affect both biomass and grain production drastically. Crop water use efficiency (WUE) and Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) were strongly influenced by the number of growth stages in which deficit irrigations were applied and how critical the growth stages were to moisture stress rather than the amount of irrigation water applied. While maximum WUE was obtained under full irrigation, maximum IWUE was obtained in the deficit irrigation treatment at vegetative growth stage, which suggest that IWUE may be improved upon by practicing deficit irrigation at the vegetative growth stage of the maize crop.     

Evapotranspiration and seed yield of field grown soybean under deficit irrigation conditions

Evapotranspiration was measured for a reference crop, rye grass (Lolium prerenne) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) grown over two seasons in 2000 and 2001 at Tal Amara Research Station, Lebanon, using drainage and weighing lysimeters. Climatic data from the field weather station were recorded daily. Within the experimental plots, irrigation was withheld at full bloom, R2 stage (S1 treatment), at seed enlargement, R5 stage (S2 treatment) and at mature seeds, R7 stage (S3 treatment). Further, a control (C) was fully-irrigated throughout the growing period.Average crop evapotranspiration (ETc) as measured by the drainage lysimeters in 2000 totaled 800 mm for a total growing period of 140 days. However, when ETc was measured by the weighing lysimeter in 2001, it was 725 mm during a growing period of 138 days. Average crop coefficients (K_c) were computed for different growth stages for the two growing periods by dividing the measured crop evapotranspiration (ETc) by the corresponding measured reference evapotranspiration (ETo-rye grass). K_c values ranged from 0.62 at V10 stage (10th node on the main stem beginning with the unifoliolate node) to 1.0 at pod initiation, then to 0.81 at mature pods.Growth parameters, leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation, have been shown to be sensitive to water stress caused by the deficit irrigations. However, growth parameters were found to compensate for water stress at early stages, while at seed maturity the compensation ability was decreased.Plants of the lysimeters produced average aboveground biomass and seed yield of 8.1 and 3.5 t ha⁻¹, respectively. However, in the well-irrigated field treatment, aboveground biomass and seed yield averaged 7.3 and 3.2 t ha⁻¹, respectively. Deficit irrigation at R2 stage reduced aboveground biomass and seed yield by 16 and 4%, respectively, while deficit irrigation at R5 stage reduced these two parameters by 6 and 28%, respectively, with comparison to the control. The significant decrease in biomass at R2 stage due to water deficit may be attributed to a pronounced reduction in the number of vegetative nodes. However, limited irrigation at this stage did not reduce significantly (P < 0.01) neither seed number nor seed weight, while at R5 stage these two parameters were reduced by 20 and 10%, respectively, with comparison to the control. Results showed also that deficit irrigation at R7 stage (S3) was more profitable than irrigation deficit at any other crop phenology and did not cause significant reductions either in seed number or seed weight.     

Validation and testing of the AquaCrop model under full and deficit irrigated wheat production in Iran

Accurate crop development models are important tools in evaluating the effects of water deficits on crop yield or productivity and predicting yields to optimize irrigation under limited available water for enhanced sustainability and profitable production. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of United Nations addresses this need by providing a yield response to water simulation model (AquaCrop) with limited sophistication. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the AquaCrop model for its ability to simulate wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) performance under full and deficit water conditions in a hot dry environment in south of Iran, to study the effect of different scenarios of irrigation (crop growth stages and depth of water applied) on wheat yield. The AquaCrop model was evaluated with experimental data collected during the three field experiments conducted in Ahvaz. The AquaCrop model was able to accurately simulate soil water content of root zone, crop biomass and grain yield, with normalized root mean square error (RMSE) less than 10%. The analysis of irrigation scenarios showed that the highest grain yield could be obtained by applying four irrigations (200 mm) at sowing, tillering, stem elongation and flowering or grain filing stages for wet years, four irrigations (200 mm) at sowing, stem elongation and flowering stages for normal years and six irrigations (300 mm) at sowing, emergence, tillering, stem elongation, flowering and grain filing stages for dry years. The least amount of irrigation water to provide enough water to response to evaporative demand of environment and to obtain high WUE for wet, normal and dry years were 100, 200 and 250 mm, respectively.     

Cotton yield and water use efficiency at various levels of water and N through drip irrigation under two methods of planting

The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect of various levels of water and N application through drip irrigation on seed cotton yield and water use efficiency (WUE). In this experiment three levels of water (Epan 0.4, 0.3, and 0.2) and three levels of N (100, 75, and 50% of recommended N, 75 kg/ha) through drip were compared with check-basin method of irrigation under two methods of planting (normal sowing, NS; paired sowing, PS). The results revealed that when the same quantity of irrigation water and N was applied through drip irrigation system, it increased the seed cotton yield to 2144 from 1624 kg/ha (an increase of 32%) under check-basin method of irrigation. When the quantity of water through drip was reduced to 75%, the increase in seed cotton yield was 12%; however, when water was reduced to 50%, it resulted 2% lower yield than check-basin. The decrease in N through fertigation resulted in reduction in seed cotton yield at all the levels of water supply, but the magnitude of reduction was the highest at highest level of water supply. In paired sowing (PS), 20% higher seed cotton yield was obtained as compared with check-basin method under NS along with 50% saving of water. In paired sowing the sacrifice of 9% seed cotton yield as compared with NS resulted in saving of 50% water as well as the cost of laterals because there was one lateral for two paired rows. The WUE increased by 26% (22.1 from 17.6 kg/ha cm) in drip irrigation system when same quantity of water and N fertilizer was applied as compared with check-basin. WUE was not affected with quantity of water but decrease in rate of N caused a decrease in WUE at all the quantities of water applied. In general, WUE was higher in PS as compared with NS. The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen increased from 21.65 to 28.59 kg of seed cotton per kg of N applied when same quantity of water and N was applied through drip irrigation as compared with check-basin. However, decrease in quantity of water applied resulted in a decrease in agronomic efficiency of N but reverse was true for rates of N applied. When the same quantity of water and N was applied under both the methods of planting, PS produced 22% higher seed cotton yield and along with reduced cost owing to half the number of laterals required.     

宽窄行配置一穴多株种植对膜下滴灌玉米产量和群体质量的影响

【目的】在保持种植密度和行距一定的条件下,选择适宜机械化运行的宽行距,研究1穴多株种植对膜下滴灌春玉米产量和群体质量的影响,进而实现增产、提高水肥利用效率和实现农业整体机械化的目标。【方法】试验在同一种植密度(9 900株/hm^2),等行距(30 cm)、等株距(30 cm)条件下,设置3种种植规格:1株/穴(H1,宽行37 cm)、2株/穴(H2,宽行104 cm)、3株/穴(H3,宽行172 cm)。【结果】不同种植株数下春玉米叶面积和叶面积指数(LAI)在大喇叭口期后差异显著,且H2处理叶面积显著大于H1、H3处理,分别高13.8%、7.6%;吐丝期以后H2处理干物质积累量显著高于H1和H3处理;吐丝期至成熟期H2处理的光合势、相对生长率显著高于H1、H3处理,光合势分别高4.60%~12.74%、8.97%~9.79%,相对生长率分别高21.15%、103.06%;H2处理的产量较H1、H3处理平均增产21.6%、24.6%,水分利用效率(WUE)分别提高25.0%、33.5%。【结论】春玉米膜下滴灌宽窄行配置1穴2株种植可以提高春玉米叶面积指数,延缓后期叶面积的衰老,增加光合势,有助于后期干物质的积累,提高粒重,最终提高玉米籽粒产量。与常规种植相比,玉米膜下滴灌采用1穴2株种植规格,产量提高约21.6%,WUE提高约25%。     

限量单次补灌对套作冬小麦产量的影响

在作物生长的不同时期分别对各处理进行了35 mm限量单次滴灌,测定了土壤水分、籽粒产量及产量构成要素千粒重、穗粒重、株高等,并计算了水分利用效率和土壤水势。结果表明,小麦灌浆期限量单次滴灌对套作冬小麦增产效果最好,水分利用效率亦是如此。套作小麦灌水处理大多数产量构成要素及其它经济性状表现出明显差异。回归分析发现,WUE与籽粒产量间的关系可用幂函数来描述:WUE=-12.262+0.276Ye1/2(R2=0.912**,p<0.05)。土壤水势是降雨量和补灌量的函数。灌水后的第2个测定生育期所有套作小麦2个土层土壤水势均高于未灌水处理,且30~60 cm土层土壤水势比0~30 cm土层下降更为剧烈。