轮式拖拉机前置动力输出的结构及设计

介绍了前置动力输出结构在拖拉机中的布置方法、结构特点和工作原理,并提出了在设计该结构时应注意的有关技术问题。     

导向臂空气悬架结构有限元仿真与试验验证

通过UG软件建立了悬架结构的三维模型,在此基础上,应用HyperMesh建立了结构的有限元模型;并在ANSYS-Workbench中对其进行了3种极限工况下的静强度校核,验证了结构的强度。通过采用滤波白噪声建立路面时域模型作为动力学仿真的路面输入,在ADAMS软件中,进行动力学分析,得到在该路面输入作用下的载荷时间历程曲线;在N-Code DesignLife软件中,运用线性累计损伤准则对结构进行了疲劳寿命的预测,得到结构在随机载荷下的寿命及损伤分布。此外,通过与企业项目合作,在疲劳试验机下对悬架结构部件做了耐久性台架试验,检验在受到近似随机载荷作用下悬架结构的使用寿命。     

4MZ-5A采棉机发动机冷却系统的改进

介绍了国产采棉机发动机冷却系统存在的问题,分析了改进前结构的不足,重新设计了发动机冷却系统结构,在实际使用中改进后的结构可靠性得到提升。     

土方机械落物保护结构动态仿真及试验

简述了土方机械落物保护结构的特点及性能要求,建立了落物保护结构受瞬态冲击响应的有限元结构动力学方程并提出了求解算法。以某装载机落物保护结构为例,建立了落物保护结构的非线性有限元模型,讨论了有限元网格划分及载荷施加方法,分析了落物保护结构的主要设计参数对冲击点最大位移及落锤速度和加速度的影响,并给出了更合理的结构。在试验台上对该装载机落物保护结构进行了落物冲击试验,试验结果和仿真结果吻合较好。落物保护结构的动态仿真为结构的设计提供了依据。     

电动轿车车身结构静态特性分析与优化

采用有限元分析方法,建立了某电动轿车车身结构的有限元模型,分析了该车身结构弯扭组合工况下的静态特性,全面评价了该车身骨架结构的整体性能。在试验结果的基础上,提出了电动改装轿车车身结构的优化措施。     

基于3D塔架结构的随机动力响应分析

在随机载荷的激励作用下,系统塔架结构产生了一系列的随机性动力响应。利用有限元方法对塔架结构建模,并应用随机振动理论和有限元方法对塔架结构进行随机性动力响应分析,推导了结构在随机载荷激励下的位移、应力响应的功率谱和均方值的计算公式,这为以后分析塔架结构随机动力响应提供了计算理论;同时给出算例,分析结果,最终肯定了该理论的可行性和必要性。     

基于条块结构的二维斩断切割布局启发性算法

在分析具有条状结构特点的二维斩断切割布局已有模型优缺点的基础上,提出了具有条块结构特点的斩断切割布局方案以及基于条块结构的斩断切割启发性规则,建立了相应的优化模型和算法。条块结构方案较条结构及其他结构方案切割结构简单,并具有较好的计算结果。经过实例计算,证明了模型和算法的有效性。     

北方连栋温室的荷载分析及结构优化计算

从结构优化的角度,对北方常见的连栋温室结构进行了荷载分析及内力计算,并采用优化设计理论,对实际应用结构进行了优化分析计算。在此基础上提出了合理的结构改进设计方案,研究结论可供北方连栋温室设计参考。     

结构脂质技术研究进展

结构脂质是基于脂质代谢、营养学基础上设计的一类新型油脂。本文详细论述了结构脂质制备工艺、影响因素及结构脂质在食品、医药与营养领域的应用研究现状,并就结构脂质发展前景做了简要介绍。     

插秧机锥齿轮外壳的强度分析与优化

利用ANSYS软件对插秧机锥齿轮外壳结构建立了参数化几何模型和有限元分析模型,采用接触副合理解决了轴承和转轴间的接触问题。在此基础上进行了路面行驶危险工况和水田调头工况两种危险工况下的约束、加载和结构有限元分析计算,得到各工况下结构的应力分布和最大应力。采用ANSYS对插秧机锥齿轮外壳进行了优化设计,在满足结构外形变化不大的前提下,使结构强度得到提高。     

Agricultural drainage: Towards an integrated approach

Drainage needs to reclaim its rightful position as an indispensable element in the integrated management of land and water. An integrated approach to drainage can be developed by means of systematic mapping of the functions of natural resources systems (goods and services) and the values attributed to these functions by people. This mapping allows the exploration of the implications of particular drainage interventions. In that sense an analytical tool for understanding a drainage situation is proposed. The process dimension of the functions and values evaluation and assessment is participatory planning, modelled on co-management approaches to natural resources management. This provides a framework for discussion and negotiation of trade-offs related to the different functions and values related to drainage. In that sense the approach is a communication, planning and decision-making tool. The tool is called DRAINFRAME, which stands for Drainage Integrated Analytical Framework. The implementation of an integrated approach posits challenges for the governance, management and finance of drainage, as well as for research and design of drainage infrastructure and operation. Both have to be rethought from the perspective of multi-functionality. The paper concludes with five main policy messages.     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

Maize ethanol feedstock production and net energy value as affected by climate variability and crop management practices

Ethanol from various plant resources, especially maize, is increasingly being used as a substitute for fossil fuels. The production potential of ethanol from maize varies with weather and climatic conditions and crop management practices. The merits and prospects of ethanol production have been evaluated based on its impact on greenhouse gas emissions, economic viability and national energy security. The net energy value (NEV), i.e. the output energy after all non-renewable energy inputs have been accounted for, is a measure of energy gain. At the same time, the NEV can be an indicator for the long-term sustainability of bio-ethanol production, regardless of other conditions e.g. climate change scenarios, global trade restrictions, or local variability in natural resources such as water availability. Crop management practices directly affect the NEV of ethanol. Moreover, both crop management practices and climate variability affect the NEV through the grain yield. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of crop management practices and climate variability on grain yield of maize for ethanol production and ethanol NEV for conditions that represent the southeastern USA. Maize grain yield was simulated with the dynamic crop growth model CSM–CERES–Maize and ethanol NEV was calculated using the simulated yield levels and crop management practices. The simulations were conducted for conditions representing Mitchell County, Georgia, USA, using weather data from 1939 to 2006 and local soil profile information. The impact of irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer, planting date and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases were determined for the maize cultivars DeKalb DKC 61-72 (RR2), Pioneer 31D58 and Pioneer 31G98. Crop management practices and ENSO phase had a significant impact on ethanol feedstock production and NEV. The NEV of ethanol produced from irrigated maize was more than two times higher and varied less than the NEV of ethanol from rainfed maize. NEV of ethanol produced from maize grown during La Niña years was significantly higher than maize grown during El Niño years, both under rainfed and irrigated conditions. This study showed the importance of crop management practices and climate variability on ethanol feedstock productivity and long-term energy sustainability as assessed by the NEV. We discuss methods of implementing the findings of this study in practical farming e.g. through market mechanisms and governmental initiatives.     

Quantifying the sustainability of agriculture

The rural sustainability index is a scientifically based tool to quantify the performance of agriculture. The sustainability of crop production is quantified from three perspectives; people, planet and profit. Within each perspective, one condition was selected that must be met to warrant agriculture. These are: No hazardous work should be used within the crop production chain; agricultural crops should not be grown on land allocated to nature by national law or regulations and, when a GM-crop is present or is introduced in a region, it should not harm development opportunities of other farmers. If these excluding conditions are met, the sustainability of agriculture is assessed through five performance indicators on school attendance, water use and consumption, fertilizer use, pesticide use, and farm income. For each of the five indicators, critical values and target values have been given that limit the transition range between non-sustainable and sustainable production. The five indicators are combined into a sustainability index. The index aims at improving the socio-economic position of farmers while protecting the environment.

热风,远红外和微波干燥香菇,蘑菇方程研究

通过一系列干燥试验，得到热风、远红外和微波对香菇的干燥方程，其形式分别为ＭＲ＝Ｂｅ￣（－ｒｔ），ＭＲ＝Ｂｅ￣（－ｒｔ）（单项扩散模型）和ＭＲ＝ｅ（Ｐａｇｅ方程）；并与干燥蘑菇（切片）的方程比较，结果是：热风、微波干燥时方程形式一样，远红外干燥时则不同。     

丹东地区玉米及水稻品种的优化选择

品种选择是农作物生产的第1步,不同品种在生育期、抗病性、抗倒性、区域适应性等方面存在较大的差异。选择适合本地区种植条件的优良品种与种子对农业生产和农民增收至关重要。结合丹东地区的实际情况,阐述在玉米、水稻品种的优化选择上应把握的原则和注意的问题,并提出相应的解决措施。     

河北石家庄市典型地区有机农业模式研究

在对河北石家庄辛集新绿科技发展有限公司和藁城大众肥业有限公司两个典型公司详细调查访谈的基础上,分析了有机鸡蛋和有机肥产品生产的相关模式,确定它们分别为公司+合作社+农户+基地和公司+基地的有机农业发展模式。研究认为河北存在企业主体力量的趋势不明显、营销网络体系不健全、销售渠道不畅、农户有机生产热情不高、认证方面混乱度高和缺乏有机生产合作社等问题,阻碍了有机农业的进一步发展,最后从经验吸取、技术创新、市场规范等方面提出了对策建议。     

利用三包服务期内故障数据评估汽车的可靠性

利用汽车制造企业用户服务部门提供的三包服务期内的故障数据,可以对汽车的可靠性作出评估。通过对可靠性数据的整理,运用随机过程的理论建立整车可靠性评估的数学模型,并给出了算例。     

多源降水产品在不同气候带的水文模拟评估

以NOAA-CPC-US降水产品作为参照,选取美国不同气候带的8个流域,通过对比分析,评估了卫星降水PERSIANN和GPM-IMERG、雷达降水StageIV以及第5代ECMWF大气再分析全球气候数据ERA5等降水产品的精度,继而以5种降水数据驱动分布式水文模型(CREST),评估了它们在径流模拟中的效用.结果表明:雷达降水StageIV在8个不同气候带中的降水估算精度最好,其次是卫星降水GPM-IMERG和PERSIANN,气候模式降水ERA5.在径流模拟中,Stage IV和NOAA-CPC-US在不同气候带的流域都表现较好,能够满足不同气候带流域水文模拟需求.降水GPM-IMERG和PERSIANN的径流模拟能力在不同气候带并不一致,稳定性不高,地处低纬度的气候带好于高纬度气候带;且总体上降水GPM-IMERG优于PERSIANN,这2种降水产品在水文模拟使用时还需进一步验证;ERA5的水文模拟效果不理想,尚不能支撑不同气候带小流域的水文模拟.     

Adapting to climate change: Agricultural system and household impacts in East Africa

The East African region exhibits considerable climatic and topographic variability. Much spatial and temporal variation in the response of different crops to climate change can thus be anticipated. In previous work we showed that a large part of this variation can be explained in terms of temperature and, to a lesser extent, water effects. Here, we summarise simulated yield response in two crops that are widely grown in the region, maize and beans, and investigate how the impacts of climate change might be addressed at two levels: the agricultural system and the household. Regionally, there are substantial between-country and within-system differences in maize and bean production responses projected to 2050. The arid-semiarid mixed crop-livestock systems are projected to see reductions in maize and bean production throughout most of the region to 2050. Yields of these crops in the tropical highland mixed systems are projected to increase, sometimes substantially. The humid-subhumid mixed systems show more varied yield responses through time and across space. Some within-country shifts in cropping away from the arid-semiarid systems to cooler, higher-elevation locations may be possible, but increased regional trade should be able to overcome the country-level production deficits in maize and beans caused by climate change to 2050, all other things being equal. For some places in the tropical highlands, maize and bean yield increases could have beneficial effects on household food security and income levels. In the other mixed systems, moderate yield losses can be expected to be offset by crop breeding and agronomic approaches in the coming decades, while more severe yield losses may necessitate changes in crop types, movement to more livestock-orientated production, or abandonment of cropping altogether. These production responses are indicative only, and their effects will be under-estimated because the methods used here have not accounted for increasing weather variability in the future or changes in the distribution and impacts of biotic and other abiotic stresses. These system-level shifts will take place in a context characterised by high population growth rates; the demand for food is projected to nearly triple by the middle of this century. Systems will have to intensify substantially in response, particularly in the better-endowed mixed systems in the region. For the more marginal areas, the variability in yield response, and the variability in households’ ability to adapt, suggest that, even given the limitations of this analysis, adaptation options need to be assessed at the level of the household and the local community, if research for development is to meet its poverty alleviation and food security targets in the face of global change.