地下渗灌研究进展

地下渗灌是一种地下微灌方法,通过埋设于地下的渗灌管将灌溉水引至地面下一定深度的土壤中,再利用土壤毛细管作用实现对作物根区直接供水,该灌水方法与“地下滴灌”的灌水过程实质相同。地下渗灌可有效改善土壤环境质量,利于作物生长,是一项发展前景广阔的高效节水灌溉技术,开展地下渗灌的研究对于推动高效节水农业发展具有重要意义。从地下渗灌条件下土壤水分运移规律、灌水技术参数、灌溉制度、渗灌管堵塞的影响及调控等方面,对相关研究进展和存在问题进行综述,提出了今后的研究方向,供节水灌溉研究领域的学者参考。综述认为,与地下渗灌技术的生产实践相比,对其机理方面的研究相对滞后,限制了该技术的深入推广应用,主要表现在：地下渗灌条件下土壤水分运移规律尚不够清晰;堵塞问题依然是目前阻碍地下渗灌技术应用与发展的限制性因素;地下渗灌配水系统优化设计问题尚需进一步研究。建议今后开展各种不同渗灌条件下的水分入渗数值模拟分析;选取合适的处理水平,研究渗灌灌水效果的主要影响因素,寻求最优灌水技术参数组合;针对地下渗灌条件下作物灌溉制度开展研究,形成一套合理完善的灌溉制度与试验方法;对于渗灌管出流规律、堵塞机理以及进入地下渗灌系统时...     

地下固定式渗灌系统的设计

渗灌较其他灌溉方式更为节水,可以有效提高作物的产量和品质。为此,对渗灌的优缺点及国内外发展现状进行概述,分析了渗灌技术的经济效益,并针对渗灌系统的有关技术参数(如灌水器与过滤系统的选择、管道埋深、间距、适宜的长度及出水量等)进行了设计。试验结果表明:该系统可以有效地调控土壤水分状况,为渗灌技术的发展提供理论依据,促进了渗灌技术的大力推广及应用。     

直插式根灌技术的研究与应用

直插式根灌技术,是一种新型的节水灌溉技术,它结合了地面滴灌与地下渗灌的优点,能够把水直接灌溉到一定深度土壤层,起到对植物根系层,进行直接灌溉的目的;能有效减少表层土壤水分蒸发损失,提高灌水效率、提高灌溉水的有效利用率。过去的地埋式渗灌技术,有较好的灌水效果和抑制表层土壤水分蒸发损失作用,但其易堵塞、检修难的缺点,限制了地下渗灌技术的发展。地表滴灌技术成熟,但其表层土壤水分蒸发损失,影响滴灌水分的利用效率和灌水效率。为了结合滴灌与渗灌的优势,克服滴灌与渗灌的缺点;所以,开展对直插式根灌技术的研究,把地表滴灌的水分,直接引灌到一定深度的土壤层,实现土壤的越层灌溉,起到较好的灌水效果,根灌产品,安装简便,便于维护。     

果树皿灌技术研究

本项研究是１９９０年山东省科委＂农田节水灌溉综合示范开发研究＂项目的一个子课题。依据渗灌原理,在曲阜缺水果树区,较系统地进行了果树皿灌技术研究,研制了灌水器,提出了皿灌灌溉制度及试验成果。三年试验表明,皿灌技术简单,投资省;无蒸发损失和深层渗漏,较地面灌节水８６．６％～９０％,节能８４．３％～８８％;皿灌配合秸秆覆盖,灌水器施化肥、农药、生长调节剂,具有明显的节水生态效果,较地面灌增产３５．２％～４６．２％这一节水生态型灌水技术,具有较高的推广应用价值。     

农业机械技术问答(续10)

96.什么是渗灌? 答 渗灌是一种地下节水灌溉方法.渗灌也可称为地下的滴灌,只是用渗头代替滴头全部埋在地下,渗头的水不像滴头那样一滴一滴地流出,而是慢慢的渗流出来.实施渗灌的方法很多,大致可以分为点式和线式两种.点式渗灌(又称孔口式)是用不透水的塑料管将水送到作物根部,然后通过一种埋在地下可以慢慢渗出水的渗头进行灌溉.     

果树皿灌技术研究

本项研究是１９９０年山东省科季“农田节水灌溉综合示范开发研究”项目的一个子课题。依据渗灌原理，在曲阜缺水果树区，较系统地进行了果树皿灌技术研究，研制了灌水器，提出了皿灌溉制度及试验成果。三年试验表明，皿灌技术简单，投资省；无蒸发损失和深层渗漏，较地面灌节水８６．６％－９０５，节能８４．３％－８８％；皿灌配合秸秆覆盖，灌水器施化肥，农药，生长调节剂，具有明显的节水生态效果，较地面灌增产３５．２％－４     

地下水泥砂浆渗灌管制管机的研究及应用

地下渗灌是一种节水效果十分显著的节水灌溉技术。目前在国外农田地下渗灌中，管材大多采用塑料管、橡胶管，但造价较高，不适于我国实际。该文介绍了一种以水泥砂浆为制管材料的渗灌制管机械，该机由拖拉机拖动，可在地下一次性完成行走、掏洞、送料、挤压、成型(割缝)、抹光、回填等全部工序。通过对成型后的管道抗内水压及田间承荷能力测试表明，满足设计及安全运行要求。田间考核表明，采用该渗灌技术灌溉的农田，可较传统的大水漫灌节水60％以上。且造价低廉，易于施工，确是一项新的农田节水灌溉技术。     

国内外地下滴灌研究及应用现状

地下滴灌是一种高效、节水的灌水技术，与地表滴灌相比，它具备减少地表的无效蒸发、更加方便田间管理等节水增效的多项优势。在分析了地下滴灌的优、缺点后，重点介绍了国内外地下滴灌的研究进展及应用现状。     

极端干旱区成龄葡萄深层坑渗灌技术研究

针对吐哈盆地葡萄的灌溉,在调研国内外果树灌溉方法基础上,提出了小管出流结合坑灌的葡萄深层坑渗灌技术,对葡萄深层坑渗灌的技术要素包括灌水器管径、埋深、间距和灌水定额及小管供水流量进行了初步研究.结果表明,灌水器的埋设深度主要取决于作物吸水根系分布范围、土壤质地和灌水定额;灌水器管径和间距主要取决于作物吸水根系分布范围、土...     

设施栽培中渗灌技术研究现状与发展趋势

归纳总结了渗灌对设施栽培作物生长环境及产量的影响、设施栽培渗灌系统的主要设计参数及灌水指标,分析了目前研究中存在的问题。提出了今后应将设施栽培条件下土壤、作物、室内、外空间环境作为一个连续体建议,研究不同渗灌条件及不同土壤类型中连续体内的传热、传质特性;研究渗灌调控土壤水分的技术参数以及各种设施栽培作物的渗灌灌水指标及灌水制度;研究湿润地区设施栽培渗灌调控土壤水分的技术等。     

地下滴灌技术的研究及其进展

地下滴灌是在滴灌技术日益完善的基础上发展而成的一种新型高效节水灌溉技术。在分析和研究了大量国内外有关文献的基础上，对地下滴灌的发展历史、地下滴灌的优缺点和研究现状及其进展进行了归纳总结，提出了今后需要进一步研究和探索的问题。     

地下滴灌技术发展及应用现状综述

地下滴灌方式有诸多优点,已成为微灌技术应用的典型形式之一,近年来已引起国内业界人士的重视。本文对地下滴灌技术的发展及应用现状进行了综述,并讨论了研制出一种既具有良好压力流量关系又可抗负压堵塞能力的灌水器（ 滴头） ,以促进我国推广应用地下滴灌技术。     

基于TOPSIS方法的喀斯特断陷盆地区番茄地下灌溉技术节水效益综合评价

喀斯特断陷盆地区季节性干旱严重,水资源匮乏,高效节水灌溉是解决该区域水资源不足的重要途径.采用膜下滴灌、渗灌、地下滴灌和分根区交替地下滴灌4种节水灌溉方式对该区域广泛种植的蔬菜番茄进行试验,设置不同的灌水下限处理(分别为田间持水量的55％～65％,65％～75％和75％～85％),利用TOPSIS法对番茄品质、产量和灌...     

Tomato yield, biomass accumulation, root distribution and irrigation water use efficiency on a sandy soil, as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation scheduling

Florida is the largest producer of fresh-market tomatoes in the United States. Production areas are typically intensively managed with high inputs of fertilizer and irrigation. The objectives of this 3-year field study were to evaluate the interaction between N-fertilizer rates and irrigation scheduling on yield, irrigation water use efficiency (iWUE) and root distribution of tomato cultivated in a plastic mulched/drip irrigated production systems. Experimental treatments included three irrigation scheduling regimes and three N-rates (176, 220 and 230 kg ha⁻¹). Irrigation treatments included were: (1) SUR (surface drip irrigation) both irrigation and fertigation line placed right underneath the plastic mulch; (2) SDI (subsurface drip irrigation) where the irrigation line was placed 0.15 m below the fertigation line which was located on top of the bed; and (3) TIME (conventional control) with irrigation and fertigation lines placed as in SUR and irrigation being applied once a day. Except for the “TIME” treatment all irrigation treatments were controlled by soil moisture sensor (SMS)-based irrigation set at 10% volumetric water content which was allotted five irrigation windows daily and bypassed events if the soil water content exceeded the established threshold. Average marketable fruit yields were 28, 56 and 79 Mg ha⁻¹ for years 1-3, respectively. The SUR treatment required 15-51% less irrigation water when compared to TIME treatments, while the reductions in irrigation water use for SDI were 7-29%. Tomato yield was 11-80% higher for the SUR and SDI treatments than TIME where as N-rate did not affect yield. Root concentration was greatest in the vicinity of the irrigation and fertigation drip lines for all irrigation treatments. At the beginning of reproductive phase about 70-75% of the total root length density (RLD) was concentrated in the 0-15 cm soil layer while 15-20% of the roots were found in the 15-30 cm layer. Corresponding RLD distribution values during the reproductive phase were 68% and 22%, respectively. Root distribution in the soil profile thus appears to be mainly driven by development stage, soil moisture and nutrient availability. It is concluded that use of SDI and SMS-based systems consistently increased tomato yields while greatly improving irrigation water use efficiency and thereby reduced both irrigation water use and potential N leaching.     

非充分灌溉对地下滴灌棉花根系生长分布影响的初步研究

灌溉定额的大小对棉花根系的生长发育和分布及棉花产量有着重要的影响,通过田间小区试验,研究了4种非充分灌溉处理对地下滴灌棉花根系分布的影响,结果表明:随着灌溉定额的减少,地下滴灌棉花根系数量不断减少,地下滴灌棉花的次根呈两层分布;同时地下滴灌棉花根冠比无论是长度之比还是干物质量之比,随着灌溉定额的减少呈上升趋势,且均高于膜下滴灌处理。     

盐分运移对新疆大田应用地下滴灌影响初探

地下滴灌是目前最复杂、水利用效率最高的灌溉方法，在新疆兵团大田棉花上应用面积不断扩大。通过初步的室内试验和田间观测，论述了地下滴灌条件下的水盐运移特点以及可能会对棉田土壤产生的影响及建议，认为有必要对新疆棉花地下滴灌水盐运移进行研究。     

Tomato nitrogen accumulation and fertilizer use efficiency on a sandy soil, as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation scheduling

Tomato production systems in Florida are typically intensively managed with high inputs of fertilizer and irrigation and on sandy soils with low inherent water and nutrient retention capacities; potential nutrient leaching losses undermine the sustainability of such systems. The objectives of this 3-year field study were to evaluate the interaction between N-fertilizer rates and irrigation scheduling on crop N and P accumulation, N-fertilizer use efficiency (NUE) and NO₃-N leaching of tomato cultivated in a plastic mulched/drip irrigated production system in sandy soils. Experimental treatments were a factorial combination of three irrigation scheduling regimes and three N-rates (176, 220, and 330 kg ha⁻¹). Irrigation treatments included were: (1) surface drip irrigation (SUR) both the irrigation and fertigation line placed underneath the plastic mulch; (2) subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) where the irrigation drip was placed 0.15 m below the fertigation line which was located on top of the bed; and (3) TIME (conventional control) with the irrigation and fertigation lines placed as in SUR and irrigation applied once a day. Except for the TIME treatment all irrigation treatments were soil moisture sensor (SMS)-based with irrigation occurring at 10% volumetric water content. Five irrigation windows were scheduled daily and events were bypassed if the soil water content exceeded the established threshold. The use of SMS-based irrigation systems significantly reduced irrigation water use, volume percolated, and nitrate leaching. Based on soil electrical conductivity (EC) readings, there was no interaction between irrigation and N-rate treatments on the movement of fertilizer solutes. Total plant N accumulation for SUR and SDI was 12-37% higher than TIME. Plant P accumulation was not affected by either irrigation or N-rate treatments. The nitrogen use efficiency for SUR and SDI was on the order of 37-45%, 56-61%, and 61-68% for 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively and significantly higher than for the conventional control system (TIME). Moreover, at the intermediate N-rate SUR and SDI systems reduced NO₃-N leaching to 5 and 35 kg ha⁻¹, while at the highest N-rate corresponding values were 7 and 56 kg N ha⁻¹. Use of N application rates above 220 kg ha⁻¹ did not result in fruit and/or shoot biomass nor N accumulation benefits, but substantially increased NO₃-N leaching for the control treatment, as detected by EC monitoring and by the lysimeters. It is concluded that appropriate use of SDI and/or sensor-based irrigation systems can sustain high yields while reducing irrigation application as well as reducing NO₃-N leaching in low water holding capacity soils.     

地下滴灌条件下沙质土壤入渗特性试验研究

地下滴灌作为一种极具节水潜力的微灌技术,将成为未来节水灌溉技术的新的创新点之一,但对于我国的简易地下滴灌形式尚缺乏深入的研究。通过对沙质土壤进行地下滴灌一维土柱入渗、扩散试验,探讨了不同供水水头、不同容重、不同初始含水量情况下,水平和竖直方向入渗速率、湿润锋的变化规律,并分析了原因,为该技术的发展提出了一些建议。     

低压管道输水小畦灌的优势与发展前景

论述了优化地面灌溉在我国农业节水中的重要性 ,结合在禹城地区进行的小畦灌研究工作 ,浅析了小畦灌的优势与应用前景 ,提出了小畦灌发展的思路、存在问题与解决途径。小畦灌的应用历史已久 ,也有较好的群众基础 ,但理论研究、产品研发、技术推广工作方兴未艾。农业节水主要靠优化地面灌溉 ;小畦灌应该是由低压管道输水管网、移动快捷控制简单的地面分水系统、机械化平地技术组成的精细地面灌溉技术。     

重力式地下滴灌土壤水分运动规律的模拟研究

基于非饱和土壤水运动理论,建立了重力式地下滴灌条件下土壤水分运动数学模型,用Galerkin有限元法推导了重力式地下滴灌土壤水分运动有限元方程,并通过试验进行了验证,在此基础上模拟分析了中壤土条件下的滴灌管道埋深、出水孔孔径、供水压力对简易重力式地下滴灌土壤湿润特征和滴孔出水量的影响。结果表明所建模型可以分析地下滴灌土壤水分入渗规律,在中壤土条件下,不同供水压力、滴孔孔径虽对重力式地下滴灌的滴孔出流量有较大影响,但对土壤湿润特征影响微弱,地下滴灌管道埋深对土壤水分湿润特征影响较大,这些结论可为重力式地下滴灌合理的设计及运行提供理论依据。