基于HYDRUS对稻田不同阶段土壤水分的模拟与分析

在稻田淹水到排水干田的过程中,稻田的土壤水分由饱和态转为非饱和态,这一过程中稻田土壤水分运移规律的变化以及水量各平衡要素的转化对稻田水分管理以及减缓农业面源污染等方面具有实际意义.为探寻稻田不同阶段土壤水分状况下的差异性,基于重庆丘陵区紫色土常规轮作水稻土壤水分的连续监测数据,利用HYDRUS-1D模型对稻田淹水、排水落干和收获后3个不同干湿阶段(阶段Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ)的土壤水力参数和土壤含水量开展验证模拟分析.研究表明:(1) 根据R²与RMSE的误差分析结果,HYDRUS可以实现对不同阶段稻田土壤水分变化的有效模拟.(2) 根据土壤水量平衡分析,阶段Ⅰ的稻田土壤水分以水分补充的形式为主;阶段Ⅱ和Ⅲ的土壤水分以水分损失为主,底层渗漏量分别占总水分损失量的52%和95%.(3)根据HYDRUS的模拟结果,降雨直接影响土壤上下边界流的变化;阶段Ⅱ的实际作物蒸腾量和实际地表蒸发量低于阶段Ⅰ的,阶段Ⅲ稻田土壤的地表实际蒸发量与日照时数的关系更密切.     

Estimation of the infiltration rate of a paddy field in Yun-Lin,Taiwan

Flooded paddy fields perform many functions, including not only rice production, but also ecological and environmental conservation, since the paddy field is periodically flooded and thus becomes a major source of ground water recharge. This work estimates the extent of infiltration in a paddy field in Yun-Lin, Taiwan by adopting a one-dimensional Darcy-based soil/water balance model SAWAH (Simulation Algorithm for Water Flow in Aquatic Habitats) and two sets of empirical equations used by the Taiwan Provincial Water Conservancy Bureau. A 7.5-cm thick plow sole layer with a hydraulic conductivity of 0.03–0.055 cm/day, coupled with the irrigation data obtained from the Ma-Yan station in Yun-Lin is selected to estimate the volumetric amount of annual infiltration in the study region. Simulation results from SAWAH indicate that the plow sole layer controls the movement of infiltrated water, with a rate ranging from 0.2167 to 0.2248 billion cubic meters annually. The infiltration rate estimated from empirical equations ranges from 0.337 to 0.3891 billion cubic meters per year, twice as high as that obtained from SAWAH. This finding suggests that the empirical equations designed to estimate the amount of irrigation water required for rice growth in the paddy may over-estimate infiltration rates. The simulated annual infiltration rate can be combined with the Geographical Information System to delineate the potential recharge zone for ground water management in Yun-Lin, Taiwan.     

基于ORYZA2000的稻田水量平衡及地下水埋深对水稻灌溉的影响

应用水稻生长模拟模型ORYZA2000分析了淹灌、间歇灌溉、雨养3种稻田水分管理模式下田间水量平衡和水分生产率,以及不同地下水埋深对相关指标的影响。结果表明,淹灌模式巨大耗水量主要是满足稻田深层渗漏损失,间歇灌溉可以减少田间渗漏量,从而达到节水的效果,雨养栽培不仅可以减少深层渗漏,并可以利用地下水,以维持水稻蒸发蒸腾需要;3种灌溉方式以雨养模式水分生产率最高,其次为间歇灌溉,淹灌最低;地下水埋深对雨养模式的产量、水分生产率和水量平衡影响最大,对间歇灌溉相关指标影响较小,而对淹灌模式则无影响。     

地下水埋深与土壤含水率对应关系和最优灌溉模式的试验研究

节水高产的浅湿灌溉技术较适合南太湖地区的水稻生产。试验选用苏南太湖地区水稻土中有代表性的粘土和重壤土作试验载体 ,系统地探讨了浅湿灌溉对水稻生理、生态及稻田生态环境的影响 ,水稻平均比浅水勤灌增产 6.1 %。经对降水利用率、稻田耗水量、灌水量测定 ,浅湿灌溉比浅水勤灌分别增加 1 4 .6%和减少 1 9.2 %和 30 % ,收到了节水高产的效果。对地下水埋深和土壤含水率对应关系的测定 ,得出 ,稻田落干时地下水埋深以 30 cm为宜 (烤田期除外 )。在此范围内 ,地下水埋深每下降 1 0 cm,土壤含水率下降 1 %～ 5%。据此大田试验 ,得出了水稻的最优灌溉模式     

基于DRAINMOD模型的不同灌排模式稻田水氮运移模拟

【目的】研究不同灌排模式稻田水氮动态变化,为南方稻作区节水减排提供科学依据。【方法】基于实测的田间灌排水量及氮素变化数据,采用Morris方法检测DRAINMOD模型水氮运移相关参数的灵敏度,并利用DRAINMOD模型对传统灌排模式和控制灌排模式下稻田水氮动态进行模拟。【结果】20~40 cm土层侧向饱和导水率对稻田水分运移模拟结果影响最大,弥散系数、反硝化参数、硝化反应参数、有机质适宜分解温度对稻田氮素运移模拟结果影响较大;DRAINMOD模型能够较好地模拟不同灌排模式稻田水氮动态变化、灌排水量、氮素径流总负荷模拟值与实际值差别小于11%;与传统灌排模式相比,控制灌排模式排水量减少33.0%~72.6%,灌水量减少9.7%~37.1%,铵态氮径流负荷减少43.6%~45.0%,硝态氮径流负荷分别减少29.8%~53.1%。【结论】控制灌排模式稻田节水减排效果较好,利用DRAINMOD模型进行不同灌排模式稻田水氮动态模拟可行有效。     

水稻间歇灌溉的节水增产机理研究

使稻田水分处于“薄水层─湿润─短暂落干”循环状态的水稻间歇灌溉是我国应推广的水稻节水灌溉技术之一。依据近三年来的试验研究,讨论了间歇灌溉的节水和增产机理,提出了着眼于提高降水利用率和降低渗漏量的稻田水管理模式及其注意事项;同时认为水稻间歇灌溉有利于提高氮素养分的利用率,从而促进水稻增产。     

Soil matric potential-based irrigation scheduling to rice (Oryza sativa)

About half of the total fresh water used for irrigation in Asia is used for rice production. Decreasing water resources and increasing water costs necessitates increasing water use efficiency for rice. The most common method of irrigation in northwestern India is through alternate wetting and drying with a fixed irrigation interval, irrespective of soil type and climatic demand resulting in over-irrigation or under-irrigation under different soil and weather situations. Soil matric potential may be an ideal criterion for irrigation, since variable atmospheric evaporativity, soil texture, cultural practices and water management affect rice irrigation water requirements. A 4-year field study was conducted to assess the feasibility of rice irrigation scheduling on the basis of soil matric potential and to determine the optimum matric potential so as to optimize irrigation water without any adverse effect on the yield. The treatments included scheduling irrigation to rice with tensiometers installed at 15–20 cm soil depth at five levels of soil matric suction viz. 80, 120, 160, 200 and 240±20 cm, in addition to the recommended practice of alternate wetting and drying with an interval of 2 days after complete infiltration of ponded water. The grain yield of rice remained unaffected up to soil moisture suction of 160±20 cm each year. Increasing soil matric suction to 200 and 240±20 cm decreased rice grain yield non-significantly by 0–7% and 2–15%, respectively, over different years compared to the recommended practice of the 2-day interval for scheduling irrigation. Irrigation at 160±20 cm soil matric suction helped save 30–35% irrigation water compared to that used with the 2-day interval irrigation. With a soil matric potential irrigation criterion the total amount of irrigation water used was a function of the number of rainy days and evaporation during the rice season.     

Rice root growth and nutrient uptake as influenced by organic manure in continuously and alternately flooded paddy soils

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) root systems play an important role in uptake of water and nutrients from soil. A 4-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different nutrient and water regimes on root growth by measuring the root diameter, root density, and root activity. Three nutrient regimes were used: (i) combined application of chemical fertilizers with farmyard manure (CM), (ii) integrated use of chemical fertilizers and wheat straw (CS), (iii) chemical fertilizers only (CK). Two soil moisture regimes included continuous waterlogging (CWL) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD). Incorporation of organic sources into paddy soil markedly improved root morphological characteristics of rice plant. In the alternate wetting and drying (AWD), root length density (RLD), and root weight density (RWD) for organic fertilization treatments (CS and CM) increased by 30 and 40%, respectively, as compared with the sole chemical fertilization (CF). Relative to root activity, CWL had adverse effects on root active absorption area (AAA), root oxidation ability of alpha-naphthylamine (α-NA) (ROA), and root surface phosphatase (RSP) of rice plants treated by integrated application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. In particular for the CM treatment, the AAA, ROA, and RSP of rice plants by the continuous flooding decreased by 22, 28, and 35%, respectively, compared to the alternately flooded regime. In the water regime of AWD, incorporation of organic manure significantly increased N, P, and K uptake by rice plants and facilitated the allocation and transfer of nutrient elements, especially P to rice ears and grains. This resulted in significant increases in the filled grains panicle⁻¹, 1000-grain weight and grain yield. The beneficial effects of integrated use of organic and mineral fertilizers on grain yield were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by the water regime of CWL.     

Soil-dependent wetting from trickle emitters: implications for system design and management

For trickle irrigation systems to deliver improved water- and nutrient-use efficiency, distance between emitters and emitter flow rates must be matched to the soil's wetting characteristics and the amount and timing of water to be supplied to the crop. Broad soil texture ranges (e.g. sand, loam, clay) are usually the only information related to soil wetting used in trickle system designs. In this study, dimensions of wetted soil were calculated from hydraulic properties of 29 soils covering a wide range of textures and soil hydraulic properties to assess the impact of soil texture and/or type on soil wetting patterns. The soils came from two groups that differed in the extent to which hydraulic properties depended on soil texture. Vertical and radial distances to the wetting front from both surface and buried emitters were calculated for conditions commonly associated with daily irrigation applications in a widely spaced row crop (sugarcane) and horticultural crops. In the first group of soils, which had least expression of field structure, the wetted volume became more spherical (i.e. the wetted radius increased relative to the depth of wetting below the emitter) with increasing clay content, as is commonly accepted. However, in the second group of soils in which field structure was preserved, there was no such relationship between wetted dimensions and texture. For example, five soils with the same texture had as great a variation in wetting pattern, as did all 11 soils in the first group, indicating the considerable impact of field structure on wetting patterns. The implications of the results for system design and management were illustrated by comparing current recommendations for trickle irrigation systems in coastal northeastern Australia with the calculated wetted dimensions. The results suggest that (1) emitter spacings recommended for sugarcane are generally too large to allow complete wetting between emitters, and (2) the depth of wetting may be greater than the active root zone for both sugarcane and small crops in many soils, resulting in losses of water and chemicals below the root zone. We conclude that texture is an unreliable predictor of wetting and there is no basis for adopting different dripper spacing in soils of different textures in the absence of site-specific information on soil wetting. Such information is crucial for the design of efficient trickle irrigation systems.Communicated by J. Annandale     

水稻节水高产灌溉模式及土壤水分能量调控标准研究

198 9～ 1998年在沈阳农业大学灌溉试验场通过盆载、蒸渗仪、小区及大田进行试验研究 ,分析了水稻的需水规律及稻田土壤水分能量的变化特点 ,论述了土壤水分状况与水稻腾发强度之间的关系、不同灌溉模式对水稻腾发量的调控作用以及水分胁迫对水稻产量的影响 ,提出了水稻节水高产灌溉模式和土壤水分能量调控标准。     

Developing a reliable strategy to infer the effective soil hydraulic properties from field evaporation experiments for agro-hydrological models

The Richards equation has been widely used for simulating soil water movement. However, the take-up of agro-hydrological models using the basic theory of soil water flow for optimizing irrigation, fertilizer and pesticide practices is still low. This is partly due to the difficulties in obtaining accurate values for soil hydraulic properties at a field scale. Here, we use an inverse technique to deduce the effective soil hydraulic properties, based on measuring the changes in the distribution of soil water with depth in a fallow field over a long period, subject to natural rainfall and evaporation using a robust micro Genetic Algorithm. A new optimized function was constructed from the soil water contents at different depths, and the soil water at field capacity. The deduced soil water retention curve was approximately parallel but higher than that derived from published pedo-tranfer functions for a given soil pressure head. The water contents calculated from the deduced soil hydraulic properties were in good agreement with the measured values. The reliability of the deduced soil hydraulic properties was tested in reproducing data measured from an independent experiment on the same soil cropped with leek. The calculation of root water uptake took account for both soil water potential and root density distribution. Results show that the predictions of soil water contents at various depths agree fairly well with the measurements, indicating that the inverse analysis is an effective and reliable approach to estimate soil hydraulic properties, and thus permits the simulation of soil water dynamics in both cropped and fallow soils in the field accurately.     

In situ water transmission characteristics of a tropical soil under rice-based cropping systems

In soils under rice-based cropping systems in Asia water movement and distribution in the root zone of rice and dryland crops are important for efficient water management. Saturated hydraulic conductivities in the wetland soil profile were evaluated from measurements of hydraulic gradients and percolation rates in the field. The subsoil layer (15–60 cm) restricted percolation rate to a greater degree than the puddled top soil.Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities and soil water diffusivities in the soil profile under dryland conditions were obtained from simultaneous measurements of soil water content using the neutron moderation technique and the soil matric potential by tensiometers over time and soil depth. Soil matric potential versus hydraulic conductivity and soil water content versus soil water diffusivity relations of various soil depths were established. At equivalent soil matric potentials, the hydraulic conductivity of surface soil was greater than that of the subsoil layers. Soil water diffusivity at different depths responded similarly. The study describes a simple in situ technique to measure percolation rates in wetland rice fields and evaluation of water transmission properties of field soil profiles.     

水田复式整地机自动调平装置的设计与研究

为解决传统水田复式整地机需手动控制、驾驶员工作强度大、工作效率低等问题,研制了水田复式整地机的自动调平控制系统,适用于水田粗整地、整平地。采用水平传感器获取复式整地机机架的倾角姿态,控制器为STC12C5A60S2型芯片,通过调节脉冲宽度控制三位四通电磁阀,实现液压油流向的变换,用安装在整地机侧面的调平液压油缸实现整地机机架的自动调平。对自动调平控制系统进行了田间试验验证表明,该系统满足水稻插秧的农艺要求。     

Comparison of numerical, analytical, and empirical models to estimate wetting patterns for surface and subsurface drip irrigation

Due to increasing competition for water resources by urban, industrial, and agricultural users, the proportion of agricultural water use is gradually decreasing. To maintain or increase agricultural production, new irrigation systems, such as surface or subsurface drip irrigation systems, will need to provide higher water use efficiency than those traditionally used. Several models have been developed to predict the dimensions of wetting patterns, which are important to design optimal drip irrigation system, using variables such as the emitter discharge, the volume of applied water, and the soil hydraulic properties. In this work, we evaluated the accuracy of several approaches used to estimate wetting zone dimensions by comparing their predictions with field and laboratory data, including the numerical HYDRUS-2D model, the analytical WetUp software, and selected empirical models. The soil hydraulic parameters for the HYDRUS-2D simulations were estimated using either Rosetta for the laboratory experiments and inverse analysis for the field experiments. The mean absolute error (MAE) was used to compare the model predictions and observations of wetting zone dimensions. MAE for different experiments and directions varied from 0.87 to 10.43 cm for HYDRUS-2D, from 1 to 58.1 cm for WetUp, and from 1.34 to 12.24 cm for other empirical models.     

Simulation of soil water dynamics under subsurface drip irrigation from line sources

A mathematical model which describes water flow under subsurface drip lines taking into account root water uptake, evaporation of soil water from the soil surface and hysteresis in the soil water characteristic curve θ(H) is presented. The model performance in simulating soil water dynamics was evaluated by comparing the predicted soil water content values with both those of Hydrus 2D model and those of an analytical solution for a buried single strip source. Soil water distribution patterns for three soils (loamy sand, silt, silty clay loam) and two discharge rates (2 and 4 l m⁻¹ h⁻¹) at four different times are presented. The numerical results showed that the soil wetting pattern mainly depends on soil hydraulic properties; that at a time equal to irrigation duration decreasing the discharge rate of the line sources but maintaining the applied irrigation depth, the vertical and horizontal components of the wetting front were increased; that at a time equal to the total simulation time the discharge rate has no effect on the actual transpiration and actual soil evaporation and a small effect on deep percolation. Also the numerical results showed that when the soil evaporation is neglected the soil water is more easily taken up by the plant roots.     

紫鹊界梯田区不同土地利用类型土壤入渗特征研究

采用压力仪和盘式入渗仪测定了紫鹊界梯田区域不同土地利用类型土壤的水分入渗特征并应用多种计算理论推算其水分运移参数。结果表明,林地和退耕地土壤持水能力比旱田和水田强,在相同吸力条件下林地和退耕地的含水率平均比旱田和水田分别高28%和55%;不同土地利用类型对土壤水分累积入渗量、土壤吸渗率和导水率有着较大的影响,其值均按照林地、退耕地、水田、旱地的顺序依次增大;研究结果初步揭示了紫鹊界土地利用类型对梯田区土壤水分运移机理影响。     

高速低阻防过载犁耕装备的设计与试验

针对翻转犁能耗高、易粘附、易遭冲击破坏等问题，研制了一种高速智能液压翻转犁，优化了整机结构与配置参数。以穿山甲体表的鳞片三角圆弧状结构和蜣螂体表的凸包结构相结合作为仿生原型设计了一种仿生犁体，并设计了一种双向犁耕装备的过载保护自动避障机构，得到平衡状态下对应所需的弹簧预紧力为9.75KN，取安全系数为1.3，设置初始状态预紧力为12.67KN。建立了犁体耕作过程离散元仿真模型。仿生减粘犁体相对传统犁体土壤减粘性能提升44.15%，减阻7.8%。耕深稳定性变异系数2.86%，土垡破碎率97.1%。研究结果可为高速智能液压翻转犁设计及改进提供参考。     

地表滴灌条件下土壤湿润体运移量化表征

基于非饱和土壤水分运动的Richards方程,采用HYDRUS-2D/3D模拟软件对11种典型土质(美国制土壤质地分类系统)中滴灌湿润体的运动过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,湿润体平均含水率的增量与滴灌流量正相关,与饱和导水率负相关;湿润体垂向迁移距离与滴头流量、饱和导水率和时间呈幂函数关系;湿润体径向迁移距离可用滴头流量、平均含水率的增量、垂向迁移距离和时间来定量表征。据此建立了描述不同土质中湿润体动态变化规律的经验公式,通过与数值模拟结果、文献试验数据等进行对比,表明此经验公式对不同土质中湿润体运移规律的预测效果较好,可为农业生产中地表滴灌设计提供简便实用的计算工具。     

Changes in soil properties under intermittent water application

Summary A simple laboratory method was developed to measure changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity and bulk density as affected by intermittent saturating and draining of soil columns. Significant changes in soil properties were measured after intermittent wetting and draining. Laboratory experiments showed significant changes in bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil samples during drainage period following saturation of initially dried samples. The rate of changes in soil properties during the drainage period was a function of soil type and degree of desaturation. The effect of intermittent application of water in reducing the soil hydraulic conductivity and subsequently the infiltration rate was verified in the field by measuring the changes in soil intake rate during intermittent (Surge-flow) irrigation.     

Patterns of water withdrawal beneath an irrigated peach orchard on a red-brown earth

Summary Water withdrawal from the soil beneath an irrigated peach orchard is described over depth and time after irrigation for a red-brown earth where the hydraulic properties vary with depth. Relationships between water uptake by roots, root concentration and soil-water suction were explored over protracted drying cycles. In the early stages of drying water uptake by roots was well correlated with root concentration over the profile but, over time, water uptake was redistributed over the root system. Theoretical analysis suggests that poor utilization of water from depth on this soil was associated mainly with low root concentrations and low root (radial) conductance. Practical considerations for improved water management in the root zone of peach orchards on shallow soils are discussed.