Effects of water application intensity, drop size and water application amount on the characteristics of topsoil pores under sprinkler irrigation

Field experiments were carried out to study the effects of sprinkler irrigation on the characteristics of topsoil pores. Total soil porosity, capillary porosity, air-space porosity and porosities of different pore shapes were analyzed using images analysis of thin sections of soil samples. The experimental treatments included five water application intensities (5.3, 7.7, 11.0, 15.0 and 20.7 mm/h), five drop diameters (0.76, 1.28, 1.92, 3.18, 4.19 mm) and five water application amounts (9.0, 23.6, 37.5, 49.6, 59.4 mm). The compounding sprinkler system was used in the experiments of water application intensity and single sprinkler was used in the experiments of drop size and water application amount. The total porosity, air-space porosity and porosities of elongated pores have the similar decreasing tendency and pattern when water application intensity, drop diameter or water application amount increase. Capillary porosity, porosities of round and irregular pores have no obvious changing tendency. The decreasing porosities of the elongated pores and macropores are the main reasons for the decreasing of total porosity under sprinkler irrigation. To maintain soil structure in good conditions, the reasonable parameters would be considered for water application intensity, drop diameter and water application amount.     

Soil management to prevent earthworms from riddling irrigation ditch banks

Summary Earthworm activities were observed under subdued light in lucite fronted soil filled boxes in which bean plants were growing. They formed their burrows by ingesting a relatively small core of soil about 2 mm in diameter and expanding these holes to a diameter of about 5 mm by flexing their muscles. The compacted zone extended about 4 mm from the radii of these burrows. As shallow bean roots of young plants extracted water from the upper portions of the soil, worms moved downward to moister soil. During furrow irrigation, worms moved toward the water source through existing burrows. A few of them burrowed new holes to the furrow and emerged and swam in the water for up to 20 min before burrowing back into the mud in the bottom of the furrow. In columns with sections packed with pressures of 50, 100, 200, 300 and 600 kPa, worm burrowing was reduced in sections packed at higher pressures and was practically negligible in the sections packed at 600 kPa. Visual comparison of porosity in the compacted soil surrounding earthworm burrows and the soil compacted at 300 and 600 kPa indicated that the worms are able to compact soil with a force between 300 and 600 kPa. Worms were not able to survive long enough to burrow through 15 cm of a subsoil with organic carbon content less than 0.2% that lay between them and topsoil. Both compaction and use of subsoil for the banks show promise for reducing earthworm burrowing and water loss from ditches.     

氮磷肥配施对夏玉米土壤含水量及水分利用效率的影响

随土壤剖面深度的增加,土壤含水量逐渐降低,上层土壤含水量变幅大于下层。在同一氮肥水平下,夏玉米各生长期内0~50 cm土层含水量呈施磷处理高于不施磷处理,50~110 cm土层则反之。苗期—拔节—灌浆—收获期0~110 cm土壤蓄水量呈升高—降低—升高趋势;苗期呈氮磷配施处理高于单施氮肥处理,其它生长期氮肥与磷肥水平为120 kg/hm2配施处理最高;表层50 cm土层蓄水量均呈现氮磷配施处理高于单施氮肥处理,50~110 cm土层则反之。氮磷配施能显著提高产量及水分利用效率,二者均以配施磷肥120 kg/hm2处理最高;当施磷量超过120 kg/hm2后,产量和水分利用效率反而有下降趋势。     

振动深松耕作对不同类型土壤水分特征曲线影响研究

为了探讨振动深松耕作措施对不同类型土壤的水分特征曲线的影响,利用吸力平板仪和压力膜仪对黑龙江省5种典型土壤,即黑土、黑钙土、水稻土、苏打盐碱土、沙土进行了测定。得到振动深松区和对照区的原状土壤在脱湿过程中不同吸力下的土壤含水率,并利用van Genuchten数学模型对5种土壤的水分特征曲线的实测值进行数值拟合,对比研究了5种土壤水分特征曲线及模型拟合参数、土壤当量孔径、土壤水分有效性及比水容量的变化。结果表明,振动深松前后土壤水分特征曲线差异显著。同一吸力下,深松区土壤含水率高于对照区,振动深松显著提高了土壤的有效供水能力,其中效果最佳的是苏打盐碱土和黑土。振动深松通过改善土壤结构,调整了孔隙孔径的比例,进而提高了土体的有效供水能力。     

Drainage and vertical hydraulic conductivity of some Dutch “knik” clay soils

The vertical K-sat of a clay layer, occurring between 30 and 60 cm below the soil surface, was measured in situ in early spring at thirteen sites, using large soil columns. Gypsum was used to form a barrier around the column and K-sat values were measured with an infiltrometer in columns that were first attached and then detached from the subsoil. This procedure allows an estimate of the occurrence of large continuous pores, such as vertical worm channels. Highest values were found in tile-drained grassland, followed by grassland with surface drainage only, and by tile-drained arable land. Relatively low K-sat for the silty subsoil, rather than the (high) vertical K-sat for the clay layer, is considered to be responsible for high groundwater tables in the wet season.Undisturbed, large columns were taken to the laboratory and saturated for a period of three months to simulate prolonged swelling after a very wet season, and to measure chloride-breakthrough curves, for characterizing soil-pore continuity. The clay layer, sampled in the surface-drained grassland, showed no significant reduction of K-sat after prolonged swelling, but the one for arable land was reduced. Moreover, flow in the latter occurred through only a few relatively large, continuous pores, whereas a more heterogeneous pore system was found for the column from grassland. The already high K-sat of the clay layer in surface-drained grassland increased as a result of tile drainage. Compaction of the clay layer in tile-drained arable land reduced K-sat well below the level found in surface-drained grassland.     

农田干缩裂隙形态特征及其裂隙率预测模型研究

农田干燥收缩产生的裂隙影响土壤水力-物理结构特征，并为农田灌溉水或污染物运移产生优先通道。为揭示农田裂隙形态和基质收缩等演化特征，并对土壤裂隙率进行预测，基于室内土壤收缩及裂隙发育模拟试验，采用图像处理及形态学算法分析了裂隙几何特征，选取非侵入性局部收缩分析方法量化基质域收缩特性；根据脱湿过程中土壤孔隙由基质域向沉降域和裂隙域中的转换机理，结合收缩特征曲线VG-PENG模型、收缩几何因子Logistic函数2个子模型，提出土壤裂隙率预测模型，并对不同厚度土壤试样的裂隙率进行验证。结果表明，厚度在土壤开裂过程中对裂隙形态影响显著，表现为随着土壤厚度加大，土壤表面大裂隙宽度总体加大，且裂隙骨架密度减小，土壤收缩开裂进程放缓；土壤在干燥过程中，基质收缩呈现非均匀特征，并向块区型芯聚集，裂隙边壁区域呈现出局部集中变形区，且收缩量随土壤厚度增加而增大。裂隙率预测模型结合土壤收缩非均匀性特征，从土壤物理角度预测了裂隙率关于含水率的演化过程，有效模拟了裂隙率随含水率演化规律(模型决定系数R²>0.91)。模型弥补了以往裂隙模型未考虑收缩各向异性的不足，可为裂隙流模型构建及...     

基于CT扫描技术的土壤孔隙定量表达优化

现有土壤孔隙量化方法主要通过图像处理软件实现孔隙结构的辨识与分析,此类通用的图像处理软件或医学处理软件未考虑土壤内部物质的复杂多变性以及孔隙结构的细小和不规则性,从而导致孔隙分割精度低进而量化误差大,为解决这一问题,本文针对土壤CT图像的特点提出了一种孔隙量化方法。该方法主要包括图像处理和量化分析两部分:选用自适应中值滤波算法去除噪声对孔隙边缘的影响,并采用迭代最佳阈值法与Canny边缘检测算子相结合的方法,准确识别出土壤孔隙结构及轮廓线;运用数学统计方法定量研究土壤孔隙率、孔隙数目、分形维数、成圆率等几何指标,用以揭示孔隙结构的复杂性和不规则性,实现对土壤孔隙的量化分析。最后,以冻融循环作用下的土壤为应用对象验证该方法性能。结果表明,本文方法能精确地定位孔隙轮廓,有效地分割孔隙结构,而且通过多种孔隙几何指标的量化可揭示出冻融循环作用对土壤结构的影响,为孔隙几何特征和空间特征的量化表达奠定了基础。     

Nitrate fate in a Mexican Andosol: Is it affected by preferential flow?

Andosols are the dominant soils in the Valle de Bravo basin, the origin of a significant amount of Mexico City's drinking water. The main land use is agriculture and most of the existing surface water bodies are eutrophic. Nitrogen fertilizer is used extensively. There have been very few studies on nitrate (NO₃⁻) fate in this type of soil and region. Comprehensive laboratory studies were conducted to determine the fate of NO₃⁻ in an Andosol profile from Valle de Bravo, in order to assess the risk of water resources contamination. Nitrate retention was analysed statically (using batch experiments) and dynamically (using intact and packed soil columns) at different soil depths and its competition with Cl⁻ was evaluated. Complementary laboratory experiments were conducted to study water transport through the columns and nitrogen transformations in the soil. In batch and columns, NO₃⁻ adsorption was linear in the range of concentrations studied and higher in the deepest soil layer. Preferential flow pathways were found in the unaltered deeper soil layers, while tillage activity in the top layer destroyed the pore continuity. In spite of the deeper soil layer's greater capacity for NO₃⁻ retention, the presence of preferential flow pathways coupled with high rainfall intensities, makes the NO₃⁻ mobile below the root zone at 1 m depth and increases the risk of groundwater contamination. The results illustrate the complexity of nitrate fate in Andosols and can be used to improve agricultural practices in the central Mexico region.     

不同耕层结构对海南香蕉地砖红壤物理特性的影响

短周期的香蕉种植方式结合传统的香蕉地翻耕、旋耕模式导致香蕉田土壤耕作层以下不断压实并形成犁底层,而深松可打破坚硬的犁底层,提高水分利用效率,有利于作物根系的生长发育.为探明不同深松模式耕层构造对海南香蕉地砖红壤物理特性的影响,在海南大学香蕉试验田设置了全虚耕层构造(Q1)、全实耕层构造(Q2)、虚实并存耕层构造(Q3)...     

长期再生水灌溉后土壤孔隙分布的多重分形特征

土壤结构是表征土壤质量的重要指标之一.为了定量表征长期再生水灌溉后土壤孔隙分布的非均匀性,以不同年限再生水灌溉后的土壤为研究对象,采用KYKY-2800B型扫描电子显微镜获取土壤数字图像,利用数字图像处理技术测定了土壤的孔隙分布特征,运用多重分形谱参数描述了土壤孔隙分布的非均质性,探讨了土壤孔隙分布多重分形曲线对称性的意义.结果表明:多重分形谱可以定量描述土壤孔隙分布的非均质性,土壤孔隙分布的多重分形奇异谱函数α-f(α)表现为非对称连续性分布,奇异谱宽度Δα表征了土壤孔隙分布的非均质特征,大兴区北野厂灌区农田土壤孔隙分布的多重分形谱宽度Δα普遍大于石景山衙门口灌区土壤,即具有30 a再生水灌溉历史的土壤其孔隙分布的非均匀性较50 a再生水灌溉历史的土壤孔隙分布的非均匀性大,且北野厂灌区土壤小孔隙的数目小于石景山衙门口灌区土壤小孔隙数目.多重分形参数可以作为定量表征土壤孔隙分布非均匀性的重要指标.     

基于多指标评价和分形维数的坡耕地优先流定量分析

以重庆紫色砂岩区坡耕地田间染色示踪试验为基础,采用形态学和统计学方法,对3种坡耕地土壤剖面染色图像进行指标提取,运用多指标评价法确定了优先流指数PFI,并结合几何学中的分形理论,定量评价了土壤优先流的发育程度。结果表明:6个优先流特征指标(优先流区染色面积比、基质入渗深度、优先流分数、长度指数、峰值指数和变异系数)均表现出南瓜地和柑橘地的优先流程度高于玉米地;优先流指数PFI由大到小为南瓜地(0.88)、柑橘地(0.77)、玉米地(0);通过Fractal Fox 2.0软件计算得到的优先流湿润峰迹线分形维数由大到小为南瓜地、柑橘地、玉米地。与土壤优先流指数PFI进行比较,所得结果基本一致,说明利用分形维数来评价土壤优先流发育程度是准确可行的。     

Water uptake, water use efficiency, plant growth and ionic balance of wheat, barley, canola and chickpea plants on a sodic vertosol with variable subsoil NaCl salinity

Salinity in topsoil and subsoil is one of the major abiotic environmental stresses to crop production. To investigate the comparative tolerance ability of wheat, barley, canola and chickpea to subsoil NaCl salinity and its impact on water uptake, water use efficiency, plant growth and ionic balance, a pot experiment was conducted on a heavy texture soil (sodic vertosol) having 20 ESP (exchangeable sodium percentage), 3.5 dS/m EC_e and 400 mg/kg Cl with additional NaCl applied in subsoil at 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/kg soil. Plants were harvested 40 days after sowing and assessed for different parameters. Increasing levels of subsoil NaCl salinity had significant depressing effect on shoot and root biomass, root/shoot ratio, water uptake and water use efficiency (shoot biomass production with a unit amount of applied water), leaves K:Na ratio and Ca:Na ratio of all the four species, but the magnitude of effect varied considerably among the species. Chickpea was affected most followed by wheat, barley and canola at the highest level of subsoil NaCl salinity. There was 64%, 49%, 37% and 34% reduction in shoot dry weight of chickpea, wheat, barley and canola respectively by highest subsoil salinity. Similarly water uptake declined by 61%, 36%, 31% and 26% respectively in chickpea, wheat, barley and canola. Water use efficiency of four species was in order of barley > canola > wheat > chickpeas on this sodic vertosol. The cumulative effects of reduced osmotic potential of soil solution, ion toxicity (high concentrations of Cl and Na) in soil/plants and ionic imbalance (reduced K:Na and Ca:Na ratio) within plant system under increased subsoil NaCl salinity contributed to reduce water uptake and plant growth in all the four crops, and the effects were more severe in chickpeas. Wheat despite having considerably lower Na and Cl in their leaves suffered greatly in plant growth and water uptake compared with barley and canola indicating better tolerance ability of barley and canola to high Cl and Na build up at tissue level. Results suggest chickpea to be the most sensitive to subsoil NaCl salinity. The growing of comparatively tolerant species like barley and canola may be the better option for sustaining crop production and higher water use efficiency on sodic vertosols with high subsoil NaCl salinity.     

华北地区平原水库重塑粉质黏土渗透性的探究

影响重塑细粒土渗透系数测定的因素之一是土样的制备。以华北地区某平原水库粉质黏土为研究对象,通过变水头试验和压汞实验,研究制备试样的固结时间和渗流起始水头对水工建筑物建筑材料渗透性和孔隙的影响。结果表明:制备试样的固结时间对渗透系数的影响更显著,固结8 h的渗透系数是24 h的3.8倍;起始水头对渗透系数的影响不超过2倍;固结时间越短,渗透系数受水头的影响越大;对重塑粉质黏土,以至少固结10 h且起始水头为100 cm为宜;固结使大孔隙(>40μm)减小为小孔隙(<10μm),土中的孔隙趋于均匀;对渗透性起决定性作用的是10~40μm的孔隙含量,随其增多,渗透性增大。结论对重塑细粒土渗透系数的测定和工程中渗透性的应用有借鉴意义。     

保水剂底施对沙子剖面水分和硝态氮运移的影响研究

【目的】解决沙土地区漏水漏肥的核心问题,建立保水防渗漏新技术体系,促进沙土地区农业可持续发展。【方法】基于保水剂的吸水保肥等物理化学特点,以保水剂和土壤混合物底施为技术方法,选用聚丙烯酸钠和壤土为材料,采用沙柱模拟试验,研究了不同施用厚度的保水剂-土壤混合物对剖面水分运移及硝态氮淋洗的影响。【结果】聚丙烯酸钠在壤土中的质量分数为1%时,可以对水分有效截流;混合物底施,以0.9～1.5 cm厚度为最佳;淋溶试验表明硝态氮主要集中在表层和保水剂层,占比为87.2%,有效防止了硝态氮的下移。【结论】保水剂壤土混合物底施,可以起到显著的水分养分截流作用,本试验中聚丙烯酸钠质量分数1%及1 cm厚度时,可获得较好效果。     

基于HWSD的GSAC模型网格化产流参数估计与校正

针对基于网格的萨克拉门托模型(GSAC)产流参数难以估计的问题,提出利用世界和谐土壤数据库(HWSD)土壤属性数据估计和校正该模型产流参数的方法。首先,采用HWSD土粒百分含量和土壤质地分类数据估算流域各网格顶层(T层)与底层(S层)土壤的凋萎系数、田间持水量、饱和含水量等土壤水分常数;再采用一个气候指数和HWSD的T层张力水容量、田间持水量及凋萎系数推求GSAC模型上层厚度,继而利用上层厚度将流域各网格的HWSD土壤水分常数转换为GSAC模型上、下层土壤水分常数;最后利用GSAC模型上层厚度与转换了的土壤水分常数估计流域各网格的产流参数;在估计产流参数的同时,采用12个系数对这些产流参数进行校正,所有的校正系数通过自由搜索(FS)算法率定GSAC模型确定。呼兰河流域的应用结果表明:基于HWSD土壤属性数据估计GSAC模型网格化产流参数的方法简便易行,利用校正产流参数驱动的GSAC模型在率定期与验证期的纳什效率系数(NSEC)分别为0.81和0.83,与不校正产流参数情况相比,校正产流参数的GSAC模型能够取得更高的模拟精度。     

种植方式对华北平原典型农田土壤微形态特征的影响

以华北平原曲周18年长期定位试验的农田土壤为研究对象,利用偏光显微镜观察常规种植、无公害种植和有机种植3种种植方式下的土壤薄片,研究种植方式对土壤微形态特征的影响。结果表明:3种种植方式下的土壤和土壤粗颗粒的矿物组合基本一致,主要由石英和长石组成,但颗粒的形态和粒径有一定差别;有机种植下,土壤表层结构由中度分离的块状和板状结构为主变为团粒结构为主,发育良好的团聚体含量明显增加,土壤容重显著下降,有机质显著增加;表层土壤容重为1.19 g/cm~3,有机质含量为22.67 g/kg,总孔隙度高达32%。常规种植条件下,土壤表层结构以中度分离的块状结构为主,土壤结构较为紧实,发育程度较低;表层土壤容重为1.30 g/cm~3,有机质含量为18.42 g/kg,表层的总孔隙度为30%。无公害种植条件下,土壤表层结构以中度分离的团块状结构和少量的高度分离的粒状结构为主,土壤结构发育程度居于有机种植和常规种植二者之间。因此,有机种植条件下土壤结构疏松,土壤透气性良好,有利于作物生长。     

基于CT图像的土壤孔隙结构重构

土壤孔隙的几何结构和空间特征决定了土壤的透气性和保水性,对土壤功能多样性和生态修复具有重要影响,但现有对土壤孔隙的研究中,缺乏可直观性和定量性对孔隙特征进行描述的工具和方法。针对这一问题,本文采用基于面绘制的移动立方体法(Marching cubes, MC)和基于体绘制的光线投射法(Ray casting, RC)还原土壤孔隙的几何形态和空间分布。以单个孔隙和不同孔隙密集程度的土壤孔隙CT图像为应用对象进行实验,结果表明,2种算法的重构效果均不受土壤样本孔隙密集程度的影响。其中,MC算法重构出的孔隙结构存在边界锯齿化和缺失的现象,且其孔隙体积也小于实际情况;而RC算法重构的孔隙轮廓清晰,结构真实,可完整地呈现出孔隙结构的细节信息。为进一步评价2种算法的重构性能,采用模型品质、绘制速度和内存消耗3个指标进行实验结果的比较分析。结果表明,MC算法存在二义性的不足,使得孔隙结构存在一定程度的失真,重构的孔隙模型质量一般,但由于其只针对表面体素进行重构,因而具有较快的绘制速度和较小的内存消耗;而RC算法采用为每个体素分配不透明度和光强的方法来合成模型,避免了MC算法的缺点,能够保持孔隙模型的细节信息,但由于其重构过程中所有体素点都参与运算,使得其绘制速度较慢,内存占用较大。通过对模型品质、绘制速度和内存消耗3个指标的综合分析,RC算法更加适用于土壤孔隙的三维重构,不仅为土壤孔隙的可视化分析提供了一种较为先进的方法,也为研究土壤水分和养分的运移以及空气的交换奠定了技术基础。     

利用随机网络模型和CT数字图像预测近饱和土壤水分特征曲线

通过对连续土壤切片CT图像的分析,定量获取了土壤孔隙的大小分布情况。在此基础上建立了基于土壤孔隙形态学特征的随机网络模型,在孔隙尺度模拟了土壤中的水分运动过程,并预测了近饱和土壤水分特征曲线。结果表明,通过选取合适的模型参数,基于土壤孔隙形态学特征建立的随机网络模型可以模拟出与土壤样本实测值非常接近的水分特征曲线,可以作为一种快速测量的方法。     

亚表层有机培肥调控盐渍土孔隙结构与水盐运移机制

为探明亚表层有机培肥结合地膜覆盖对土壤孔隙结构及其水盐运移的调控机制,以内蒙古河套灌区典型盐渍土为研究对象,设置了地表不覆膜(CK)、地膜每年覆盖(PM)和亚表层单次有机培肥+地膜每年覆盖(OMP)3个处理,3年后采用X射线CT扫描和图像处理技术获取了部分亚表层(15 ～21 cm)与深层(35 ～41 cm)土壤孔隙...     

冻融循环恢复土壤压实过程中大孔隙作用研究

农机压实土壤的问题很难避免，而农田压实土壤的结构恢复至关重要，冻融循环是恢复压实土壤的有效方法。为了研究冻融循环+大孔隙对恢复压实土壤的作用，通过室内试验重塑压实土壤及人工孔隙措施模拟大孔隙，在不同土壤含水率条件下设计不同的冻融循环次数，利用温度传感器监测土壤温度波动，同时对比冻融循环前后压实土壤孔隙与团聚体参数的变化。结果表明，冻融循环过程中，有人工孔隙压实土壤在高、低两种含水率条件下，分别在第3次和第2次冻融循环时开始大幅温度波动，相同含水率条件下无人工孔隙的压实土壤温度大幅波动则出现在第7次和第4次冻融循环，经历多次冻融循环后，有人工孔隙压实土壤的团聚体平均尺度、结构系数等参数均优于无人工孔隙的压实土壤。人工孔隙可通过调节土壤温度波动改变冻融循环在土壤中的作用强度，加速压实土壤结构恢复进程，冻融循环+大孔隙策略是改善土壤孔隙及团聚体结构的有效措施。